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  1. Drug use and in particular injecting drug use has been at the forefront of the explosive spread of HIV in general populations in many countries in Asia. There is concern that also in China increased HIV incide...

    Authors: Mirjam Kretzschmar, Weidong Zhang, Rafael T Mikolajczyk, Lan Wang, Xinhua Sun, Alexander Kraemer and Fan Lv
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Since African-Americans have twice the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections as age-matched Caucasians we sought to determine the ages and possible sources of infection of African-American children.

    Authors: Isca R Wilms, Al M Best and Stuart P Adler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:107
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. In Malawi and other high HIV prevalence countries, studies suggest that more than 30% of all severely malnourished children admitted to inpatient nutrition rehabilitation units are HIV-infected. However, clini...

    Authors: Paluku Bahwere, Ellen Piwoz, Marthias C Joshua, Kate Sadler, Caroline H Grobler-Tanner, Saul Guerrero and Steve Collins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:106
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Since the late 1980s a series of malaria epidemics has occurred in western Kenya highlands. Among the possible factors that may contribute to the highland malaria epidemics, parasite resistance to antimalarial...

    Authors: Daibin Zhong, Yaw Afrane, Andrew Githeko, Liwang Cui, David M Menge and Guiyun Yan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:105
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Effective prophylaxis and treatment for infections caused by biological threat agents (BTA) rely upon early diagnosis and rapid initiation of therapy. Most methods for identifying pathogens in body fluids and ...

    Authors: Rina Das, Rasha Hammamieh, Roger Neill, George V Ludwig, Steven Eker, Patrick Lincoln, Preveen Ramamoorthy, Apsara Dhokalia, Sachin Mani, Chanaka Mendis, Christiano Cummings, Brian Kearney, Atabak Royaee, Xiao-Zhe Huang, Chrysanthi Paranavitana, Leonard Smith…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:104
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. In developing countries rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea and diarrhoeal deaths in children under 5. Vaccination could greatly alleviate that burden, but in Mexico as in most low- and middle-i...

    Authors: Atanacio Valencia-Mendoza, Stefano M Bertozzi, Juan-Pablo Gutierrez and Robbin Itzler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:103
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Taurolidin/Citrate (TauroLock™), a lock solution with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, may prevent bloodstream infection (BSI) due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS or 'MRSE' in case of methicill...

    Authors: Arne Simon, Roland A Ammann, Gertrud Wiszniewsky, Udo Bode, Gudrun Fleischhack and Mette M Besuden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:102
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The poor peri-urban areas of developing countries with inadequate living conditions and a high prevalence of HIV infection have been implicated in the increase of tuberculosis (TB). Presence of different linea...

    Authors: Benon B Asiimwe, Solomon Ghebremichael, Gunilla Kallenius, Tuija Koivula and Moses L Joloba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. In 2001, two hexavalent vaccines were licensed in Italy (Hexavac®, Infanrix Hexa®), and since 2002 were extensively used for primary immunization in the first year of life (at 3, 5, 11/12 months of age). In 2005,...

    Authors: Cristina Giambi, Antonino Bella, Antonella Barale, Domenico Montù, Maria Marchisio, Maurizio Oddone, Salvatore Zito, Maria Rapicetta, Paola Chionne, Elisabetta Madonna and Marta L Ciofi degli Atti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:100
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused a major two-wave seventeen-month-long outbreak in La Réunion Island in 2005–2006. The aim of this study was to refine clinical estimates provided by a regional surveillance-sys...

    Authors: Patrick Gérardin, Vanina Guernier, Joëlle Perrau, Adrian Fianu, Karin Le Roux, Philippe Grivard, Alain Michault, Xavier de Lamballerie, Antoine Flahault and François Favier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:99
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Serologic diagnosis of Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cpn) infection routinely involves assays for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to Cpn. Although IgA antibodies to Cpn have been found to be of interest in the...

    Authors: Olfa Frikha-Gargouri, Radhouane Gdoura, Abir Znazen, Nozha Ben Arab, Jalel Gargouri, Mounir Ben Jemaa and Adnene Hammami
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:98
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. In Tashkent (Uzbekistan), TB treatment is provided in accordance with the DOTS strategy. Of 1087 pulmonary TB patients started on treatment in 2005, 228 (21%) defaulted. This study investigates who the default...

