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  1. Cryptosporidium parvum, the protozoan parasite, causes a significant enteric disease in immunocompromised hosts such as HIV patients. The present study was aimed to compare serum IgG, IgM and IgA responses to cr...

    Authors: Kirti Kaushik, Sumeeta Khurana, Ajay Wanchu and Nancy Malla
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Moraxella catarrhalis causes approximately 10% of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and also colonizes the lower airway in stable patients. Little is known about the effects of coloni...

    Authors: Ganapathi I Parameswaran, Catherine T Wrona, Timothy F Murphy and Sanjay Sethi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. We have previously reported the use of PCR Melting Profile (PCR MP) technique based on using low denaturation temperatures during ligation mediated PCR (LM PCR) for bacterial strain differentiation. The aim of...

    Authors: Beata Krawczyk, Justyna Leibner-Ciszak, Anna Mielech, Magdalena Nowak and Józef Kur
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Surgeons may improve their decision making by assessing the extent to which their initial clinical diagnosis of a surgical site infection (SSI) was supported by culture results. Aim of the present study was to...

    Authors: Marco Krukerink, Job Kievit and Perla J Marang-van de Mheen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. In February 2005, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) for routine use among 11- to 12-year-olds (at the preadolescent health-care visi...

    Authors: Suchita A Lorick, Daniel Fishbein, Eric Weintraub, Pascale M Wortley, Grace M Lee, Fangjun Zhou and Robert Davis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Chemokines have been reported to play an important role in granulomatous inflammation during Schistosoma mansoni infection. However there is less information on their role in Schistosoma haematobium infection, or...

    Authors: RBL Zinyama-Gutsire, E Gomo, P Kallestrup, C Erikstrup, H Ullum, AE Butterworth, S Munyati and T Mduluza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. In Germany, the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 occurred among wild birds on the island of Ruegen between February and April 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of...

    Authors: Wei Cai, Brunhilde Schweiger, Udo Buchholz, Silke Buda, Martina Littmann, Jörg Heusler and Walter Haas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Successful antiretroviral treatment programs in rural sub-Saharan Africa may face different challenges than programs in urban areas. The objective of this study was to identify patient characteristics, barrier...

    Authors: Janneke H van Dijk, Catherine G Sutcliffe, Bornface Munsanje, Francis Hamangaba, Philip E Thuma and William J Moss
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:169
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  12. There is little information about influenza disease among the Cambodian population. To better understand the dynamics of influenza in Cambodia, the Cambodian National Influenza Center (NIC) was established in ...

    Authors: Sek Mardy, Sovann Ly, Seng Heng, Sirenda Vong, Chea Huch, Chea Nora, Nima Asgari, Megge Miller, Isabelle Bergeri, Sybille Rehmet, Duong Veasna, Weigong Zhou, Takeshi Kasai, Sok Touch and Philippe Buchy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The vaginal microflora is important for maintaining vaginal health and preventing infections of the reproductive tract. The rectum has been suggested as the major source for the colonisation of the vaginal eco...

    Authors: Nabil Abdullah El Aila, Inge Tency, Geert Claeys, Hans Verstraelen, Bart Saerens, Guido Lopes dos Santos Santiago, Ellen De Backer, Piet Cools, Marleen Temmerman, Rita Verhelst and Mario Vaneechoutte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The outbreak of the pandemic flu, Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) in early 2009, provided a major challenge to health services around the world. Previous pandemics have led to stockpiling of goods, the victimisat...

    Authors: Robin Goodwin, Shamsul Haque, Felix Neto and Lynn B Myers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Local reactions are the most commonly reported adverse events following tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) vaccine and the risk of local reactions may increase with number of prior Td vaccinations.

    Authors: Lisa A Jackson, Onchee Yu, Edward A Belongia, Simon J Hambidge, Jennifer Nelson, Roger Baxter, Allison Naleway, Charlene Gay, James Nordin, James Baggs and John Iskander
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Computer keyboards and mice are potential reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens, but routine disinfection for non-water-proof computer devices is a problem. With better hand hygiene compliance of health-care work...

