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  1. Evidence in the literature suggests that exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by bacterial cells are essential for the expression of virulence in these organisms. Secreted EPSs form the framework in which microbi...

    Authors: Takeshi Yamanaka, Kazuyoshi Yamane, Tomoyo Furukawa, Chiho Matsumoto-Mashimo, Chieko Sugimori, Takayuki Nambu, Noboru Obata, Clay B Walker, Kai-Poon Leung and Hisanori Fukushima
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:228
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. In the Netherlands, epidemics of vaccine preventable diseases are largely confined to an orthodox protestant minority with religious objections to vaccination. The clustering of unvaccinated children in orthod...

    Authors: Wilhelmina LM Ruijs, Jeannine LA Hautvast, Reinier P Akkermans, Marlies EJL Hulscher and Koos van der Velden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:227
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. In the United Kingdom (UK) in September 2008, school nurses began delivering the HPV immunisation programme for girls aged 12 and 13 years old. This study offers insights from school nurses' perspectives and e...

    Authors: Shona Hilton, Kate Hunt, Helen Bedford and Mark Petticrew
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:226
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. There was a pandemic influenza around the world in 2009 including South Korea since last pandemic occurred four decades ago. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this infect...

    Authors: Jung-Woo Rhim, Kyung-Yil Lee, You-Sook Youn, Jin-Han Kang and Ji-Chang Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:225
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Recognizing infection is crucial in immunocompromised patients with organ dysfunction. Our objective was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT) in critically ill immunocompromised patients.

    Authors: Nicolas Bele, Michael Darmon, Isaline Coquet, Jean-Paul Feugeas, Stéphane Legriel, Nadir Adaoui, Benoît Schlemmer and Élie Azoulay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:224
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The primary objective of this study was to investigate if extended antibiotic treatment against bacterial vaginosis (BV) together with adjuvant lactobacilli treatment could cure BV and, furthermore, to investi...

    Authors: Per-Göran Larsson, Erik Brandsborg, Urban Forsum, Sonal Pendharkar, Kasper Krogh Andersen, Salmir Nasic, Lennart Hammarström and Harold Marcotte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:223
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Salmonella are the major pathogenic bacteria in humans as well as in animals. Salmonella species are leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries and salmonellosis remains an important public hea...

    Authors: Zelalem Addis, Nigatu Kebede, Zufan Sisay, Haile Alemayehu, Alehegne Wubetie and Tesfu Kassa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:222
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Non-nosocomial healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (NNHCA-IE) is a new category of IE of increasing importance. This study described the clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcome of NNH...

    Authors: Kuan-Sheng Wu, Susan Shin-Jung Lee, Hung-Chin Tsai, Shue-Ren Wann, Jui-Kuang Chen, Cheng-Len Sy, Yung-Hsin Wang, Yu-Ting Tseng and Yao-Shen Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:221
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) with herpes- or enterovirus can be self-limiting and benign, but occasionally result in severe and fatal disease. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revoluti...

    Authors: Birgitta Sundén, Marie Larsson, Tina Falkeborn, Jakob Paues, Urban Forsum, Magnus Lindh, Liselotte Ydrenius, Britt Åkerlind and Lena Serrander
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:220
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Sudan is a large country with a diverse population and history of civil conflict. Poverty levels are high with a gross national income per capita of less than two thousand dollars. The country has a high burde...

    Authors: Ghada S Sharaf Eldin, Imad Fadl-Elmula, Mohammed S Ali, Ahmed B Ali, Abdel Latif GA Salih, Kim Mallard, Christian Bottomley and Ruth McNerney
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:219
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Our aim was to characterize clinical properties and laboratory parameters in patients with or without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, and especially t...

    Authors: Timo Hautala, Nina Hautala, Saara-Mari Mähönen, Tarja Sironen, Eija Pääkkö, Ari Karttunen, Pasi I Salmela, Olli Vainio, Seppo Rytky, Alexander Plyusnin, Antti Vaheri, Olli Vapalahti and Heikki Kauma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:217
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has been estim...