    Authors: Epco Hasker, Maksad Khodjikhanov, Shakhnoz Usarova, Umid Asamidinov, Umida Yuldashova, Marieke J van der Werf, Gulnoz Uzakova and Jaap Veen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is recommended for persons aged < 65 years with chronic medical conditions. We evaluated the risk and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD...

    Authors: Peter Klemets, Outi Lyytikäinen, Petri Ruutu, Jukka Ollgren and J Pekka Nuorti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:96
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The World Health Organization's (WHO) case definition for childhood pneumonia, composed of simple clinical signs of cough, difficult breathing and fast breathing, is widely used in resource poor settings to gu...

    Authors: Taneli Puumalainen, Beatriz Quiambao, Erma Abucejo-Ladesma, Socorro Lupisan, Tarja Heiskanen-Kosma, Petri Ruutu, Marilla G Lucero, Hanna Nohynek, Eric AF Simoes and Ian Riley
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Of the 9.2 million new TB cases occurring each year, about 10% are in children. Because childhood TB is usually non-infectious and non-fatal, national programs do not prioritize childhood TB diagnosis and trea...

    Authors: Rangsima Lolekha, Amornrat Anuwatnonthakate, Sriprapa Nateniyom, Surin Sumnapun, Norio Yamada, Wanpen Wattanaamornkiat, Wanchai Sattayawuthipong, Pricha Charusuntonsri, Natpatou Sanguanwongse, Charles D Wells and Jay K Varma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Reasons for the variation in reported treatment outcomes from antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in developing countries are not clearly defined.

    Authors: Katherine L Fielding, Salome Charalambous, Amy L Stenson, Lindiwe F Pemba, Des J Martin, Robin Wood, Gavin J Churchyard and Alison D Grant
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. In Singapore, an outbreak of fungal keratitis caused by members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) was identified in March 2005 to May 2006 involving 66 patients. Epidemiological investigations have in...

    Authors: Roland Jureen, Tse H Koh, Grace Wang, Louis YA Chai, Ai L Tan, Tracy Chai, Yong W Wong, Yue Wang, Paul A Tambyah, Roger Beuerman and Donald Tan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:92
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Sepsis and complications to sepsis are major causes of mortality in critically ill patients. Rapid treatment of sepsis is of crucial importance for survival of patients. The infectious status of the critically...

    Authors: Jens-Ulrik Jensen, Bettina Lundgren, Lars Hein, Thomas Mohr, Pernille L Petersen, Lasse H Andersen, Anne Ø Lauritsen, Sine Hougaard, Teit Mantoni, Bonnie Bømler, Klaus J Thornberg, Katrin Thormar, Jesper Løken, Morten Steensen, Peder Carl, J Asger Petersen…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:91
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  19. Parapneumonic empyema continues to be a disease of significant morbidity and mortality among children despite recent advances in medical management. To date, only a limited number of studies have assessed the ...

    Authors: Batmunkh Nyambat, Paul E Kilgore, Dong Eun Yong, Dang Duc Anh, Chen-Hsun Chiu, Xuzhuang Shen, Luis Jodar, Timothy L Ng, Hans L Bock and William P Hausdorff
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:90
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Viral load monitoring is not available for the vast majority of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. However, the practical utility of CD4 cell count measurements as an alter...

    Authors: Motasim Badri, Stephen D Lawn and Robin Wood
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:89
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Sleeping sickness (HAT) caused by T.b. rhodesiense is a major veterinary and human public health problem in Uganda. Previous studies have investigated spatial risk factors for T.b. rhodesiense at large geographic...

    Authors: Thomas Zoller, Eric M Fèvre, Susan C Welburn, Martin Odiit and Paul G Coleman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:88
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. All mucosal epithelia, including those of the tubotympanium, are secreting a variety of antimicrobial innate immune molecules (AIIMs). In our previous study, we showed the bactericidal/bacteriostatic functions...

