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  1. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to be a frequent and potentially severe infection. There is currently no validated clinical tool for use at the time of CDI diagnosis to categorize patients in o...

    Authors: Mark A Miller, Thomas Louie, Kathleen Mullane, Karl Weiss, Arnold Lentnek, Yoav Golan, Yin Kean and Pam Sears
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Candidemia is a severe fungal infection that primarily affects hospitalized and/or immunocompromised patients. Mononuclear phagocytes have been recognized as pivotal immune cells which act in the recognition o...

    Authors: Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva, James Venturini and Maria Sueli Parreira de Arruda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. In developed countries, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents an emerging threat in terms of morbidity and mortality rates. In our country limited CDI epidemiological data can be found.

    Authors: Stefano Di Bella, Maria Musso, Maria A Cataldo, Marcello Meledandri, Eugenio Bordi, Daniela Capozzi, Maria C Cava, Patrizia Chiaradonna, Grazia Prignano and Nicola Petrosillo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Brucellosis is a common zoonosis that can cause a severe febrile illness in humans. It constitutes a persistent health problem in many developing countries around the world. It is one of the most frequently re...

    Authors: Ibrahim Hassan Kamal, Basim Al Gashgari, Said Salama Moselhy, Taha Abdullah Kumosani and Khalid Omar Abulnaja
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most frequent clinical presentation of extra-intestinal amoebiasis. The diagnosis of ALA is typically based on the developing clinical symptoms, characteristic changes on rad...

    Authors: Tan Zi Ning, Wong Weng Kin, Rahmah Noordin, See Too Wei Cun, Foo Phiaw Chong, Zeehaida Mohamed, Alfonso Olivos-Garcia and Lim Boon Huat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:144
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Histoplasmosis is a common opportunistic fungal infection that is observed almost exclusively in immunodeficient patients, especially those with AIDS. Immunocompetent individuals that suffer from histoplasmosi...

    Authors: Biwei Yang, Lixia Lu, Dajiang Li, Li Liu, Libin Huang, Liyu Chen, Hong Tang and Lichun Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:143
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  7. Acinetobacter baumannii hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is associated with a high mortality worldwide. Non-ventilated patients with HAP (NVHAP) caused by nosocomial pathogens are reported to have a more favora...

    Authors: Ya-Sung Yang, Yi-Tzu Lee, Tsai-Wang Huang, Jun-Ren Sun, Shu-Chen Kuo, Chin-Hsuan Yang, Te-Li Chen, Jung-Chung Lin, Chang-Phone Fung and Feng-Yee Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Lower limb cellulitis and deep vein thrombosis share clinical features and investigation of patients with cellulitis for concurrent DVT is common. The prevalence of DVT in this group is uncertain. This study a...

    Authors: Michael J Maze, Sean Skea, Alan Pithie, Sarah Metcalf, John F Pearson and Stephen T Chambers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. There has been a rapid decline in the number of young heterosexuals diagnosed with genital warts at outpatient sexual health services since the national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program started i...

    Authors: Hammad Ali, Rebecca J Guy, Handan Wand, Tim RH Read, David G Regan, Andrew E Grulich, Christopher K Fairley and Basil Donovan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:140
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. A prolonged measles epidemic occurred in Wenzhou City, China after a nationwide measles mass immunization campaign (MMIC) in 2010. We conducted an investigation to identify factors contributing to this epidemi...

    Authors: Jie Gao, Enfu Chen, Zhigang Wang, Jichuan Shen, Hanqing He, Huilai Ma, Guang Zeng and Bao-Ping Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Involvement of trochlear nerve during Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Infection has been rarely described, and always in association with skin rash.

    Authors: Raffaella Pisapia, Alessia Rianda, Andrea Mariano, Angela Testa, Simonetta Galgani, Laura Vincenzi, Amina Abdeddaim, Alessandra Oliva and Pasquale Narciso
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:138
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) are a serious threat to the national TB control programs of developing countries, and the situation is further worsened by the h...

    Authors: Sunil Sethi, Abhishek Mewara, Sunil Kumar Dhatwalia, Harpal Singh, Rakesh Yadav, Khushwinder Singh, Dheeraj Gupta, Ajay Wanchu and Meera Sharma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:137
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Investigations were conducted by the authors to explore an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) reported in 2010 from Al-Mukalla city, the capital of Hadramout in Yemen.

