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  1. Little is known about immunovirological treatment outcomes and adherence in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated using a simplified management approach in rural areas of developing countri...

    Authors: Laurence Ahoua, Gunar Guenther, Loretxu Pinoges, Paul Anguzu, Marie-Laure Chaix, Clotilde Le Tiec, Suna Balkan, David Olson, Charles Olaro and Mar Pujades-Rodríguez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Acute kidney injury frequently accompanies sepsis. Endotoxin is known to reduce tissue levels of cAMP and low levels of cAMP have been associated with renal injury. We, therefore, hypothesized that endotoxin i...

    Authors: Won-Il Choi, Kun Young Kwon, Jeong Wook Seo, John Beagle, Deborah A Quinn and Charles A Hales
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne infection in North America, is increasingly reported. When the characteristic rash, erythema migrans, is not recognized and treated, delayed manifestations of dissemi...

    Authors: John Aucott, Candis Morrison, Beatriz Munoz, Peter C Rowe, Alison Schwarzwalder and Sheila K West
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Accidental exposure to blood and body fluids is frequent among health care workers. They are at high risk of nosocomial transmission of blood borne pathogens due to injuries caused by used sharps. We are repor...

    Authors: Afia Zafar, Faiza Habib, Roshan Hadwani, Muslima Ejaz, Khurshid Khowaja, Rozina Khowaja and Seema Irfan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Toxoplasma gondii, the agent of toxoplasmosis, has a complex life cycle. In humans, the parasite may be acquired either through ingestion of contaminated meat or through oocysts present in the environment. The i...

    Authors: Emmanuelle Gilot Fromont, Benjamin Riche and Muriel Rabilloud
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The clinical management of leprosy Type 1 (T1R) and Type 2 (T2R) reactions pose challenges mainly because they can cause severe nerve injury and disability. No laboratory test or marker is available for the di...

    Authors: Mariane M Stefani, Jackeline G Guerra, Ana Lucia M Sousa, Mauricio B Costa, Maria Leide W Oliveira, Celina T Martelli and David M Scollard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Studies on HPV infection in pregnant women and HPV transmission to the child have yielded inconsistent results.

    Authors: Xavier Castellsagué, Teresa Drudis, Maria Paz Cañadas, Anna Goncé, Ramón Ros, José M Pérez, M Jesús Quintana, Jesús Muñoz, Ginesa Albero, Silvia de Sanjosé and F Xavier Bosch
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common notifiable disease in Australia, mainly affecting those aged 15 to 29 years. Testing rates are low in Australia and considerably lower in rural areas, with access and c...

    Authors: Fabian YS Kong, Jane S Hocking, Chris K Link, Marcus Y Chen and Margaret E Hellard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Latent toxoplasmosis, protozoan parasitosis with prevalence rates from 20 to 60% in most populations, is known to impair reaction times in infected subjects, which results, for example, in a higher risk of tra...

    Authors: Jaroslav Flegr, Jiří Klose, Martina Novotná, Miroslava Berenreitterová and Jan Havlíček
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Knowledge of some baseline entomological data such as Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) is crucially needed to assess the epidemiological impact of malaria control activities directed either against parasi...

    Authors: Clément Kerah-Hinzoumbé, Mallaye Péka, Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio, Issa Donan-Gouni, Parfait Awono-Ambene, Albert Samè-Ekobo and Frédéric Simard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a non-fermentative, gram-negative rod, is responsible for a wide variety of clinical syndromes in NICU patients, including sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and skin...

    Authors: Valeria Crivaro, Anna Di Popolo, Alessandro Caprio, Antonietta Lambiase, Mario Di Resta, Tonia Borriello, Alda Scarcella, Maria Triassi and Raffaele Zarrilli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Low density Plasmodium falciparum infections, below the microscopic detection limit, may play an important role in maintaining malaria transmission in low endemic areas as well as contribute to the maintenance of...

    Authors: Seif Shekalaghe, Michael Alifrangis, Charles Mwanziva, Anders Enevold, Steve Mwakalinga, Humphrey Mkali, Reginald Kavishe, Alphaxard Manjurano, Robert Sauerwein, Chris Drakeley and Teun Bousema
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Legionellosis is a common cause of severe community acquired pneumonia and respiratory disease outbreaks. The Ontario Public Health Laboratory (OPHL) has conducted most testing for Legionella species in the Canad...

    Authors: Victoria Ng, Patrick Tang, Frances Jamieson, Cyril Guyard, Donald E Low and David N Fisman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. When a test for diagnosis of infectious diseases is introduced in a resource-limited setting, monitoring quality is a major concern. An optimized design of experiment and statistical models are required for th...

    Authors: Nguyen TL Hang, Naoki Ishizuka, Naoto Keicho, Le T Hong, Do B Tam, Vu TX Thu, Ikumi Matsushita, Nobuyuki Harada, Kazue Higuchi, Shinsaku Sakurada and Luu T Lien
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Nowadays there is a debate about the indication of the oral whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit cholera vaccine (WC/rBS) in traveller's diarrhoea. However, a cost-benefit analysis based on real data has not been ...