    Authors: Haa-Yung Lee, Tamotsu Takeshita, Jun Shimada, Arsen Akopyan, Jeong-Im Woo, Huiqi Pan, Sung K Moon, Ali Andalibi, Rae-Kil Park, Sung-Ho Kang, Shin-Seok Kang, Robert Gellibolian and David J Lim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Dengue virus pathogenesis is not yet fully understood and the identification of patients at high risk for developing severe disease forms is still a great challenge in dengue patient care. During the present s...

    Authors: Fernando A Bozza, Oswaldo G Cruz, Sonia MO Zagne, Elzinandes L Azeredo, Rita MR Nogueira, Edson F Assis, Patricia T Bozza and Claire F Kubelka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Because the outcomes and sequelae after different types of brain injury (BI) are variable and difficult to predict, investigations on whether enhanced expressions of BI-associated biomarkers (BIABs), including...

    Authors: Chien-Wei Liao, Chia-Kwung Fan, Ting-Chang Kao, Dar-Der Ji, Kua-Eyre Su, Yun-Ho Lin and Wen-Long Cho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:84
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but also a common colonizer of the upper respiratory tract. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant pneumococcal strains h...

    Authors: Diana Karlsson, Andreas Jansson, Birgitta Henriques Normark and Patric Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global public health problem in both developed and developing countries. The prevalence and genetic diversity of HCV in pregnant women in Gabon, central Africa, is ...

    Authors: Guy-Roger Ndong-Atome, Maria Makuwa, Richard Njouom, Michel Branger, Francoise Brun-Vézinet, Antoine Mahé, Dominique Rousset and Mirdad Kazanji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The study describes the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in Gambian children

    Authors: Martin Antonio, Hannah Dada-Adegbola, Ekow Biney, Tim Awine, John O'Callaghan, Valentin Pfluger, Godwin Enwere, Brown Okoko, Claire Oluwalana, Adeola Vaughan, Syed MA Zaman, Gerd Pluschke, Brian M Greenwood, Felicity Cutts and Richard A Adegbola
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. This study was conducted to evaluate drug resistance amongst bacteremic isolates of febrile neutropenic patients with particular emphasis on emergence of carbapenem resistant Gram negative bacteria and vancomy...

    Authors: Seema Irfan, Faiza Idrees, Vikram Mehraj, Faizah Habib, Salman Adil and Rumina Hasan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. The nosocomial infections surveillance system must be strongly effective especially in highly critic areas, such as Intensive Care Units (ICU). These areas are frequently an epidemiological epicentre for trans...

    Authors: Carla Fontana, Marco Favaro, Silvia Minelli, Maria Cristina Bossa, Gian Piero Testore, Francesca Leonardis, Silvia Natoli and Cartesio Favalli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an enteric, viral, infectious disease endemic in many developing countries such as Madagascar. Infection is often subclinical or asymptomatic in children; however, symptomatic acute ...

    Authors: Vaomalala Raharimanga, Jean-François Carod, Charles-Emile Ramarokoto, Jean-Baptiste Chrétien, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Antoine Talarmin and Vincent Richard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. How HIV-1 enter into the eyes remains obscure. We postulated that HIV-1 Tat protein can alter the expression of specific tight-junction proteins and disturb the blood retinal barrier, and contributes to HIV tr...

    Authors: Ling Bai, Zhenping Zhang, Hui Zhang, Xiumei Li, Qiurong Yu, Haotian Lin and Wenhui Yang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. HPV is also responsible for benign condylomata acuminata, also known as genital warts. We assessed the incidence of genital warts in Germany and...

    Authors: Peter Hillemanns, J Gabrielle Breugelmans, Friederike Gieseking, Stève Bénard, Emilie Lamure, Kavi J Littlewood and Karl U Petry
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of new HIV infections in African countries are associated with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Thus, the magnitude of HSV-2 infection in an area may suggest...

    Authors: Khadija I Yahya-Malima, Bjørg Evjen-Olsen, Mecky I Matee, Knut Fylkesnes and Lars Haarr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The control of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogun State, Nigeria remains inert due to lack of reliable data on the geographical distribution of the disease and the population at risk. To help in developing a cont...

    Authors: Uwem F Ekpo, Chiedu F Mafiana, Clement O Adeofun, Adewale RT Solarin and Adewumi B Idowu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains challenging. Culture and histopathological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid are useful but have suboptimal sensitivity and in th...

