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  1. Worldwide, L. pneumophila sg 1 is the most common agent of Legionnaires’ disease ( 80 to 90% of the reported cases). In contrast, L. pneumophila sg 2–14 account for only 15 to 20% of community-acquired cases, alt...

    Authors: Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Susan R Arauco Rivera, Roberto Raso, Pierangela Ferrero and Carla M Zotti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:483
  2. Epidemiological evidence links Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). These B-NHLs, particularly those associated with HCV, may represent a distinct sub-gro...

    Authors: Roberto Bruni, Cinzia Marcantonio, Alessandro Pulsoni, Paola Tataseo, Federico De Angelis, Enea Spada, Fabrizio Marcucci, Sara Panfilio, Paolo Bianco, Mara Riminucci, Umbertina Villano, Maria Elena Tosti, Anna Rita Ciccaglione and Alfonso Mele
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S6

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  3. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of childhood diarrhea in resource-limited regions. It is also an important cause of diarrhea in travellers to these areas.

    Authors: Steinar Skrede, Hans Steinsland, Halvor Sommerfelt, Audun Aase, Per Brandtzaeg, Nina Langeland, Rebecca J Cox, Marianne Sævik, Marita Wallevik, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Marit Gjerde Tellevik, David A Sack, James P Nataro and Anne Berit Guttormsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:482
  4. Introduction of Xpert® MTB/RIF assay has revolutionalised the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by simultaneously detecting the bacteria and resistance to rifampicin (rif), a surrogate marker for multi-drug resistan...

    Authors: Gerald Mboowa, Carolyn Namaganda and Willy Ssengooba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:481
  5. The potential impact of an influenza pandemic can be assessed by calculating a set of transmissibility parameters, the most important being the reproduction number (R), which is defined as the average number o...

    Authors: Matthew Biggerstaff, Simon Cauchemez, Carrie Reed, Manoj Gambhir and Lyn Finelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:480
  6. Tuberculosis (TB) in both animals and humans is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) primarily transmitted by inhalation of aerosolized droplets containing the organism. Multi-drug resistance (MDR)...

    Authors: Nolwazi L Bhembe, Uchechukwu U Nwodo, Sharlene Govender, Cindy Hayes, Roland N Ndip, Anthony I Okoh and Ezekiel Green
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:479
  7. The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis compromises effective control of tuberculosis (TB) in Siberia. Early identification of drug-resistant isolat...

    Authors: Maya A Dymova, Andrey G Cherednichenko, Olga I Alkhovik, Eugeny A Khrapov, Tatjana I Petrenko and Maxim L Filipenko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:478
  8. Patient-related (demographic/disease) and treatment-related (drug/clinician/hospital) characteristics were evaluated as potential predictors of healthcare resource use and opportunities for early switch (ES) f...

    Authors: Dilip Nathwani, Christian Eckmann, Wendy Lawson, Caitlyn T Solem, Shelby Corman, Jennifer M Stephens, Cynthia Macahilig, Damien Simoneau, Richard Chambers, Jim Z Li and Seema Haider
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:476
  9. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing-Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) bloodstream infection (BSI) are emerging health-care associated (HCA) diseases of public hea...

    Authors: Simone Giuliano, Maurizio Guastalegname, Miryam Jenco, Andrea Morelli, Marco Falcone and Mario Venditti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:475
  10. Facial lipoatrophy is a frequently reported condition associated with use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) acid has been used to correct facial lipoatrophy in people with HIV since 2004...

    Authors: Martin Duracinsky, Pascale Leclercq, Susan Herrmann, Marie-Odile Christen, Marc Dolivo, Cécile Goujard and Olivier Chassany
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:474
  11. In resource limited settings access to laboratory monitoring of HIV treatment is limited and therapeutic drug monitoring is generally unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate nevirapine concentrations in sali...