    Authors: Rosa López-Gigosos, Pedro Garcia-Fortea, Maria J Calvo, Emilia Reina, Rosa Diez-Diaz and Elena Plaza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Good hand hygiene has for many years been considered to be the most important measure that can be applied to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Continuous emphasis on this interventio...

    Authors: Clive B Beggs, Simon J Shepherd and Kevin G Kerr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the main method for laboratory diagnosis of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease (IID). However, up to 16% of healthy individuals in th...

    Authors: Gemma Phillips, Ben Lopman, Clarence C Tam, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, David Brown and Jim Gray
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Currently, broad empiric antimicrobial treatment including atypical coverage is recommended for patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Therefore, the relative impact of each atypica...

    Authors: Heike von Baum, Tobias Welte, Reinhard Marre, Norbert Suttorp, Christian Lück and Santiago Ewig
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The primary aims of this study were (i) to determine the quantity and pattern of antibiotic use in Austria between 1998 and 2007 and (ii) to analyze antibiotic resistance rates in relation to antibiotic consum...

    Authors: Sigrid Metz-Gercek, Andreas Maieron, Reinhild Strauß, Peter Wieninger, Petra Apfalter and Helmut Mittermayer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. We intended to assess the risk for health care workers (HCWs) of acquiring M. tuberculosis infection after exposure to patients with sputum-smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis at three University Hospitals (Ull...

    Authors: Dag Gundersen Storla, Ingun Kristiansen, Fredrik Oftung, Gro Ellen Korsvold, Monica Gaupset, Gerd Gran, Anne Kristin Øverby, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise and Gunnar Aksel Bjune
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Pertussis is a highly communicable, vaccine-preventable respiratory infection. Immune response against this disease can be induced by infection or vaccination. Protection after childhood vaccination is minimal...

    Authors: Seyyed Hamid Hashemi, Mitra Ranjbar, Mehrdad Hajilooi, Mohammad-Ali Seif-Rabiei, Mahnaz Bolandi and Javad Moghimi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Hyperglycemia has been associated with unfavorable outcome in several disorders, but few data are available in bacterial meningitis. We assessed the incidence and significance of hyperglycemia in adults with b...

    Authors: Ewout S Schut, Willeke F Westendorp, Jan de Gans, Nyika D Kruyt, Lodewijk Spanjaard, Johannes B Reitsma and Diederik van de Beek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. A thorough epidemiological surveillance and a good understanding of the burden of diseases associated to VZV are crucial to asses any potential impact of a prevention strategy. A population-based retrospective...

    Authors: Angel Gil, Ruth Gil, Alejendro Alvaro, María San Martín and Antonio González
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Schitosomiasis japonica is still a significant public health problem in China. A protective vaccine for human or animal use represents an important strategy for long-term control of this disease. Due to the co...

    Authors: Xindong Xu, Dongmei Zhang, Wei Sun, Qingfeng Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Xiangyang Xue, Luhui Shen and Weiqing Pan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Sputum concentration increases the sensitivity of smear microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), but few studies have investigated this method in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals.

    Authors: Adithya Cattamanchi, David W Dowdy, J Lucian Davis, William Worodria, Samuel Yoo, Moses Joloba, John Matovu, Philip C Hopewell and Laurence Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs) are common in children. The cause is usually viral, but parents' attitude often contributes to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, promoting antibiotic resistance. The obj...

    Authors: Sotiria G Panagakou, Maria N Theodoridou, Vassiliki Papaevangelou, Panagiotis Papastergiou, George A Syrogiannopoulos, Georgia P Goutziana and Christos S Hadjichristodoulou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory disease syndrome (SARS) is not fully understood. One case-control study has reported an association between susceptibility to SARS and mannan-binding lectin (MBL) in C...

    Authors: Yan Wang, Jiangwei Yan, Yuling Shi, Ping Li, Chuanxuan Liu, Qingjun Ma, Ruifu Yang, Xiaoyi Wang, Lina zhu, Xiao Yang and Cheng Cao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Daptomycin, a lipopeptide antibiotic, could be an alternative to vancomycin for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis. We determined the activity of daptomycin versus vancomycin, with dexamethasone as an adjuva...

    Authors: Barry B Mook-Kanamori, Mark S Rouse, Cheol-In Kang, Diederik van de Beek, James M Steckelberg and Robin Patel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) measurement in critically ill medical patients with suspected nosocomial infection is unclear. The aim of the study was to assess PCT value for the early diagnosis of bact...

    Authors: Pierre Emmanuel Charles, Emmanuel Kus, Serge AHO, Sébastien Prin, Jean-Marc Doise, Nils-Olivier Olsson, Bernard Blettery and Jean-Pierre Quenot
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Leptospirosis is endemic in both urban and rural areas of Sri Lanka and there had been many out breaks in the recent past. This study was aimed at validating the leptospirosis surveillance case definition, usi...