    Authors: Diego F Cuadros, Philip H Crowley, Ben Augustine, Sarah L Stewart and Gisela García-Ramos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:216
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Bell's palsy and Lyme neuroborreliosis are the two most common diagnoses in patients with peripheral facial palsy in areas endemic for Borrelia burgdorferi. Bell's palsy is treated with corticosteroids, while Lym...

    Authors: Daniel Bremell and Lars Hagberg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:215
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a life-threatening disease, often related with serious complications and sequelae. Infants and children who survive bacterial meningitis often suffer neurological and other sequelae.

    Authors: Vasiliki A Vasilopoulou, Maria Karanika, Kalliopi Theodoridou, Antonios T Katsioulis, Maria N Theodoridou and Christos S Hadjichristodoulou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:214
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Anemia is a common clinical finding in HIV-infected patients and iron deficiency or redistribution may contribute to the development of low hemoglobin levels. Iron overload is associated with a poor prognosis ...

    Authors: Rudi Wisaksana, Rachmat Sumantri, Agnes R Indrati, Aleta Zwitser, Hadi Jusuf, Quirijn de Mast, Reinout van Crevel and Andre van der Ven
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:213
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Worldwide there is a need to develop simple effective predictors that can distinguish whether a patient will progress from dengue fever (DF) to life threatening dengue hemorrhagic (DHF) or dengue shock syndrom...

    Authors: Farhad F Vasanwala, Rukshini Puvanendran, Stephanie Fook-Chong, Joo-Ming Ng, Sufi M Suhail and Kheng-Hock Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:212
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. As most genital chlamydia infections are asymptomatic, screening is the main way to detect and cases for treatment. We undertook a systematic review of studies assessing the efficacy of interventions for incre...

    Authors: Rebecca J Guy, Hammad Ali, Bette Liu, Simone Poznanski, James Ward, Basil Donovan, John Kaldor and Jane Hocking
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:211
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Late onset sepsis is a frequent complication of prematurity associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract play a key role in the development of healthy...

    Authors: Suzanne M Garland, Jacinta M Tobin, Marie Pirotta, Sepehr N Tabrizi, Gillian Opie, Susan Donath, Mimi LK Tang, Colin J Morley, Leah Hickey, Linh Ung and Susan E Jacobs
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:210
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  20. While dengue-elicited early and transient host responses preceding defervescence could shape the disease outcome and reveal mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis, assessment of these responses are difficult a...

    Authors: Thomas Tolfvenstam, Anna Lindblom, Mark J Schreiber, Ling Ling, Angelia Chow, Eng Eong Ooi and Martin L Hibberd
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) has become an important measure in the diagnosis and monitoring of HCV infection treatment. In the United States (U.S.) HCV GT 1 is reported as the most common infecting G...

    Authors: Paulo Telles Dias, Judith A Hahn, Eric Delwart, Brian R Edlin, Jeff Martin, Paula Lum, Jennifer Evans, Alex Kral, Steve Deeks, Michael P Busch and Kimberly Page
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:208
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Influenza viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination remains a powerful tool for preventing or mitigating influenza outbreaks. Yet, vaccine supplies and daily administration ca...

    Authors: Maytee Cruz-Aponte, Erin C McKiernan and Marco A Herrera-Valdez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:207
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Conventional serological tests, using total soluble proteins or a cocktail of recombinant proteins from T. cruzi as antigens, are highly sensitive for Chagas disease diagnosis. This type of tests, however, does n...

    Authors: Ana Fernández-Villegas, María Jesús Pinazo, Concepción Marañón, M Carmen Thomas, Elizabeth Posada, Bartolomé Carrilero, Manuel Segovia, Joaquim Gascon and Manuel C López
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. There was a low adherence to influenza A (H1N1) vaccination program among university students and health care workers during the pandemic influenza in many parts of the world. Vaccination of high risk individu...