    Authors: Mohammed Lamorde, Quirine Fillekes, Kim Sigaloff, Cissy Kityo, Allan Buzibye, Joshua Kayiwa, Concepta Merry, Lillian Nakatudde-Katumba, David Burger and Tobias F Rinke de Wit
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:473
  12. Standardized techniques to detect HIV-neutralizing antibody responses are of great importance in the search for an HIV vaccine.

    Authors: Enas Sheik-Khalil, Mark-Anthony Bray, Gülsen Özkaya Şahin, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marianne Jansson, Anne E Carpenter and Eva Maria Fenyö
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:472
  13. Smoking has been identified in observational studies as a risk factor for bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition defined in part by decimation of Lactobacillus spp. The anti-estrogenic effect of smoking and trace ...

    Authors: Rebecca M Brotman, Xin He, Pawel Gajer, Doug Fadrosh, Eva Sharma, Emmanuel F Mongodin, Jacques Ravel, Elbert D Glover and Jessica M Rath
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:471
  14. Over 650 million people globally are at risk of schistosomiasis infection, while more than 200 million people are infected of which the higher disease rates occur in children. Eighty three students between 6-2...

    Authors: Nagla Gasmelseed, Nhashal E Karamino, Mohammed O Abdelwahed, Anas O Hamdoun and Ahmed E Elmadani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:469
  15. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is usually complicated by high rates of tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Impaired immune response has been reported during HIV/TB co-infection and may have significa...

    Authors: Abate Assefa, Baye Gelaw, Gebeyaw Getnet and Gashaw Yitayew
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:468
  16. Prostatic abscesses are an uncommon disease usually caused by enterobacteria. They mostly occur in immunodeficient patients. It is thus extremely rare to have a Staphylococcal prostatic abscess in a young immu...

    Authors: Maria Dubos, Olivier Barraud, Anne-Laure Fedou, Fabien Fredon, Frédéric Laurent, Yannis Brakbi, Anne Cypierre and Bruno François
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:466
  17. Fatigue is a common symptom of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and a frequent side-effect of peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) therapy for HCV. This study evaluated the impact of adding the oral HCV NS3/4...

    Authors: Jane Scott, Kathleen Rosa, Min Fu, Karin Cerri, Monika Peeters, Maria Beumont, Stefan Zeuzem, Donna M Evon and Leen Gilles
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:465
  18. Previous studies showed that C. trachomatis strains found in MSM are different from those in heterosexuals. This study investigates whether the differences in strain distribution between MSM and heterosexuals are...

    Authors: Bart Versteeg, Martijn S van Rooijen, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Henry JC de Vries and Sylvia M Bruisten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:464
  19. The China-Myanmar border is a particularly interesting region that has very high prevalence of and considerable diversity of HIV-1 recombinants. Due to the transient nature of their work, long-distance truck d...

    Authors: Yan-Heng Zhou, Yue-Bo Liang, Wei Pang, Wei-Hong Qin, Zhi-Hong Yao, Xin Chen, Chiyu Zhang and Yong-Tang Zheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:463
  20. Opportunistic infections are relatively rare in early human immunodeficiency virus infection, especially infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we report a patient who presented with acute human immunod...

    Authors: Kyung Mo Yoo, Eun-Jeong Joo, Joon-Sup Yeom, Seoung-Wan Chae, Shin Yeoung Lee and Ki Joong Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:462
  21. Few data are available on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response among HIV-2 infected patients. We conducted a systematic review on treatment outcomes among HIV-2 infected patients on ART, focusing on the immun...

    Authors: Didier K Ekouevi, Boris K Tchounga, Patrick A Coffie, Joseph Tegbe, Alexandra M Anderson, Geoffrey S Gottlieb, Marco Vitoria, François Dabis and Serge P Eholie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:461
  22. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that one of the largest problems threatening healthcare includes antibiotic resistance. Tetracycline, an effective antibiotic that has been in use ...

