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  1. Previous studies have described some risk factors for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the clinical impact of MDR bacteria on older hospitalized patients with commu...

    Authors: Manuel Madrazo, Ana Esparcia, Ian López-Cruz, Juan Alberola, Laura Piles, Alba Viana, José María Eiros and Arturo Artero
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1232
  2. Leptospirosis is a common infectious disease in tropical and semitropical regions, and it is typically neglected. Leptospirosis-associated acute diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is one of its fatal complications. T...

    Authors: Meiqin Chen, Weili Lu, Shugen Wu, Shun Wang, Tao Lu and Chunxian Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1230
  3. Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, was for the first time reported in 1957 from the Shivamogga district of Karnataka. But since 2011, it has been spreading to the neighbouring state of Keral...

    Authors: Malay Pramanik, Poonam Singh and Ramesh C. Dhiman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1226
  4. The World Health Organization recommends dolutegravir (DTG) as the for first-line and second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) worldwide. However, little is known about the acceptability and tolerability of DT...

    Authors: Henry Zakumumpa, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Helen Byomire Ndagije, Nakitto-Kesi Diana, Jacquellyn Nambi Ssanyu and Ronald Kiguba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1222
  5. The current group B streptococcal (GBS) preventive measures had reduced invasive GBS early onset disease (EOD) incidences worldwide, but the late onset disease (LOD) incidences had remained unchanged. Administ...

    Authors: Kai-Qian Kam, Koh Cheng Thoon, Wen Sim Nancy Tee, Michelle Lay Teng Ang, Natalie Woon Hui Tan, Kee Thai Yeo, Jiahui Li and Chia Yin Chong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1221
  6. Actinomycosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Actinomyces, especially in children. Here, we present a case of musculoskeletal actinomycosis in a 5-year-old girl from China.

    Authors: Yani Mou, Qin Jiao, Yizhong Wang, Xiaolu Li, Yongmei Xiao, Lihua Zhao and Ting Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1220
  7. Several repurposed drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been investigated for treatment of COVID-19, but none was confirmed to be efficacious. While in vitro studies have demonstrated antiviral properti...

    Authors: Pauline Byakika-Kibwika, Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire, Jerome Roy Semakula, Jane Nakibuuka, Joseph Musaazi, James Kayima, Cornelius Sendagire, David Meya, Bruce Kirenga, Sarah Nanzigu, Arthur Kwizera, Fred Nakwagala, Ivan Kisuule, Misaki Wayengera, Henry G. Mwebesa, Moses R. Kamya…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1218
  8. Little is known about the exact incidence of necrotizing soft tissue infections. The few incidences reported in international literature are not directly relatable to the Netherlands, or other European countri...

    Authors: Femke Nawijn, Brechje de Gier, Diederik A. H. Brandwagt, Rolf H. H. Groenwold, Jort Keizer and Falco Hietbrink
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1217
  9. The diagnosis and treatment of patients with bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) pulmonary disease are challenging issues and the treatment is also prolonged and depends on the species. There...

    Authors: Hongjun Yin, Xiaoying Gu, Yimin Wang, Guohui Fan, Binghuai Lu, Min Liu, Chunlei Wang, Bin Cao and Chen Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1216
  10. Baseline hospitalization, mortality, and in-hospital fatality rates for meningococcal infection are required to evaluate preventive interventions, such as the inclusion of the conjugated quadrivalent meningoco...

    Authors: Stefan Walter, Ruth Gil-Prieto, Mario Gil-Conesa, Gil Rodriguez-Caravaca, Jesús San Román and Angel Gil de Miguel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1215
  11. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of people with migratory backgrounds among Turkish- and German-speaking patients in Munich.

    Authors: Zekeriya Aktürk, Klaus Linde, Alexander Hapfelmeier, Raphael Kunisch and Antonius Schneider
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1214
  12. Antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) help determine previous infection in individuals, regardless of whether they are asymptomatic or symptomatic. The detection of an...

    Authors: Hatairat Lerdsamran, Anek Mungaomklang, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Jarunee Prasertsopon, Kriengkrai Prasert, Poj Intalapaporn, Nirada Siriyakorn, Witthawat Wiriyarat, Nattakan Thinpan, Suteema Sawadpongpan, Somrak Sirikhetkon, Noparat Mongkalangoon, Suwanna Petto and Pilaipan Puthavathana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1213
  13. Despite having a high mortality rate, Asian studies about the characteristics of adult listeriosis are limited. We investigated the incidence of listeriosis per admissions, associated factors, and rate of mort...

    Authors: Yusuke Watanabe, Itaru Nakamura, Yuri Miura and Hidehiro Watanabe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1212
  14. To establish a prediction of HBsAg seroconversion in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), so as to help clinicians to choose therapeutic strategy.

    Authors: Yan-Wei Zhong, Yan-Min Shi, Fang Chu, Jie Liu, Ce Shi, Jiao-Jiao Xu, Peng Liu, Yan-Jie Bai, Xiao-He Xiao, Xiu-Chang Zhang and Min Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1211
  15. To assess the utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) velocity to discriminate between patients with acute viral and bacterial infections who presented with relatively low CRP concentrations and were suspected of ...

