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  1. The spread of airborne infectious diseases such as measles is a critical public health concern. The U.S. was certified measles-free in 2000, but the number of measles cases has increased in recent years breaki...

    Authors: Parham Azimi, Zahra Keshavarz, Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent and Joseph G. Allen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:497
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:541

  2. Tuberculosis is a disease that may affect any organ of the body. Multifocal tuberculosis involving multiple systems with associated symptoms are rare, which makes the diagnosis challenging. Distinguishing mult...

    Authors: Congxiao Wang, Ying Luan, Shifeng Liu, Mingwei Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wei Li, Zixiang Li, Xiaokun Hu and Lijing Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:495
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the greatest public health burdens, particularly for people living with several barriers to access to health care services, such as the hill tribe adult population i...

    Authors: Panupong Upala, Tawatchai Apidechkul, Ratipark Tamornpark, Chalitar Chomchoei and Fartima Yeemard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:494
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, avian species and humans. Toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic in healthy individuals, whereas it may lead to deat...

    Authors: Esra Atalay Şahar, Hüseyin Can, Sultan Gülçe İz, Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya, Mina Kalantari-Dehaghi, Remziye Deveci, Adnan Yüksel Gürüz and Mert Döşkaya
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:493
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) can be challenging to diagnose, often requiring bronchoscopy. Since most patients suspected of PJP undergo imaging, we hypothesized that the findings of these studies could ...

    Authors: Jimmy M. Hsu, Aaron Hass, Marc-Alexandre Gingras, Jaron Chong, Cecilia Costiniuk, Nicole Ezer, Richard S. Fraser, Emily G. McDonald and Todd C. Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:492
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) increases HIV risk and adverse reproductive outcomes. Standard-of-care (SOC) for BV are antibiotics; however, cure rates are low. Probiotics for vaginal health may be useful in improvi...

    Authors: Anna-Ursula Happel, Ravesh Singh, Nireshni Mitchev, Koleka Mlisana, Heather B. Jaspan, Shaun L. Barnabas and Jo-Ann S. Passmore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:491
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. In order to effectively combat Tuberculosis, resources to diagnose and treat TB should be allocated effectively to the areas and population that need them. Although a wealth of subnational data on TB is routin...

    Authors: Margo van Gurp, Ente Rood, Razia Fatima, Pushpraj Joshi, Sharat Chandra Verma, Ahmadul Hasan Khan, Lucie Blok, Christina Mergenthaler and Mirjam Irene Bakker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:490
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. This paper introduces a comprehensive case management model uniting doctors, nurses, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in order to shorten the time from HIV diagnosis to initiation of antiviral therapy...

    Authors: Lili Dai, Xiaochun Yu, Ying Shao, Yali Wang, Zaicun Li, Jiangzhu Ye, Shaoli Bai, Xiaoling Guo, Jianyun Wang, Bin Su, Taiyi Jiang, Tong Zhang, Hao Wu, Sarah Robbins Scott, An Liu and Lijun Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:489
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Washington University polyomavirus (WUPyV) is a novel human polyomavirus detected in childwith acute respiratory infection in 2007. However, the relationship between WUPyV and respiratory diseases has yet to b...

    Authors: Chao Wang, Tianli Wei, Yiman Huang, Qiong Guo, Zhiping Xie, Jingdong Song, Aijun Chen and Lishu Zheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:488
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Genetic diversity of ABO blood, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and haemoglobin type and their ability to protect against malaria vary geographically, ethnically and racially. No study has ...

    Authors: Jafaralli Sande Ahmed, Bernard Guyah, David Sang’, Mark Kilongosi Webale, Nathan Shaviya Mufyongo, Elly Munde and Collins Ouma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:487
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Asymptomatic screening for gonorrhoea in heterosexual men is currently not recommended in many countries including Australia, given the prevalence is relatively low in the heterosexual population. We aimed to ...

    Authors: Mario Martín-Sánchez, Jason J. Ong, Christopher K. Fairley, Marcus Y. Chen, Deborah A. Williamson, Kate Maddaford, Ei T. Aung, Georgia Carter, Catriona S. Bradshaw and Eric P. F. Chow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:486
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Bhutan is committed to eliminating hepatitis B and hepatitis C, though recent baseline estimates of disease burden in the general population are unknown. In 2017, we carried out a biomarker survey in the gener...