    Authors: Prasanna D Khot, Daisy L Ko, Robert C Hackman and David N Fredricks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:73
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  37. Delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) results in excess morbidity and mortality, particularly among HIV-infected individuals. This study was conducted at a secondary level hospital serving communities wi...

    Authors: Graeme Meintjes, Hennie Schoeman, Chelsea Morroni, Douglas Wilson and Gary Maartens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Pediatric cancer patients face an increased risk of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). To date, no prospective multicenter studies have been published on this topic.

    Authors: Arne Simon, Roland A Ammann, Udo Bode, Gudrun Fleischhack, Hans-Martin Wenchel, Dorothee Schwamborn, Chara Gravou, Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel, Stefan Rutkowski, Claudia Dannenberg, Dieter Körholz, Hans Jürgen Laws and Michael H Kramer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Information regarding hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes circulating in Pakistan and various risk factors for their transmission are not known well. The specific objective of this study was to find out t...

    Authors: Muhammad Idrees and Sheikh Riazuddin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae results mainly from mutations in type II DNA topoisomerase genes and/or changes in the expression of outer membrane and efflux pumps. Several recent studies have indicat...

    Authors: Aihua Wang, Yonghong Yang, Quan Lu, Yi Wang, Yuan Chen, Li Deng, Hui Ding, Qiulian Deng, Hong Zhang, Chuanqing Wang, Lan Liu, Xiwei Xu, Li Wang and Xuzhuang Shen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Escherichia coli infections are frequent in ICU patients. The increased resistance to fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate of this pathogen mandates the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as...

    Authors: Agnès Meybeck, Jean-Damien Ricard, Guilène Barnaud, Mathieu Eveillard, Guillaume Chevrel, Roman Mounier and Didier Dreyfuss
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Although breast-feeding accounts for 15–20% of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, it is not prohibited in some developing countries because of the higher mortality associated with not breast-feeding. ...

    Authors: Julius Atashili, Linda Kalilani, Vidyunmala Seksaria and Emily E Sickbert-Bennett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. QuantiFERON®TB Gold (QFT) is a promising blood test for tuberculosis infection but with few data so far from immigrant screening. The aim of this study was to compare results of QFT and tuberculin skin test (TST)...

    Authors: Brita Askeland Winje, Fredrik Oftung, Gro Ellen Korsvold, Turid Mannsåker, Anette Skistad Jeppesen, Ingunn Harstad, Berit Tafjord Heier and Einar Heldal
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. An ultraviolet visible marker (UVM) was used to assess the cleaning compliance of housekeeping staff for toilets in a tertiary healthcare setting.

    Authors: Michelle J Alfa, Christine Dueck, Nancy Olson, Pat DeGagne, Selena Papetti, Alana Wald, Evelyn Lo and Godfrey Harding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larva of tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Dogs and other canids are the primary definitive hosts for this parasite. CE may develop after accidental ingestion of tapewo...

    Authors: Jernej Logar, Barbara Soba and Tadeja Kotar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Australia is developing a chlamydia screening program. This study aimed to determine the attitudes of young women to the introduction of chlamydia screening in Australian General Practice.

    Authors: Natasha L Pavlin, Rhian Parker, Christopher K Fairley, Jane M Gunn and Jane Hocking
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are considered an emerging disease in industrialized countries. In the Netherlands, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been associated with travel to high-endemic ...

    Authors: Katrine Borgen, Tineke Herremans, Erwin Duizer, Harry Vennema, Saskia Rutjes, Arnold Bosman, Ana Maria de Roda Husman and Marion Koopmans
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Multi drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) remains a major threat to public health, reinforced by recent reports about the clinical course of patients infected with extensively drug res...

    Authors: Stefan H Blaas, Ralf Mütterlein, Johannes Weig, Albert Neher, Bernd Salzberger, Norbert Lehn and Ludmila Naumann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The advantage of treatment interruptions (TIs) in salvage therapy remains controversial. Regardless, characterizations of the correlates of CD4 count fall during TI are important to identify since patients wit...

    Authors: Kenneth H Huang, Mona R Loutfy, Christos M Tsoukas and Nicole F Bernard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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