    Authors: Daniel Bernstein, Dan Coster, Shlomo Berliner, Itzhak Shapira, David Zeltser, Ori Rogowski, Amos Adler, Ora Halutz, Tal Levinson, Omri Ritter, Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty and Asaf Wasserman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1210
  16. There was a complete lack of information about the treatment outcomes of rifampicin/multidrug resistant (RR/MDR) childhood TB patients (age ≤ 14 years) from Pakistan, an MDR-TB 5th high burden country. Therefo...

    Authors: Farah Naz, Nafees Ahmad, Abdul Wahid, Izaz Ahmad, Asad Khan, Muhammad Abubakar, Shabir Ahmed Khan, Amjad Khan, Abdullah Latif and Abdul Ghafoor
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1209
  17. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a rare lung condition that is associated with acute lung injury. Its etiology may be idiopathic or secondary to a series of conditions, including immune-relat...

    Authors: Xiaojing Wu, Kejing Wang, Yayue Gao, Ying Cai, Wenqiao Wang, Dingrong Zhong and Qingyuan Zhan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1207
  18. Approximately one-fourth of the global population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An understanding of the burden of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among immigrants compared with the ge...

    Authors: Sarah Yu, Dawoon Jeong and Hongjo Choi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1206
  19. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection despite being a vaccine preventable disease remains a global public health problem. In Cameroon, the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in the expanded program on immunisation...

    Authors: Ephesians N. Anutebeh, Lambed Tatah, Vitalis F. Feteh, Desmond Aroke, Jules C. N. Assob and Simeon Pierre Choukem
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1205
  20. Critically ill patients with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of developing secondary bacterial infections. These are both difficult to diagnose and are associated with an increased mortality. Metabolomics ma...

    Authors: Gordan McCreath, Phillip D. Whitfield, Andrew J. Roe, Malcolm J. Watson and Malcolm A. B. Sim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1204
  21. Mexico is on the top five countries with the highest number of TB cases in America continent, nevertheless, information about genotypes circulating is practically unknown. Considering the above this study aims...

    Authors: Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas, Daniela Munro-Rojas, Damián Pérez-Martínez, Esdras Fernandez-Morales, Ana C. Jimenez-Ruano, Hilda Montero, Leila Escobar, Everest de Igartua, Ángel Trigos and Javier Fuentes-Dominguez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1202
  22. Blood stream infections are serious infections that usually induce prolongation of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality in several countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine bacteri...

    Authors: Etsehiwot Adamu Tsegaye, Dejenie Shiferaw Teklu, Zelalem Tazu Bonger, Abebe Aseffa Negeri, Tesfaye Legesse Bedada and Adane Bitew
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1201
  23. Non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fulminant disease with an increasing incidence. The serum beta-d-glucan (BDG) assay is used as an adjunct to the diagnosis of PCP; however,...

    Authors: Jumpei Taniguchi, Kei Nakashima, Hiroki Matsui, Tomohisa Watari, Ayumu Otsuki, Hiroyuki Ito and Yoshihito Otsuka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1200
  24. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a simple-to-use nomogram for the prediction of syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangdong Province.

    Authors: Peizhen Zhao, Ziying Yang, Baohui Li, Mingzhou Xiong, Ye Zhang, Jiyuan Zhou and Cheng Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1199
  25. Truck, bus, transit drivers, and men with mobile jobs are at high risk for HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV and risky behaviors among truck and bus drivers in Kurdis...

    Authors: Aisan Karimi, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh, Obeidollah Faraji and Khaled Rahmani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1198
  26. This study mainly evaluates the clinical characteristics and chest chest computed tomography (CT) findings of AFB-positive and AFB-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients to explore the relationship bet...

    Authors: Yuanyuan Wang, Xiaoqian Shang, Liang Wang, Jiahui Fan, Fengming Tian, Xuanzheng Wang, Weina Kong, Jing Wang, Yunling Wang and Xiumin Ma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1197
  27. Carbapenem resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) and Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) are emerging multidrug resistant bacteria with very limited treatment options in case of infection. Both are well-known causes...

    Authors: Patrick Chhatwal, Ella Ebadi, Frank Schwab, Stefan Ziesing, Ralf-Peter Vonberg, Nicolas Simon, Svetlana Gerbel, Dirk Schlüter, Franz-Christoph Bange and Claas Baier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1196
  28. Extensive parasitic diseases epidemiology in Zhejiang province has not been carried out since the second national survey in 2004. Therefore, dynamics in prevalence and infection pattern of the major intestinal...

    Authors: Yan Feng, Kegen Yu, Hualiang Chen, Xuan Zhang, Qiaoyi Lu, Xiaoxiao Wang, Xueying Zhang, Linong Yao and Wei Ruan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1195
  29. To examine whether outdoor transmission may contribute to the COVID-19 epidemic, we hypothesized that slower outdoor wind speed is associated with increased risk of transmission when individuals socialize outs...

    Authors: Sean A. P. Clouston, Olga Morozova and Jaymie R. Meliker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1194
  30. Bacteremia due to the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) is associated with specific diseases, such as colorectal cancer and infective endocarditis. This study aimed to evaluate the clinica...