    Authors: N. Tshering, G. P. Dhakal, U. Wangchuk, S. Wangdi, L. Khandu, S. Pelden, F. Nogareda, M. K. Patel, Y. J. F. Hutin, K. Wannemuehler, B. B. Rewari and S. Wangchuk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:485
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Health-care workers (HCWs) are an epidemiological group with increased exposure to tuberculosis (TB), especially at health-care facilities (HCFs) with poor TB infection control in high-TB-burden settings. Chin...

    Authors: Guojie Wang, Jiying Xu, Bin Huang, Sanyou Gao, Yan Zhuang, Kan Wang, Yanqiu Zhang and Jianguo Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:484
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Eunae Cho, Sang Woo Park, Chung Hwan Jun, Sang Soo Shin, Eun Kyu Park, Kyo Seon Lee, Seon Young Park, Chang Hwan Park, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung Kyu Choi and Jong Sun Rew
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:483
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2018 18:40

  15. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is endorsed by the World Health Organization as an intermediate endpoint for evaluating HPV vaccine effectiveness/efficacy. There are different approac...

    Authors: R. Donken, J. Hoes, M. J. Knol, G. S. Ogilvie, S. Dobson, A. J. King, J. Singer, P. J. Woestenberg, J. A. Bogaards, C. J. L. M. Meijer and H. E. de Melker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:482
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Ethiopia has low measles immunization coverage and little is known about the disparities surrounding what coverage is provided. This study assessed disparities in measles immunization and its change over time ...

    Authors: Gebretsadik Shibre, Betregiorgis Zegeye, Dina Idriss-Wheeler and Sanni Yaya
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:481
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a serious public health problem not only in South East Asia but also in European and African countries. Scientists are using network biology to dig deep into the essential ...

    Authors: Qurat ul Ain Farooq, Zeeshan Shaukat, Sara Aiman, Tong Zhou and Chunhua Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:480
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The study aimed to assess whether gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms at admission are associated with increased short-term mortality in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).

    Authors: Hans Kristian Floeystad, Jacob Dag Berild, Bjoern Jardar Brandsaeter, Didrik Frimann Vestrheim, Dag Berild and Are Martin Holm
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:479
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Extended use of oseltamivir in an immunocompromised host could reportedly induce neuraminidase gene mutation possibly leading to oseltamivir-resistant influenza A/H3N2 virus. To our knowledge, no report is ava...

    Authors: Naonori Harada, Wataru Shibata, Hideo Koh, Emi Takashita, Seiichiro Fujisaki, Hiroshi Okamura, Satoru Nanno, Koichi Yamada, Hirohisa Nakamae, Masayuki Hino and Hiroshi Kakeya
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:478
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  20. The probability of hospitalization in patients suffering from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with an underlying comorbidity, such as a cardiac pathology, is 73-fold higher than that in CAP patients without...

    Authors: Loreto Arias-Fernández, Ruth Gil-Prieto and Ángel Gil-de-Miguel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:477
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Blood culture-negative endocarditis (BCNE) is diagnosed in 2–7% of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) and recent antibiotic use is a known risk factor. Altered mental status may be a presenting symptom....

    Authors: Hossein Sheibani, Mohammad Salari, Elham Azmoodeh, Amirhessam Kheirieh and Sara Chaghazardi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:476
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  24. People living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) have an increased susceptibility to develop non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Infection with HIV contributes to the dev...

    Authors: Carla M. T. Fourie, Shani Botha-Le Roux, Wayne Smith, Aletta E. Schutte, Yolandi Breet, Carina M. C. Mels, Lebo F. Gafane-Matemane, Leandi Lammertyn, Lisa Uys, Adele Burger, Jitcy S. Joseph, Nandu Goswami, Patrick De Boever and Hans Strijdom
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:473
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have recently come into existence worldwide; however, researchers in northeast China are not aware of their clinical features and molecular charact...

    Authors: Shanshan Su, Jisheng Zhang, Yongxin Zhao, Lan Yu, Yong Wang, Yuchao Wang, Mingjia Bao, Yu Fu, Chunjiang Li and Xiaoli Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:472
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Strongyloidiasis is a gastrointestinal parasitic infection caused by percutaneous infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Digestive symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain are the main manifestation, but s...