    Authors: Po-Liang Lu, LK Siu, Tun-Chieh Chen, Ling Ma, Wen-Gin Chiang, Yen-Hsu Chen, Sheng-Fung Lin and Tyen-Po Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in Cameroon. In certain insect species, particularly the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of insecticides is a source of g...

    Authors: Philippe Nwane, Josiane Etang, Mouhamadou Chouaibou, Jean Claude Toto, Clément Kerah-Hinzoumbé, Rémy Mimpfoundi, Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene and Frédéric Simard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. World Health Organization (WHO) targets for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, including the notification of a minimum rate of AFP among children, are used to assess the adequacy of AFP surveillance f...

    Authors: Rochelle E Watkins, P Anthony J Martin, Heath Kelly, Ben Madin and Charles Watson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Infective endocarditis is significantly more common in haemodialysis patients as compared with the general population, the causative pathogen is generally Staphylococcus aureus; there have been no previously repo...

    Authors: Yusuke Tsugawa, Miyuki Futatsuyama, Keiichi Furukawa, Fumika Taki, Yuji Nishizaki, Keiichi Tamagaki, Yuki Kaneshiro and Yasuhiro Komatsu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:161
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  20. Some island nations have explicit components of their influenza pandemic plans for providing travel warnings and restricting incoming travellers. But the potential value of such restrictions has not been quant...

    Authors: Martin Eichner, Markus Schwehm, Nick Wilson and Michael G Baker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Ebola and Marburg viruses cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Recently, bats of multiple species have been identified as possible natural hosts of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) in Gabon and Republic of C...

    Authors: Xavier Pourrut, Marc Souris, Jonathan S Towner, Pierre E Rollin, Stuart T Nichol, Jean-Paul Gonzalez and Eric Leroy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:159
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The ocular manifestations of HIV may lead to visual impairment or blindness. In India, patients typically initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART) with low CD4 cell counts when the risk of ocular complications ...

    Authors: Sophia Pathai, Alaka Deshpande, Clare Gilbert and Stephen D Lawn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:158
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Serum procalcitonin (PCT) is considered useful in predicting the likeliness of developing bacterial infections in emergency setting. In this study, we describe PCT levels overtime and their relationship with b...

    Authors: Cédric Daubin, Jean-Jacques Parienti, Sabine Fradin, Astrid Vabret, Michel Ramakers, Nicolas Terzi, François Freymuth, Pierre Charbonneau and Damien du Cheyron
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Interferon has been widely used in the treatment of genital warts for its immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral properties. Currently, no evidence that interferon improves the complete response rat...

    Authors: Jin Yang, Yu-guo Pu, Zhong-ming Zeng, Zhi-jian Yu, Na Huang and Qi-wen Deng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. HIV infection has been modifying both the epidemiology and outcome of parasitic infections. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among people with and ...

    Authors: Shimelis Assefa, Berhanu Erko, Girmay Medhin, Zelalem Assefa and Techalew Shimelis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:155
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Tipranavir (TPV) is a recently approved nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (PI) of HIV-1 and has been indicated for those infected with PIs-resistant HIV-1. However, in clinical practice, whether the HIV-1 from th...

    Authors: Szu-Min Hsieh, Sui-Yuan Chang, Chien-Ching Hung, Wang-Huei Sheng, Mao-Yuan Chen and Shan-Chwen Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:154
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Group B streptococci (GBS), or Streptococcus agalactiae, are the leading bacterial cause of meningitis and bacterial sepsis in newborns. Here we compared different culture media for GBS detection and we compared ...

    Authors: Nabil Abdullah El Aila, Inge Tency, Geert Claeys, Bart Saerens, Ellen De Backer, Marleen Temmerman, Rita Verhelst and Mario Vaneechoutte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:153
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, has recently been used as an agent of bioterrorism. The innate immune system initially appears to contain the pathogen at the site of entry. Because the human ...

    Authors: Mikhail Dozmorov, Wenxin Wu, Kaushik Chakrabarty, J Leland Booth, Robert E Hurst, K Mark Coggeshall and Jordan P Metcalf
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:152
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates offers better opportunities to study links between tuberculosis (TB) cases and can highlight relevant issues in urban TB control in low-endemic countries.