    Authors: Yuki Kaiki, Hiroki Kitagawa, Kayoko Tadera, Hiroyuki Taogoshi, Mitsuyasu Ikeda, Mikihiro Kano, Toshie Harino, Toshihito Nomura, Keitaro Omori, Norifumi Shigemoto, Shinya Takahashi and Hiroki Ohge
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1192
  31. The high misdiagnosis rate of asymptomatic neurosyphilis (ANS) has long challenged infectious disease clinicians. We aim to develop a model for diagnosing ANS in asymptomatic syphilis (AS) patients without CSF...

    Authors: Weijie Li, Jiaqi Han, Pan Zhao, Dagang Wang, Tianhao Sun, Jie Guo, Yanqun He, Pei Qu, Ying Liu, Congle Shen and Yajie Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1191
  32. Identifying the biological subclasses of septic shock might provide specific targeted therapies for the treatment and prognosis of septic shock. It might be possible to find biological markers for the early pr...

    Authors: Songchang Shi, Xiaobin Pan, Hangwei Feng, Shujuan Zhang, Songjing Shi and Wei Lin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1190
  33. This study aimed to assess the seasonality of confirmed malaria cases in Togo and to provide new indicators of malaria seasonality to the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP).

    Authors: Anne Thomas, Tchaa A. Bakai, Tinah Atcha-Oubou, Tchassama Tchadjobo, Nadine Bossard, Muriel Rabilloud and Nicolas Voirin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1189
  34. Increasing numbers of tick-borne pathogens are being discovered, including those that infect humans. However, reports on co-infections caused by two or more tick-borne pathogens are scarce.

    Authors: Yu Zhang, Liang Jiang, Yicheng Yang, Songsong Xie, Wumei Yuan and Yuanzhi Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1187
  35. Nucleic acid-based amplification tests (NAAT), above all (q)PCR, have been applied for the detection of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy cases and household contacts with subclinical infection. However, their appl...

    Authors: Malkin Saar, Marcus Beissner, Fatih Gültekin, Issaka Maman, Karl-Heinz Herbinger and Gisela Bretzel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1186
  36. The first confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Iran were reported in Qom city. Subsequently, the neighboring provinces and gradually all 31 provinces of Iran were involved. This study aimed to investigate the case f...

    Authors: Kourosh Kabir, Ali Taherinia, Davoud Ashourloo, Ahmad Khosravi, Hossien Karim, Hamid Salehi Shahrabi, Mojtaba Hedayat Yaghoobi, Alireza Soleimani, Zaynab Siami, Mohammad Noorisepehr, Ramin Tajbakhsh, Mohammad Reza Maghsoudi, Mehran Lak, Parham Mardi, Behnaz Nouri, Mohammad Mohammadzadeh…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1185
  37. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a systemic inflammatory response caused by the rickettsial bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI) are rare complications of HGA....

    Authors: Jeong Min Cho, Jeonghyun Chang, Dong-Min Kim, Yee Gyung Kwak, Chong Rae Cho and Je Eun Song
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1184
  38. We investigate the long-term effects of SARS-CoV on patients’ lung and immune systems 15 years post-infection. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is ongoing however, another genetically related beta-coronavirus SARS-CoV caus...

    Authors: Jia Li, Yali Zheng, Lili Zhao, Zhihong Yue, Feng Pan, Yuehong Chen, Bing Yu, Yanwen Chen, Guangyu Zhao, Yusen Zhou and Zhancheng Gao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1183
  39. Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic in critically ill patients for various indications. Critical illness imposes pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics challenges, which makes optimizing vancomycin in this popu...

    Authors: Khalid Al Sulaiman, Abdulrahman Alshaya, Ohoud Aljuhani, Amjad Alsaeed, Nadiyah Alshehri, Ramesh Vishwakarma, Hamdan Alzahrani, Sara Althewaibi, Nawaf Alghamdi, Khalid Alhelal, Aisha Alharbi and Shmeylan Al Harbi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1182
  40. PCR is a proper technique that significantly improves toxoplasmosis diagnosis. However, a more sensitive technique is required. This study compared real-time PCR with nested PCR using B1, SAG-4, and MAG-1 brad...

    Authors: Khadijeh Khanaliha, Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Alireza Hedayatfar, Abdoulreza Esteghamati, Sayyed Amirpooya Alemzadeh, Qasem Asgari, Saba Garshasbi and Borna Salemi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1180
  41. Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the top ten threats to global health according to the World Health Organization. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections and main ...

    Authors: George Abongomera, Maurice Koller, Joseph Musaazi, Mohammed Lamorde, Marisa Kaelin, Hannington B. Tasimwa, Nadia Eberhard, Jan Hongler, Sabine Haller, Andrew Kambugu, Barbara Castelnuovo and Jan Fehr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1179
  42. No studies have yet reported the effect of prevention and control measures, which were implemented to combat COVID-19, on the prevention and control of common HAIs. We aimed to examine the effect of the “Norma...

    Authors: Caiyun Chen, Ping Zhu, Yongxiang Zhang and Bo Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1178

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