    Authors: Chisato Ashida, Koji Kinoshita, Yuji Nozaki and Masanori Funauchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:470
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  28. Interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) with Resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf) proteins enhanced tuberculosis (TB) screening and diagnosis in adults but have not been evaluated in children. Children often develo...

    Authors: W. van Loon, M. P. Gomez, D. Jobe, K. L. M. C. Franken, T. H. M. Ottenhoff, M. Coninx, L. Kestens, J. S. Sutherland, B. Kampmann and L. D. Tientcheu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:469
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Mumps is an acute respiratory infectious disease with obvious regional and seasonal differences. Exploring the impact of climate factors on the incidence of mumps and predicting its incidence trend on this bas...

    Authors: Wen-ting Zha, Wei-tong LI, Nan Zhou, Jia-jia Zhu, Ruihua Feng, Tong Li, Yan-bing Du, Ying Liu, Xiu-qin Hong and Yuan Lv
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:468
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by various pathogenic microorganisms is ubiquitous in the parts of the urinary system such as kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra. Currently, clinical detection of UTI is ...

    Authors: Manshi Li, Fuhuo Yang, Yihan Lu and Weifeng Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:467
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  31. Dengue fever is a major public health problem in Colombia. A fever surveillance study was conducted for evaluation of the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular patterns of dengue, prior to Chikungunya and Z...

    Authors: Jacqueline Kyungah Lim, Mabel Carabali, Erwin Camacho, Diana Carolina Velez, Andrea Trujillo, Jorge Egurrola, Kang-Sung Lee, Ivan Dario Velez and Jorge E. Osorio
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:466
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Since 2011, the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) has used active surveillance to prospectively collect epidemiological and virological data on patients hospitalized with influenza virus i...

    Authors: Bruno Lina, Alexandre Georges, Elena Burtseva, Marta C. Nunes, Melissa K. Andrew, Shelly A. McNeil, Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, Luzhao Feng, Jan Kyncl, Philippe Vanhems, Justin R. Ortiz, John Paget and Robert C. Reiner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:465
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Despite successful clinical outcomes of biologic medications in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases, some considerable adverse effects such as infections remain a major concern. Possibility of tuberculosi...

    Authors: Mohammad-Esmaeil Hejazi, Atefeh Ahmadzadeh, Alireza Khabbazi, Aliasghar Ebrahimi, Maryam Farmani and Yasin Hejazi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:464
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease. TB treatment outcome is an important indicator for the effectiveness of a national TB control program. This stud...

    Authors: Tauseef Ahmad, Muhammad Ayub Jadoon, Muhammad Khan, Haroon, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Akbar Hussain, Taha Hussein Musa, Muhammad Waqar, Eyasu Ejeta, Manoochehr Karami, Kefyalew Addis Alene and Hui Jin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:463
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. At present, there are few studies on polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gene and how it affects the TB epidemic. This study aimed to document the differences of polymorphisms between tuberculosis ho...

    Authors: Dingwen Lin, Zhezhe Cui, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Angkana Chaiprasert, Wuthiwat Ruangchai, Jing Ou and Liwen Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:462
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Uganda has experienced seven Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks and four Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) outbreaks between 2000 and 2019. We investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors for Marburg virus and ...

    Authors: Luke Nyakarahuka, Ilana J. Schafer, Stephen Balinandi, Sophia Mulei, Alex Tumusiime, Jackson Kyondo, Barbara Knust, Julius Lutwama, Pierre Rollin, Stuart Nichol and Trevor Shoemaker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:461
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Although the United Nations program on HIV/AIDS 90–90-90-targets recommends achieving 90% of viral suppression for patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy by 2020, virological failure is still high and i...

    Authors: Chilot Desta Agegnehu, Mehari Woldemariam Merid and Melaku Kindie Yenit
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:460
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Extra pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) accounts for approximately one-half of TB cases in HIV-infected individuals with pleural TB as the second most common location. Even though mycobacteria are c...

    Authors: Tehmina Mustafa, Ida Wergeland, Kamaldeen Baba, Sharad Pathak, Anwar A. Hoosen and Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:459
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Anaplasmosis is an emerging acute febrile disease that is caused by a bite of an Anaplasma phagocytophilum–infected hard tick. As for healthy patients, reports on asymptomatic anaplasmosis resulting from such tic...