    Authors: Gerard de Vries, Rob AH van Hest, Conny CA Burdo, Dick van Soolingen and Jan H Richardus
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:151
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. With the control of many infections through national vaccination programmes, varicella is currently the most widespread preventable childhood disease in industrialized nations. In 2005 varicella vaccination wa...

    Authors: Vincenzo Baldo, Tatjana Baldovin, Francesca Russo, Marta Cecilia Busana, Cinzia Piovesan, Greta Bordignon, Aurore Giliberti and Renzo Trivello
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Knowledge of HBV genotype is very important for clinical treatment. Studies have suggested possible pathogenic and therapeutic differences among HBV genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine HBV subtyp...

    Authors: Priscila A Tonetto, Neiva SL Gonçales, Viviane C Fais, Aline G Vigani, Eduardo SL Gonçales, Adriana Feltrin and Fernando L Gonçales Jr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Despite the implementation of prevention guidelines, early-onset group B streptococci (GBS) disease remains a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Strategies to identify women who are at risk o...

    Authors: Martina Wernecke, Ciara Mullen, Vimla Sharma, John Morrison, Thomas Barry, Majella Maher and Terry Smith
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:148
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  33. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that has been recognized for decades, but the problem of the disease has not been fully addressed, particularly in resource-poor, developing countries, where the...

    Authors: Ann Florence B Victoriano, Lee D Smythe, Nina Gloriani-Barzaga, Lolita L Cavinta, Takeshi Kasai, Khanchit Limpakarnjanarat, Bee Lee Ong, Gyanendra Gongal, Julie Hall, Caroline Anne Coulombe, Yasutake Yanagihara, Shin-ichi Yoshida and Ben Adler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal nasogastric enteral feeding tubes are colonised by the opportunistic pathogen Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) and other Enterobacteriaceae, ...

    Authors: Edward Hurrell, Eva Kucerova, Michael Loughlin, Juncal Caubilla-Barron, Anthony Hilton, Richard Armstrong, Craig Smith, Judith Grant, Shiu Shoo and Stephen Forsythe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. To allow direct comparison of bloodstream infection (BSI) rates between hospitals for performance measurement, observed rates need to be risk adjusted according to the types of patients cared for by the hospit...

    Authors: ENC Tong, ACA Clements, MA Haynes, MA Jones, AP Morton and M Whitby
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Within outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157), at least 10–15% of cases are thought to have been acquired by secondary transmission. However, there has been little systematic quantification or characte...

    Authors: Kate G Snedeker, Darren J Shaw, Mary E Locking and Robin J Prescott
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:144
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. There is little knowledge regarding the prevalence and nature of renal impairment in African populations initiating antiretroviral treatment, nor evidence to inform the most cost effective methods of screening...

    Authors: Cara Franey, Deborah Knott, Till Barnighausen, Martin Dedicoat, Ahmed Adam, Richard J Lessells, Marie-Louise Newell and Graham S Cooke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:143
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is considered a real threat to the achievement of TB control. Testing of mycobacterial culture and testing of drug susceptibility (DST) capacity are limited in resource-poor...

    Authors: Paolo Miotto, Nuccia Saleri, Mathurin Dembelé, Martial Ouedraogo, Gisèle Badoum, Gabriele Pinsi, Giovanni B Migliori, Alberto Matteelli and Daniela M Cirillo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The development and evaluation of rapid and accurate new diagnostic tools is essential to improve tuberculosis (TB) control in developing countries. In a previous study, the first release of a urine LAM-ELISA ...

    Authors: Klaus Reither, Elmar Saathoff, Jutta Jung, Lilian T Minja, Inge Kroidl, Eiman Saad, Jim F Huggett, Elias N Ntinginya, Lucas Maganga, Leonard Maboko and Michael Hoelscher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), started within the first months of age, has been proven to be the optimal strategy to prevent immunological and clinical deterioration in perinatally HIV-inf...

    Authors: Elena Chiappini, Luisa Galli, Pier-Angelo Tovo, Clara Gabiano, Catiuscia Lisi, Stefania Bernardi, Alessandra Viganò, Alfredo Guarino, Carlo Giaquinto, Susanna Esposito, Raffaele Badolato, Cesare Di Bari, Raffaella Rosso, Orazio Genovese, Massimo Masi, Antonio Mazza…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:140
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a growing concern worldwide. Rapid detection of resistance expedites appropriate intervention to control the disease. Several technologies have recently been reported to det...