    Authors: Matthew D Huff, David Weisman, John Adams, Song Li, Jessica Green, Leslie L Malone and Scott Clemmons
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:460
  23. Sequence type 72 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) SCCmec type IV (ST72-MRSA-IV) is the most common community-acquired MRSA clone in Korea. Resistance to daptomycin or vancomycin among community-...

    Authors: Ayaka Tsukimori, Itaru Nakamura, Sakiko Okamura, Akihiro Sato, Shinji Fukushima, Yasutaka Mizuno, Tetsuo Yamaguchi and Tetsuya Matsumoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:459
  24. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both transmitted by the faecal-oral route, and represent common causes of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The endemicity of HAV infection has sh...

    Authors: Claudia Lamarca Vitral, Mônica da Silva-Nunes, Marcelo Alves Pinto, Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira, Ana Maria Coimbra Gaspar, Rebeca Cristina Costa Pereira and Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:458
  25. Despite hepatitis B vaccination at birth and at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be endemic in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). We carried out a cross-sectio...

    Authors: Antony P Black, Phonethipsavanh Nouanthong, Naphavan Nanthavong, Chanthasone Souvannaso, Keooudomphone Vilivong, Prapan Jutavijittum, Bounthome Samountry, Nina Lütteke, Judith M Hübschen, Sylvie Goossens, Fabrice Quet, Yves Buisson and Claude P Muller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:457
  26. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its transmission dynamics and population structure have become important determinants of targeted tuberculosis control programs. Here we describe recent chang...

    Authors: Ulziijargal Gurjav, Peter Jelfs, Nadine McCallum, Ben J Marais and Vitali Sintchenko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:455
  27. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major concern worldwide. It has been recently feared that the bla TEM-1 gene is, via bla TEM-135, evolving into an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)...

    Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad, Daniel Golparian, Jo-Anne R Dillon, Ã…sa Johansson, Makoto Ohnishi, Sunil Sethi, Shao-chun Chen, Shu-ichi Nakayama, Martin Sundqvist, Manju Bala and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:454
  28. High HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) is mainly found in infected individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However one third of asymptomatic carriers may have high PVL.

    Authors: Raimundo Coutinho Jr, Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi, Ana Beatriz Korngold, Viviana Nilla Olavarria, Bernardo Galvão-Castro and Rita Elizabeth Mascarenhas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:453
  29. Bacterial peritonitis is serious disease and remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Many studies have highlighted the potential usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) for identification of bacterial periton...

    Authors: Shi-kun Yang, Li Xiao, Hao Zhang, Xiao-xuan Xu, Pan-ai Song, Fu-you Liu and Lin Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:452
  30. We aimed to evaluate urinary MCP-1 and oxidative stress through urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) in leprosy and correlate them with traditional, but less sensitive markers of renal disease.

    Authors: Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses, Alexandre Braga Libório, Elizabeth Francesco de Daher, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Jr, Marcus Felipe Bezerra da Costa, Maria Araci Andrade Pontes and Alice Maria Costa Martins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:451
  31. In vitro studies show that Leishmania infection decreases the adhesion of inflammatory phagocytes to connective tissue by a mechanism dependent on the modulation of integrin function. However, we know little abo...

    Authors: Micely DR Hermida, Priscila G Doria, Angela MP Taguchi, José O Mengel and Washington LC dos-Santos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:450
  32. Cholera continues to be a devastating disease in many developing countries where inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation facilitate spread. From July 2009 until late 2011 Papua New Guinea experienced ...

    Authors: Paul F Horwood, Stephan Karl, Ivo Mueller, Marinjho H Jonduo, Boris I Pavlin, Rosheila Dagina, Berry Ropa, Sibauk Bieb, Alexander Rosewell, Masahiro Umezaki, Peter M Siba and Andrew R Greenhill
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:449
  33. Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFP) is an essential strategy of the WHO’s Polio Eradication Initiative. This is the first study conducted to estimate the incidence, etiology, distribution, and surveilla...