    Authors: Tariq A Madani, El-Tayeb ME Abuelzein, Hussein MS Al-Bar, Esam I Azhar, Moujahed Kao, Haj O Alshoeb and Alabd R Bamoosa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:136
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. High-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) infection is associated with the development of cervical cancer. HPV vaccination reduces the risk of developing malignant lesions and is expected to change the dynamics...

    Authors: Karl Ulrich Petry, Alexander Luyten, Annika Justus, Angelika Iftner, Sarah Strehlke, Axel Reinecke-Lüthge, Elisabeth Grunwald, Renate Schulze-Rath and Thomas Iftner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Over the last decade, major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) have been reported in Asian countries, resulting in thousands of deaths among children. However, less is known regarding the effect...

    Authors: Yong Huang, Te Deng, Shicheng Yu, Jing Gu, Cunrui Huang, Gexin Xiao and Yuantao Hao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis remains a challenge worldwide. The Xpert MTB/RIF test, a rapid mycobacteria tuberculosis diagnostic tool, was recommended for use in children based on data from adult st...

    Authors: Moorine Penninah Sekadde, Eric Wobudeya, Moses L Joloba, Willy Ssengooba, Harriet Kisembo, Sabrina Bakeera-Kitaka and Philippa Musoke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:133
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Although Ethiopia ranks seventh among the world’s 22 high-burden tuberculosis (TB) countries, little is known about strain diversity and transmission. In this study, we present the first in-depth analysis of t...

    Authors: Belay Tessema, Joerg Beer, Matthias Merker, Frank Emmrich, Ulrich Sack, Arne C Rodloff and Stefan Niemann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:131
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The distal esophagus harbors a complex bacterial population. We hypothesized that a better understanding of bacterial communities in the esophagus would facilitate understanding of the role of bacteria in esop...

    Authors: Ning Liu, Takafumi Ando, Kazuhiro Ishiguro, Osamu Maeda, Osamu Watanabe, Kohei Funasaka, Masanao Nakamura, Ryoji Miyahara, Naoki Ohmiya and Hidemi Goto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:130
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Several symptoms are classically thought to be suggestive of pertussis in children, but the diagnostic value of these symptoms in adolescent and adult patients is unclear. We evaluated the accuracy of the clin...

    Authors: Naoyuki Miyashita, Hiroto Akaike, Hideto Teranishi, Yasuhiro Kawai, Kazunobu Ouchi, Tadashi Kato, Toshikiyo Hayashi and Niro Okimoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:129
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Although cryptococcosis mainly occurs in the central nervous system and lungs in immunocompromised hosts, it can involve any body site or structure. Here we report the first case of primary cryptococcosis of a...

    Authors: Heng-Xing Zhou, Guang-Zhi Ning, Shi-Qing Feng, Hong-Wei Jia, Yang Liu, Hong-Yong Feng and Wen-Dong Ruan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:128
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  22. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus infection caused illness and death among people worldwide, particularly in hematologic/oncologic patients because influenza infected individuals can shed ...

    Authors: Caterina P Pollara, Giorgio Piccinelli, Giuseppe Rossi, Chiara Cattaneo, Francesca Perandin, Silvia Corbellini, Dolores De Tomasi and Carlo Bonfanti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:127
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Within the genus Aspergillus, A. flavus is the second most important species of clinical significance. It is predominantly associated with infections involving sinuses, eye and skin, mostly in geographic regions ...

    Authors: Faten Al-Wathiqi, Suhail Ahmad and Ziauddin Khan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:126
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. A better understanding of the quality of cellular immune responses directed against molecularly defined targets will guide the development of TB diagnostics and identification of molecularly defined, clinicall...

    Authors: Nancy Alvarez-Corrales, Raija K Ahmed, Carol A Rodriguez, Kithiganahalli N Balaji, Rebeca Rivera, Ramakrishna Sompallae, Nalini K Vudattu, Sven E Hoffner, Alimuddin Zumla, Lelany Pineda-Garcia and Markus Maeurer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:125
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Long Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) play a key role in guaranteeing care to patients in developed countries. Many patients, mostly elderly, access LTCFs at some time in their lives, and their healthcare pathways...