    Authors: Padmanaban S Suresh, Venkatesh Thejaswini and Thangarasu Rajan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:205
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening programmes are implemented in many countries to decrease burden of STI and to improve sexual health. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ha...

    Authors: Remco PH Peters, Stephan P Verweij, Noëmi Nijsten, Sander Ouburg, Johan Mutsaers, Casper L Jansen, A Petra van Leeuwen and Servaas A Morré
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Identification of the causative agents of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is critical for guiding antifungal therapy. Cultures remain negative in a substantial number of IFI cases. Accordingly, species identi...

    Authors: Volker Rickerts, Prasanna D Khot, David Myerson, Daisy L Ko, Evelyn Lambrecht and David N Fredricks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory disease worldwide and Streptococcus pneumoniae infection associated with influenza often leads to severe complications. Dendritic cells are key antigen presenting c...

    Authors: Yuet Wu, Huawei Mao, Man-To Ling, Kin-Hung Chow, Pak-Leung Ho, Wenwei Tu and Yu-Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by vaginal lactobacilli is generally believed to protect against bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), and strains of lactobacilli that can produce H2O2 are being de...

    Authors: Deirdre E O'Hanlon, Thomas R Moench and Richard A Cone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Schistosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases in the world in terms of people infected and those at risk. Infection occurs through contact with water contaminated with larval forms of the parasite, wh...

    Authors: Seydou Sow, Sake J de Vlas, Foekje Stelma, Kim Vereecken, Bruno Gryseels and Katja Polman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) is very common in China. It is difficult to distinguish between EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infections in clinical HFMD patients. Ro...

    Authors: Weifeng Shi, Kun Li, Yun Ji, Qingbo Jiang, Mei Shi and Zuhuang Mi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:197
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  33. During the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic, adjuvanted influenza vaccines were used for the first time on a large scale. Results on the effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing 2009 influenza A/H1N1-related ...

    Authors: Anneke Steens, Eleonora G Wijnans, Jeanne P Dieleman, Miriam CJM Sturkenboom, Marianne AB van der Sande and Wim van der Hoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The P27-P55 (lprG-Rv1410c) operon is crucial for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis, during infection in mice. P55 encodes an efflux pump that has been shown to ...

    Authors: María V Bianco, Federico C Blanco, Belén Imperiale, Marina A Forrellad, Roxana V Rocha, Laura I Klepp, Angel A Cataldi, Nora Morcillo and Fabiana Bigi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the United States. However, recent reports have documented that C. difficile infections (CDIs) are occurring among patients wit...

    Authors: Jennifer L Kuntz, Elizabeth A Chrischilles, Jane F Pendergast, Loreen A Herwaldt and Philip M Polgreen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected infants experience a high burden of infectious morbidity and mortality. Hospitalization is an important metric for morbidity and is associated with high mortality, yet,...

    Authors: Harjot K Singh, Nikhil Gupte, Aarti Kinikar, Renu Bharadwaj, Jayagowri Sastry, Nishi Suryavanshi, Uma Nayak, Srikanth Tripathy, Ramesh Paranjape, Arun Jamkar, Robert C Bollinger and Amita Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. During the April-July 2009 outbreak of H1N1/2009 in scotland the West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre (WoSSVC) in Glasgow tested > 16 000 clinical samples for H1N1/2009. Most were from patients clinical...

    Authors: Rory N Gunson and William F Carman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Over 1 billion of the world's poorest inhabitants are afflicted by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Integrated control programmes aimed at tackling these debilitating NTDs have been recently initiated, main...

    Authors: Artemis Koukounari, Seydou Touré, Christl A Donnelly, Amadou Ouedraogo, Bernadette Yoda, Cesaire Ky, Martin Kaboré, Elisa Bosqué-Oliva, María-Gloria Basáñez, Alan Fenwick and Joanne P Webster
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. In Ethiopia, because of low quality drinking water supply and latrine coverage, helminths infections are the second most predominant causes of outpatient morbidity. Indeed, there is a scarcity of information o...