    Authors: Sam Ogwang, Benon B Asiimwe, Hamidou Traore, Francis Mumbowa, Alphonse Okwera, Kathleen D Eisenach, Susan Kayes, Edward C Jones-López, Ruth McNerney, William Worodria, Irene Ayakaka, Roy D Mugerwa, Peter G Smith, Jerrold Ellner and Moses L Joloba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. From 2003 through to 2004, an outbreak of tuberculosis was identified at a university campus in Yokohama City, located in the southern part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA). All Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M....

    Authors: Akihiro Ohkado, Yoshiro Murase, Masaaki Mori, Naoki Hasegawa, Goro Otsuka, Michiko Nagamine, Hideo Maeda, Kazuhiro Uchimura, Masako Ohmori, Norio Yamada, Shinji Maeda, Seiya Kato, Toru Mori and Nobukatsu Ishikawa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:138
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2010 10:79

  43. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major nosocomial pathogens. Due to the diffusion of MRSA strains in both hospital and community settings, prevention and control strategies are rec...

    Authors: Claudia Dalla Valle, Maria Rosalia Pasca, Debora De Vitis, Federico Capra Marzani, Vincenzo Emmi and Piero Marone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:137
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Immunodeficient persons with persistent vaccine-related poliovirus infection may serve as a potential reservoir for reintroduction of polioviruses after wild poliovirus eradication, posing a risk of their furt...

    Authors: Nino Khetsuriani, Rita Helfand, Mark Pallansch, Olen Kew, Ashley Fowlkes, M Steven Oberste, Peter Tukei, Joseph Muli, Ernest Makokha and Howard Gary
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:136
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. To assess changes in the pattern of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) in Italy after the introduction of conjugate menC vaccine in the National Vaccine Plan 2005–2007 and to provide information for developi...

    Authors: Paola Stefanelli, Cecilia Fazio, Tonino Sofia, Arianna Neri and Paola Mastrantonio
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Many epidemiological studies have shown that the genetic factors of the host play a role in the variability of clinical response to infection caused by M. leprae. With the purpose of identifying genes of suscepti...

    Authors: Samira A da Silva, Priscila S Mazini, Pâmela G Reis, Ana M Sell, Luiza T Tsuneto, Paulo R Peixoto and Jeane EL Visentainer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Influenza has been associated with a heavy burden of mortality. In tropical or subtropical regions where influenza viruses circulate in the community most of the year, it is possible that there are seasonal va...

    Authors: Lin Yang, Chit Ming Wong, King Pan Chan, Patsy Yuen Kwan Chau, Chun Quan Ou, Kwok Hung Chan and JS Malik Peiris
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:133
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Polymorphisms of the human prion protein gene (PRNP) contribute to the genetic determinants of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Numerous polymorphisms in the promoter regions as well as the open reading frame of

    Authors: Bo-Yeong Choi, Su Yeon Kim, So-Young Seo, Seong Soo A An, SangYun Kim, Sang-Eun Park, Seung-Han Lee, Yun-Ju Choi, Sang-Jin Kim, Chi-Kyeong Kim, Jun-Sun Park and Young-Ran Ju
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:132
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Current guidelines on the management of urinary tract infection recommend treating febrile urinary tract infection or acute pyelonephritis with antimicrobials for at least 14 days. Few randomized trials showed...

    Authors: Cees van Nieuwkoop, Jan W van't Wout, Willem JJ Assendelft, Henk W Elzevier, Eliane MS Leyten, Ted Koster, G Hanke Wattel-Louis, Nathalie M Delfos, Hans C Ablij, Ed J Kuijper, Jan Pander, Jeanet W Blom, Ida C Spelt and Jaap T van Dissel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:131
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  50. Chlamydia trachomatis is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted disease. Testing rates among young Norwegian women are high. Young women diagnosed with C. trachomatis are often worried about future complication...

    Authors: Inger J Bakken and Sara Ghaderi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:130
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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