    Authors: Luca Arnoldo, Roberta Migliavacca, Laura Regattin, Annibale Raglio, Laura Pagani, Elisabetta Nucleo, Melissa Spalla, Francesca Vailati, Antonella Agodi, Adriana Mosca, Carla Zotti, Stefano Tardivo, Ines Bianco, Adele Rulli, Paola Gualdi, Pietro Panetta…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:124
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. In heavily endemic malaria areas, it is almost inevitable that malarial infection will be associated with anaemia, although malaria may not be the prime cause of it. Anaemia is a major public health problem in...

    Authors: Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele, Moses Samje and Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:123
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. There is a documented increase of diabetes mellitus in Sub Saharan Africa, a region where tuberculosis is highly endemic. Currently, diabetes mellitus is one of the recognised risk factors of tuberculosis. No ...

    Authors: Davis Kibirige, Richard Ssekitoleko, Edrisa Mutebi and William Worodria
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:122
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes between older and younger tuberculosis (TB) patients in Korea.

    Authors: Yong Soo Kwon, Su Young Chi, In Jae Oh, Kyu Sik Kim, Yu Il Kim, Sung Chul Lim and Young Chul Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:121
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. In populations in which the incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has declined due to socio-economic improvements, better sanitation and hygiene, and vaccination, birth cohorts who have long-term immu...

    Authors: Scott A McDonald, Marie-Josée J Mangen, Anita Suijkerbuijk, Edoardo Colzani and Mirjam EE Kretzschmar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), but its features are not fully known in many hospitals in Brazil. We identified clinic...

    Authors: Marília M Resende, Sílvio G Monteiro, Bianca Callegari, Patrícia M S Figueiredo, Cinara R A V Monteiro and Valério Monteiro-Neto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:119
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Malaria is the commonest imported infection in the UK. Malaria requiring ICU admission has a reported mortality of up to 25%. The relationship between ethnicity, immunity, and risk of malaria is complex. The M...

    Authors: Michael E Marks, Margaret Armstrong, Muhiddin M Suvari, Steve Batson, Christopher J M Whitty, Peter L Chiodini, Geoff Bellinghan and Justin F Doherty
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:118
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Children presenting to hospital with recent or current Plasmodium falciparum malaria are at increased the risk of invasive bacterial disease, largely enteric gram-negative organisms (ENGO), which is associated wi...

    Authors: Peter Olupot-Olupot, Britta C Urban, Julie Jemutai, Julius Nteziyaremye, Harry M Fanjo, Henry Karanja, Japhet Karisa, Paul Ongodia, Patrick Bwonyo, Evelyn N Gitau, Alison Talbert, Samuel Akech and Kathryn Maitland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The best strategy to protect individuals against meningococcal disease is to immunize against multiple serogroups. Immunogenicity, antibody persistence, and safety of the EU-licensed meningococcal ACWY-tetanus...

    Authors: Charissa Borja-Tabora, Cecilia Montalban, Ziad A Memish, Marie Van der Wielen, Veronique Bianco, Dominique Boutriau and Jacqueline Miller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The aim of our study was to estimate the candidiasis rate and evaluate its trend in HIV-i...

    Authors: Alejandro Álvaro-Meca, Julia Jensen, Dariela Micheloud, Asunción Díaz, Dolores Gurbindo and Salvador Resino
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:115
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The national Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Immunisation Programme in New Zealand was introduced in 2008, and involves routine vaccination of girls 12–13 years with a catch-up for females aged up to 19 years. The ...

    Authors: Leonardo M Simonella, Hazel Lewis, Megan Smith, Harold Neal, Collette Bromhead and Karen Canfell
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:114
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Predictors of immuno-virologic outcomes and discordance and their associations with clinical, demographic, socio-economic and behavioral risk factors are not well described in Nigeria since HIV viral load test...

    Authors: Chuka J Anude, Emeka Eze, Henry C Onyegbutulem, Man Charurat, Mary-Ann Etiebet, Samuel Ajayi, Patrick Dakum, Oluyemisi Akinwande, Chris Beyrer, Alash’le Abimiku and William Blattner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of universal mass vaccination (UMV) against rotavirus (RV) on the hospitalization rates, nosocomial RV infections and RV-gastroenteritis (GE)-associated seconda...

