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  1. Kingella kingae is the second most common pathogen causing paediatric arthritis and is described to be the causative bacteria in some paediatric osteomyelitis. Its microbiological detection is particularly diffi...

    Authors: Dunja Wilmes, Patrick Omoumi, Jean Squifflet, Olivier Cornu, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos and Jean Cyr Yombi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:236
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  2. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and associated with a high mortality.

    Authors: Raquel A Caserta, Alexandre R Marra, Marcelino S Durão, Cláudia Vallone Silva, Oscar Fernando Pavao dos Santos, Henrique Sutton de Sousa Neves, Michael B Edmond and Karina Tavares Timenetsky
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:234
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) remains the gold standard for the detection of serologic immune responses to dengue virus (DENV). While the basic concept of the PRNT remains constant, this test...

    Authors: Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Derek AT Cummings and Justin Lessler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:233
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Melioidosis has become an emerging infection in Sri Lanka; a country which is considered non endemic for it. Paraplegia due to Burkholderia pseudomallei is a very rare entity encountered even in countries where t...

    Authors: Shanika Nandasiri, Harith Wimalaratna, Muditha Manjula and Enoka Corea
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:232
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  6. Candida albicans is the most pathogenic Candida species but shares many phenotypic features with Candida dubliniensis and may, therefore, be misidentified in clinical microbiology laboratories. Candidemia cases ...

    Authors: Suhail Ahmad, Ziauddin Khan, Mohammad Asadzadeh, Ajmal Theyyathel and Rachel Chandy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:230
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. State-of-the-art care involving the utilisation of multiple health care interventions is the basis for an optimal long-term clinical prognosis for HIV-patients. We evaluated health care for HIV patients based ...

    Authors: Daria N Podlekareva, Joanne Reekie, Amanda Mocroft, Marcelo Losso, Aza G Rakhmanova, Elzbieta Bakowska, Igor A Karpov, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Jose Gatell, Jens D Lundgren and Ole Kirk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:229
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. To investigate a possible role of Cefditoren, a recently marketed in Greece third-generation oral cephalosporin in urinary infections of outpatients.

    Authors: Despina Hatzaki, Garyphallia Poulakou, Ioannis Katsarolis, Niki Lambri, Maria Souli, Ioannis Deliolanis, Georgios K Nikolopoulos, Evangelia Lebessi and Helen Giamarellou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:228
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) occur frequently, but limited data do not allow any consensus on an optimal treatment strategy. We designed this prospective, multicenter, observational stu...

    Authors: Benjamin A Lipsky, Gregory J Moran, Lena M Napolitano, Lien Vo, Susan Nicholson and Myoung Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:227
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Legionella pneumophila is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Central nervous system dysfunction is common, and diagnosis in the absence of pulmonary symptoms can be challenging. Here we describe an ...

    Authors: Nathaniel M Robbins, Aditi Kumar and Barbra M Blair
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:225
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. The levels of proinflammatory cytokine or chemokine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid are thought to be one of predictors for clinical severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, yet the cellular sources or si...

    Authors: Xun Gong, Jianfang Zhou, Wenfei Zhu, Na Liu, Jinsong Li, Lili Li, Yu Jin and Zhaojun Duan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:224
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Infection with cagA-positive, cagA EPIYA motif ABD type, and vacA s1, m1, and i1 genotype strains of Helicobacter pylori is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response and increased risk of gastroduodena...

    Authors: Shu Sahara, Mitsushige Sugimoto, Ratha-Korn Vilaichone, Varocha Mahachai, Hiroaki Miyajima, Takahisa Furuta and Yoshio Yamaoka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:223
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are a frequent reason for consultation of women in primary health care. To avoid therapy failure and development of resistances, the choice of an antibiotic should ...

    Authors: Gustav Kamenski, Gernot Wagner, Sonja Zehetmayer, Waltraud Fink, Wolfgang Spiegel and Kathryn Hoffmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:222
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in China; perinatal transmission is the main source of chronic HBV infection. Simultaneous administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vacc...

    Authors: Yali Hu, Shu Zhang, Chao Luo, Qilan Liu and Yi-Hua Zhou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:221
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Cerebral involvement in schistosomiasis is not rare, but it is underdiagnosed because of the lack of clinical suspicion and the frequency of asymptomatic forms. Neurologic complications are generally supported...

    Authors: Guillaume Camuset, Valérie Wolff, Christian Marescaux, Ahmed Abou-Bacar, Ermanno Candolfi, Nicolas Lefebvre, Daniel Christmann and Yves Hansmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:220
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  17. Mild cases of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea are readily treatable with complete recovery and with inexpensive and widely available first-line drugs. However, treatment is complicated and expensive, and morta...