    Authors: Dinesh LB Dassanayake, Harith Wimalaratna, Suneth B Agampodi, Veranja C Liyanapathirana, Thibbotumunuwe ACL Piyarathna and Bimba L Goonapienuwala
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. In patients with chronic respiratory disease, Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) colonization is observed, and may influence disease progression and systemic inflammation. Pneumocystis pneumonia causes interst...

    Authors: Yasuo Shimizu, Noriaki Sunaga, Kunio Dobashi, Makoto Fueki, Naoto Fueki, Sohei Makino and Masatomo Mori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. To assess the risk and the prognostic significance of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in patients from The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database, a multi-centre prospective cohort of HIV-infected patients receivin...

    Authors: Jialun Zhou, Julian Elliott, Patrick CK Li, Poh Lian Lim, Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Tuti Parwati Merati, Sanjay Pujari, Yi-Ming A Chen, Praphan Phanuphak, Saphonn Vonthanak, Thira Sirisanthana, Somnuek Sungkanuparph, Christopher KC Lee, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Shinichi Oka…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination led to a significant decrease in invasive bacterial infections in children. The aim of this study was to assess a potential shift to more non-type b invasive inf...

    Authors: Helen Kalies, Anette Siedler, Britta Gröndahl, Veit Grote, Astrid Milde-Busch and Rüdiger von Kries
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is difficult, especially so in health care facilities in developing countries where laparoscopy and colonoscopy are rarely available. There is little information on...

    Authors: Edford Sinkala, Sylvia Gray, Isaac Zulu, Victor Mudenda, Lameck Zimba, Sten H Vermund, Francis Drobniewski and Paul Kelly
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. In Southeast Asia, HIV-infected patients frequently die during TB treatment. Many physicians are reluctant to treat HIV-infected TB patients with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and have questions about the adde...

    Authors: Jay K Varma, Sriprapa Nateniyom, Somsak Akksilp, Wiroj Mankatittham, Chawin Sirinak, Wanchai Sattayawuthipong, Channawong Burapat, Wanitchaya Kittikraisak, Patama Monkongdee, Kevin P Cain, Charles D Wells and Jordan W Tappero
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Clinical outcomes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (ESBL-EK) have not been adequately investigated.

    Authors: Kyoung-Ho Song, Jae Hyun Jeon, Wan Beom Park, Sang-Won Park, Hong Bin Kim, Myoung-don Oh, Hyo-Suk Lee, Nam Joong Kim and Kang Won Choe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Ukraine was the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe, which has the most rapidly accelerating HIV epidemic world-wide today; national HIV prevalence is currently estimated at 1.6%. Our objective was...

    Authors: Claire Thorne, Igor Semenenko, Tatyana Pilipenko and Ruslan Malyuta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease in developing countries, including Brazil, and is especially prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). HSV-2 infection r...

    Authors: Junia Rodrigues, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Francisco I Bastos, Luciane Velasque, Paula M Luz, Claudia TV de Souza, Ingebourg Georg, Jose H Pilotto and Valdilea G Veloso
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. HIVAIDS is spreading globally, hitting the younger generations. In Pakistan, the prevalence of HIV in high-risk subpopulations is five per cent or higher. This poses a serious threat of a generalised epidemic ...

    Authors: Syed Farid-ul-Hasnain, Eva Johansson and Gunilla Krantz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is recommended for all adults 65 years of age and older and for younger adults with high-risk conditions. While data from national surveys provide information on the p...

    Authors: Lisa A Jackson, Roger Baxter, Allison L Naleway, Edward A Belongia and James Baggs
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Pneumococcal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Updated data on drug-resistance from different populations may be important to recognize changes in disease patterns. This study...

    Authors: Angel Vila-Corcoles, Ferran Bejarano-Romero, Elisabeth Salsench, Olga Ochoa-Gondar, Cinta de Diego, Frederic Gomez-Bertomeu, Xavier Raga-Luria, Xavier Cliville-Guasch and Victoria Arija
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. In Uzbekistan, routine serologic testing has not been available to differentiate etiologies of acute viral hepatitis (AVH). To determine the age groups most affected by hepatitis E virus (HEV) during documente...

    Authors: Makhmudkhan B Sharapov, Michael O Favorov, Tatiana L Yashina, Matthew S Brown, Gennady G Onischenko, Harold S Margolis and Terence L Chorba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Migration is one of the major causes of tuberculosis in developed countries. Undocumented patients are usually not screened at the border and are not covered by a health insurance increasing their risk of deve...

    Authors: Patrick Bodenmann, Paul Vaucher, Hans Wolff, Bernard Favrat, Fanny de Tribolet, Eric Masserey and Jean-Pierre Zellweger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Praziquantel treatment of schistosomiasis during pregnancy was only recommended in 2002; hence the effects of treatment during pregnancy are not fully known. We have therefore evaluated the effects on infectio...

    Authors: Robert Tweyongyere, Patrice A Mawa, Nicholas O Emojong, Harriet Mpairwe, Frances M Jones, Trinh Duong, David W Dunne, Birgitte J Vennervald, Eli Katunguka-Rwakishaya and Alison M Elliott
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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