    Authors: Manuela Zlamy, Sabine Kofler, Dorothea Orth, Reinhard Würzner, Peter Heinz-Erian, Andrea Streng and Martina Prelog
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Published models predicting nasal colonization with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospital admissions predominantly focus on separation of carriers from non-carriers and are frequently evaluat...

    Authors: Johannes Elias, Peter U Heuschmann, Corinna Schmitt, Frithjof Eckhardt, Hartmut Boehm, Sebastian Maier, Annette Kolb-Mäurer, Hubertus Riedmiller, Wolfgang Müllges, Christoph Weisser, Christian Wunder, Matthias Frosch and Ulrich Vogel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:111
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterised by limited genomic diversity, which makes the application of whole genome sequencing particularly attractive for clinical and epidemiological investigation. However, i...

    Authors: Josephine M Bryant, Anita C Schürch, Henk van Deutekom, Simon R Harris, Jessica L de Beer, Victor de Jager, Kristin Kremer, Sacha A F T van Hijum, Roland J Siezen, Martien Borgdorff, Stephen D Bentley, Julian Parkhill and Dick van Soolingen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. We conducted a prospective, observational study in Barcelona to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome of elderly patients with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) compared with younger adults.

    Authors: Pere Domingo, Virginia Pomar, Natividad de Benito and Pere Coll
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The clinical significance of bacteraemia secondary to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis in hospitalised adults is uncertain.

    Authors: Christopher M Parry, Sherine Thomas, Esther J Aspinall, Richard PD Cooke, Stephen J Rogerson, Anthony D Harries and Nicholas J Beeching
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:107
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Among Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), oseltamivir corresponds to the most widely used agent to treat influenza disease. However since 2001, several cases of resistance to NAIs have been reported for...

    Authors: Ndongo Dia, Mbayame N Niang, Saadiya A Diadhiou, Déborah G Goudiaby, Abdourahmane Faye, Davy Kiori, Mady Bâ, Rémy Michel and Ousmane M Diop
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:106
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Voriconazole is approved for treatment of invasive aspergillosis and other invasive fungal infections, but the role for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is not clear.

    Authors: Helen Y Chu, Rupali Jain, Hu Xie, Paul Pottinger and David N Fredricks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:105
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The association between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has been previously attracted much attention. Diabetes alters immunity to tuberculosis, leading to more frequent treatment failur...

    Authors: Qiuzhen Wang, Aiguo Ma, Ib Christian Bygbjerg, Xiuxia Han, Yufeng Liu, Shanliang Zhao and Jing Cai
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:104
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  46. Despite huge efforts to promote widespread vaccination, measles remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in African children. In March 2011, an abnormally high number of case...

    Authors: Vianney Tricou, Marilou Pagonendji, Casimir Manengu, Jeff Mutombo, Rock Ouambita Mabo and Ionela Gouandjika-Vasilache
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:103
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Syphilis causes up to 1,500,000 congenital syphilis cases annually. These could be prevented if all pregnant women were screened, and those with syphilis treated with a single dose of penicillin before 28 week...

    Authors: Pieter W Smit, Thomas van der Vlis, David Mabey, John Changalucha, Julius Mngara, Benjamin D Clark, Aura Andreasen, Jim Todd, Mark Urassa, Basia Zaba and Rosanna W Peeling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:102
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  48. Toxoplasma gondii infections during pregnancy can result in abortion or congenital defects. Prevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in women of child-bearing age in Ethiopia are unknown. The current study w...

    Authors: Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin, Anteneh Hailu Abebe, Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Kassu Desta Tullu, Girmay Medhin, Maria Vitale, Vincenzo Di Marco, Eric Cox and Pierre Dorny
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. HIV infection induces chronic immune activation which is associated with accelerated disease progression; the causes of this activation, however, are incompletely understood. We investigated the activation sta...

    Authors: Miranda Z Smith, Sonia Bastidas, Urs Karrer and Annette Oxenius
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:100
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Human babesiosis is a rare tick-borne infectious disease. The clinical presentation ranges from an asymptomatic form to a life threatening infection with severe hemolysis. Human babesiosis due to Babesia microti ...

    Authors: Elodie Poisnel, Mikael Ebbo, Yael Berda-Haddad, Benoit Faucher, Emmanuelle Bernit, Bernard Carcy, Renaud Piarroux, Jean-Robert Harlé and Nicolas Schleinitz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:99
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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