    Authors: Catherine Kahabuka, Gunnar Kvåle and Sven Gudmund Hinderaker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:219
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. In most of the world, microbiologic diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is limited to microscopy. Recent guidelines recommend culture-based diagnosis where feasible.

    Authors: Anne-Marie Demers, Suzanne Verver, Andrew Boulle, Robin Warren, Paul van Helden, Marcel A Behr and David Coetzee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:218
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The adipokine leptin regulates energy expenditure, vascular function, bone and cartilage growth as well as the immune system and systemic inflammatory response. Several activating effects towards T cells, mono...

    Authors: Michael Behnes, Martina Brueckmann, Siegfried Lang, Christian Putensen, Joachim Saur, Martin Borggrefe and Ursula Hoffmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:217
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Although a substantial decline of Plasmodium falciparum infection is observed in Africa following implementation of new control strategies, malaria is still considered as the major cause of febrile illness in hos...

    Authors: Marielle Karine Bouyou-Akotet, Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba, Eric Kendjo, Ariane Eyang Ekouma, Omar Abdou Raouf, Edouard Engohang Allogho and Maryvonne Kombila
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:216
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Despite advances in antimicrobial and surgical therapy, septic arthritis remains a rheumatologic emergency that can lead to rapid joint destruction and irreversible loss of function. In adults, Staphylococcus aur...

    Authors: Jean cyr Yombi, Leila Belkhir, Sylvie Jonckheere, Dunja Wilmes, Olivier Cornu, Bernard Vandercam and Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:215
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  22. Appropriate monitoring of vector insecticide susceptibility is required to provide the rationale for optimal insecticide selection in vector control programs.

    Authors: Mouhamadou S Chouaibou, Joseph Chabi, Georgina V Bingham, Tessa B Knox, Louis N’Dri, Nestor B Kesse, Bassirou Bonfoh and Helen V Pates Jamet
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:214
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Rotaviruses are the most important cause of severe acute gastroenteritis worldwide in children <5 years of age. The human, G1P[8] rotavirus vaccine Rotarix™ significantly reduced severe rotavirus gastroenteritis ...

    Authors: Andrew Duncan Steele, Kathleen M Neuzil, Nigel A Cunliffe, Shabir A Madhi, Pieter Bos, Bagrey Ngwira, Desiree Witte, Stacy Todd, Cheryl Louw, Mari Kirsten, Sanet Aspinall, Leen Jan Van Doorn, Alain Bouckenooghe, Pemmaraju V Suryakiran and Htay Htay Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:213
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Viral myocarditis is a major cause of sudden unexpected death in children and young adults. Until recently, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has been the most commonly implicated virus in myocarditis. At present, no s...

    Authors: Imed Gaaloul, Samira Riabi, Rafik Harrath, Mark Evans, Nidhal H Salem, Souheil Mlayeh, Sally Huber and Mahjoub Aouni
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:212
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. M.tuberculosis (M.tb) is associated with enhanced T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune responses while helminth infection is associated with T helper cell type 2 (Th2) immune responses. Our aim was to investigate w...

    Authors: Nelda van Soelen, Anna M Mandalakas, H Lester Kirchner, Gerhard Walzl, Harleen M S Grewal, Marc Jacobsen and Anneke C Hesseling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:211
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the aetiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is rare in Australia, but endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa...

    Authors: David J Speicher and Newell W Johnson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:210
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  27. Device–associated infection (DAI) plays an important part in nosocomial infection. Active surveillance and infection control are needed to disclose the specific situation in each hospital and to cope with this...

    Authors: Yin-Yin Chen, Liang-Yu Chen, Seng-Yi Lin, Pesus Chou, Shu-Yuan Liao and Fu-Der Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The delay in initiating treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected individuals may lead to the development of a more severe form of the disease, with higher rates of morbidity, mortality and transmissibil...

    Authors: Isabella Coimbra, Magda Maruza, Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão-Albuquerque, Líbia Vilela Moura, George Tadeu Nunes Diniz, Demócrito de Barros Miranda-Filho, Heloísa Ramos Lacerda, Laura Cunha Rodrigues and Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:208
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children decreased dramatically following introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). The epidemiology of S. pneumoniae now reflects in...