    Authors: Jagar A Jasem, Kawa Marof, Adnan Nawar, Yosra Khalaf, Faisal Al-Hamdani, Sagvan Ali, Andre C Kalil and KM Monirul Islam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:448
  34. The World Health Organization estimates that the global number of dengue infections range between 80–100 million per year, with some studies estimating approximately three times higher numbers. Furthermore, th...

    Authors: Stephan Karl, Nilimesh Halder, Joel K Kelso, Scott A Ritchie and George J Milne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:447
  35. The federal state of Hesse, Germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs).

    Authors: Niels Kleinkauf, Angelika Hausemann, Volkhard AJ Kempf, René Gottschalk and Ursel Heudorf
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:446
  36. The choice of antimicrobials for initial treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is crucial for a favorable outcome. There is no consensus about the best therapy; few prospective controlled s...

    Authors: Pasqual Barretti, João Vitor Pereira Doles, Douglas Gonçalves Pinotti and Regina El Dib
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:445
  37. Colorectal surgery is associated with postoperative infectious complications in up to 40% of cases, but the diagnosis of these complications is frequently misleading, delaying its resolution. Several biomarker...

    Authors: Joana Silvestre, Jorge Rebanda, Carlos Lourenço and Pedro Póvoa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:444
  38. Although methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) native bone and joint infection (BJI) constitutes the more frequent clinical entity of BJI, prognostic studies mostly focused on methicillin-resistant...

    Authors: Florent Valour, Anissa Bouaziz, Judith Karsenty, Florence Ader, Sébastien Lustig, Frédéric Laurent, Christian Chidiac and Tristan Ferry
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:443
  39. An algorithm instituted following Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) introduction in South Africa advocates for treating all Xpert rifampicin resistant patients as MDR-TB cases while awaiting confirmation by phenotypic or ...

    Authors: Nomonde R Dlamini-Mvelase, Lise Werner, Rogerio Phili, Lindiwe P Cele and Koleka P Mlisana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:442
  40. Malaria burden is high in Nigeria, yet information on the major mosquito vectors is lacking especially in the Sudan savannah region of the country. In order to facilitate the design of future insecticide-based...

    Authors: Sulaiman S Ibrahim, Yayo A Manu, Zainab Tukur, Helen Irving and Charles S Wondji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:441
  41. The durability of off-treatment virologic responses has not been fully elucidated in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who have previously achieved complete virologic suppression with nucleos(t)ide analog (NA...

    Authors: Hyung Rae Sohn, Bo Young Min, Joon Chang Song, Mun Hyuk Seong, Sang Soo Lee, Eun Sun Jang, Cheol Min Shin, Young Soo Park, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Sook-Hyang Jeong, Nayoung Kim, Dong Ho Lee and Jin-Wook Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:439
  42. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between KIR genes and the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.

    Authors: Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli, Hugo Vicentin Alves, Fabiana Covolo de Souza-Santana, Elaine Valim Camarinha Marcos, Ana Carla Pereira, Ida Maria Foschiani Dias-Baptista, Vinícius Medeiros Fava, Marcelo Távora Mira, Milton Ozório Moraes, Marcos da Cunha Lopes Virmond and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:438
  43. Over the last decade, increases in the number of outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have shifted the disease into the public health spotlight in China. Children under the age of five years are pa...

    Authors: Xiaoli Wang, Xiaona Wu, Lei Jia, Xitai Li, Jie Li, Shuang Li, Haikun Qian and Quanyi Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:437
  44. The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) wit...

    Authors: Sumon Kumar Das, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, Mohammad Abdul Malek, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Farzana Ferdous, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Jui Das, KM Shahunja, Farzana Afroze, Mohammed Abdus Salam, Tahmeed Ahmed, Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Peter John Baker and Abdullah Al Mamun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:435
  45. Research on the sexual networks of transwomen is central to explaining higher HIV risk for this population. This study examined HIV risk behaviors and sexual mixing patterns of transwomen by demographic and HI...

    Authors: Erin C Wilson, Glen-Milo Santos and H Fisher Raymond
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:430

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