    Authors: Abebe Alemu, Asmamaw Atnafu, Zelalem Addis, Yitayal Shiferaw, Takele Teklu, Biniam Mathewos, Wubet Birhan, Simon Gebretsadik and Baye Gelaw
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Six hospitals instituted a voluntary, system-wide, pathway for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We proposed this study to determine the impact of pathway antibiotics on patient survival, hospital length of ...

    Authors: Christopher R Frei, Allison M Bell, Kristi A Traugott, Terry C Jaso, Kelly R Daniels, Eric M Mortensen, Marcos I Restrepo, Christine U Oramasionwu, Andres D Ruiz, William R Mylchreest, Vanja Sikirica, Monika R Raut, Alan Fisher and Jeff R Schein
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Fluoroquinolones are among the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials and are an important risk factor for colonization and infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli and for Clostridium diff...

    Authors: Nicole L Werner, Michelle T Hecker, Ajay K Sethi and Curtis J Donskey
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The lungs are involved in up to 70% of cases of leptospirosis. In the more severe forms-bleeding from the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome-the lethality is high. The treatment proposed for leptosp...

    Authors: Ana Flávia C Azevedo, Demócrito de B Miranda-Filho, Gustavo T Henriques-Filho, Alfredo Leite and Ricardo AA Ximenes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:186
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  44. A screening programme for pregnant women has been in place since the 1950s in the Netherlands. In 2004 universal HIV screening according to opting out was implemented. Here, we describe the evaluation of the e...

    Authors: Eline LM Op de Coul, Susan Hahné, Yolanda WM van Weert, Petra Oomen, Colette Smit, Kitty PB van der Ploeg, Daan W Notermans, Kees Boer and Marianne AB van der Sande
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:185
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Geohelminth infections are highly prevalent infectious diseases of childhood in many regions of the Tropics, and are associated with significant morbidity especially among pre-school and school-age children. T...

    Authors: Philip J Cooper, Martha E Chico, Irene Guadalupe, Carlos A Sandoval, Edward Mitre, Thomas AE Platts-Mills, Mauricio L Barreto, Laura C Rodrigues, David P Strachan and George E Griffin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:184
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  46. The chemotherapy used to treat lung cancer causes febrile neutropenia in 10 to 40% of patients. Although most episodes are of undetermined origin, an infectious etiology can be suspected in 30% of cases. In vi...

    Authors: Jean-Philippe Lanoix, Emilie Pluquet, Francois Xavier Lescure, Houcine Bentayeb, Emmanuelle Lecuyer, Marie Boutemy, Patrick Dumont, Vincent Jounieaux, Jean Luc Schmit, Charles Dayen and Youcef Douadi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Clinical evolution of HIV-infected children who have not yet initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) is poorly understood in Africa. We describe severe morbidity and mortality of untreated HIV-infected children.

    Authors: Sophie Desmonde, Patrick Coffie, Edmond Aka, Clarisse Amani-Bosse, Eugène Messou, François Dabis, Ahmadou Alioum, Andrea Ciaranello and Valériane Leroy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-negatives (MDRGNs) coupled with an alarming scarcity of new antibiotics has forced the optimization of the therapeutic potential of available antibiotics. To exploit ...

    Authors: Pranita D Tamma, Nirupama Putcha, Yong D Suh, Kyle J Van Arendonk and Michael L Rinke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:181
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The knowledge on type specificity and factors that increase or decrease the risk of incident HPV-infections is important to better understand the dynamics of HPV-infections.

    Authors: Karolina Louvanto, Marjut A Rintala, Kari J Syrjänen, Seija E Grénman and Stina M Syrjänen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Complex mutants can be selected under sequential selective pressure by HBV therapy. To determine hepatitis B virus genomic evolution during antiviral therapy we characterized the HBV quasi-species in a patient...

    Authors: Lucila Cassino, Silvina Benetti, Fabian Fay, Hugo Tanno and Jorge Quarleri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:178
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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