    Authors: Jiyeon Yoo, Jong-Hoon Chung, Choon-Mee Kim, Na Ra Yun and Dong-Min Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:458
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  40. Indwelling central venous catheters (CVC) are used to provide long term hemodialysis. The commonest and the severe complication of CVC is the central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). This study ...

    Authors: J. A. A. S. Jayaweera and D. Sivakumar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:457
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Delayed treatment initiation of tuberculosis (TB) increases disease progression and development of complications which may lead to a higher level of infectiousness, clinical severity and increased mortality. B...

    Authors: Kiros Tedla, Girmay Medhin, Gebretsadik Berhe, Afework Mulugeta and Nega Berhe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:456
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a high burden of syphilis infection. Expanding syphilis testing to improve timely diagnosis and treatment is critical to improve syphilis control. However, syphilis testing...

    Authors: Weibin Cheng, Cheng Wang, Weiming Tang, Jason J. Ong, Hongyun Fu, Michael Marks, M. Kumi Smith, Changchang Li, Juan Nie, Peizhen Zhao, Heping Zheng, Bin Yang and Joseph D. Tucker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:455
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  43. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella primarily in childhood, and some rare adults also report varicella. Herpes zoster mainly occurs in adults by endogenous reactivation of latent VZV. Until now, vari...

    Authors: Guangcheng Xie, Qiongling Wei, Wenping Guo, Dan Li, Pingping Sun, Jiangli Wang and Houguang Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:454
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  44. Uropathogenic E. coli is the leading cause of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), contributing to 80–90% of all community-acquired and 30–50% of all hospital-acquired UTIs. Biofilm forming Uropathogenic E. coli are ...

    Authors: Paul Katongole, Fatuma Nalubega, Najjuka Christine Florence, Benon Asiimwe and Irene Andia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:453
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Bacterial infections are the most frequent complications in patients with malignancy, and the epidemiology of nosocomial infections among cancer patients has changed over time. This study aimed to evaluate the...

    Authors: Ai-Min Jiang, Xin Shi, Na Liu, Huan Gao, Meng-Di Ren, Xiao-Qiang Zheng, Xiao Fu, Xuan Liang, Zhi-Ping Ruan, Yu Yao and Tao Tian
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:452
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. In line with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, Norway aims for at least 90% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) to know their HIV-status. We produced current estimates of t...

    Authors: Robert Whittaker, Kelsey K. Case, Øivind Nilsen, Hans Blystad, Susan Cowan, Hilde Kløvstad and Ard van Sighem
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:451
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a global cause of severe respiratory morbidity and mortality in infants. While preventive and therapeutic interventions are being developed, including antivirals, vaccines ...

    Authors: Annefleur C. Langedijk, Robert Jan Lebbink, Christiana Naaktgeboren, Anouk Evers, Marco C. Viveen, Anne Greenough, Terho Heikkinen, Renato T. Stein, Peter Richmond, Federico Martinón-Torres, Marta Nunes, Mitsuaki Hosoya, Christian Keller, Monika Bauck, Robert Cohen, Jesse Papenburg…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:450
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  48. This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of 150 mg rifabutin (RBT) taken every other day (every 48 h) versus 300 mg RBT taken every other day (E.O.D), both in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir...

    Authors: Seni Kouanda, Henri Gautier Ouedraogo, Kadari Cisse, Tegwinde Rebeca Compaoré, Giorgia Sulis, Serge Diagbouga, Alberto Roggi, Grissoum Tarnagda, Paola Villani, Lassana Sangare, Jacques Simporé, Mario Regazzi and Alberto Matteelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:449
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Why human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases differ from year to year, in some years more 100%, has not been clarified, yet. The cause of the increasing or decreasing trends is also controversial. Austria is ...

    Authors: Franz Rubel, Melanie Walter, Janna R. Vogelgesang and Katharina Brugger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:448
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading worldwide. Although 10–20% of patients with COVID-19 have severe symptoms, little is known about the risk factors related to the aggravation of COVID-19 symp...

    Authors: Min Cheol Chang, Yu-Kyung Park, Bong-Ok Kim and Donghwi Park
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:445
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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