    Authors: Catherine Weil-Olivier, Mark van der Linden, Iris de Schutter, Ron Dagan and Lorenzo Mantovani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:207
    Content type: Debate Published on:

  30. Hemodialysis (HD) patients are susceptible to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacterial infections. Because the optimal treatment and clinical significance of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia...

    Authors: Chih-Chao Yang, Shau-Hsuan Li, Feng-Rong Chuang, Chih-Hung Chen, Chih-Hsiung Lee, Jin-Bor Chen, Chien-Hsing Wu and Chien-Te Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C has emerged as a cause of epidemic disease in Hefei. The establishment of serogroup C as the predominant cause of endemic disease has not been described.

    Authors: Xi-Hai Xu, Ying Ye, Li-Fen Hu, Yu-Hui Jin, Qin-Qin Jiang and Jia-Bin Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:205
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. This study aimed to analyze the clinical features, causative pathogens, neuro-imaging findings, and therapeutic outcomes of bacterial brain abscess in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) following rad...

    Authors: Peng-Hsiang Fang, Wei-Che Lin, Nai-Wen Tsai, Wen-Neng Chang, Chi-Ren Huang, Hsueh-Wen Chang, Tai-Lin Huang, Hsin-Ching Lin, Yu-Jun Lin, Ben-Chung Cheng, Ben Yu-Jih Su, Chia-Te Kung, Hung-Chen Wang and Cheng-Hsien Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:204
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, transmitted viruses generally use the CCR5 chemokine receptor as a coreceptor for host cell entry. In more than 50% of subtype B infections, a switch i...

    Authors: Saleema Crous, Ram Krishna Shrestha and Simon A Travers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by serogroup B is the last major serogroup in Canada to become vaccine-preventable. The anticipated availability of vaccines targeting this serogroup prompted an ass...

    Authors: Vica Dang, Frances B Jamieson, Sarah Wilson, Prasad Rawte, Natasha S Crowcroft, Karen Johnson, Raymond S W Tsang and Shelley L Deeks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Actinobaculum schaalii was first described as a causative agent for human infection in 1997. Since then it has mainly been reported causing urinary tract infections (UTI) in elderly individuals with underlying u...

    Authors: Petra Zimmermann, Livia Berlinger, Benjamin Liniger, Sebastian Grunt, Philipp Agyeman and Nicole Ritz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:201
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  36. Acinetobacter baumannii complex (ABC) has emerged as an important pathogen causing a variety of infections. Longitudinal multicenter surveillance data on ABC from different sources in Taiwan have not been publis...

    Authors: Shu-Chen Kuo, Shan-Chwen Chang, Hui-Ying Wang, Jui-Fen Lai, Pei-Chen Chen, Yih-Ru Shiau, I-Wen Huang and Tsai-Ling Yang Lauderdale
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. HTLV-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and severity of tuberculosis. Although previous studies have shown that HTLV-1 infected individuals have a low frequency ...

    Authors: Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Silvane B Santos, Anselmo Souza, Brooke Finkmoore, Ohana Bispo, Tasso Barreto, Ingrid Cardoso, Iana Bispo, Flávia Bastos, Daniele Pereira, Lee Riley and Edgar M Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:199
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, is an obligate intracellular parasite which induces a CD8+ T cell immune response with secretion of cytokines and release of cytotoxic granules. Altho...

    Authors: Paola Lasso, Diana Mesa, Natalia Bolaños, Adriana Cuéllar, Fanny Guzmán, Zulma Cucunuba, Fernando Rosas, Víctor Velasco, Maria C Thomas, Manuel Carlos López, John Mario González and Concepción Judith Puerta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The emergence of resistance to first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen leads to the need for more expensive and less tolerable second line drugs. Hence, it is essential to identify and address factors ...

    Authors: Tigist Bacha, Birkneh Tilahun and Alemayehu Worku
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Few data are available in Afghanistan to shape national military force health practices, particularly with regard to sexually-transmitted infections (STIs). We measured prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphil...

    Authors: Catherine S Todd, Abdul Nasir, G Farooq Mansoor, Sayed M Sahibzada, Linda L Jagodzinski, Farzana Salimi, M Naim Khateri, Braden R Hale, R Vincent Barthel and Paul T Scott
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection pose a high risk of developing active TB disease. It is therefore important to detect latent TB infection (LTBI) to be able to...

    Authors: Luis Anibarro, Matilde Trigo, Diana Feijoó, Mónica Ríos, Luisa Palomares, Alberto Pena, Marta Núñez, Carlos Villaverde and África González-Fernández
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large arteries and their branches; its etiology is still unknown. In individuals suffering from TA, arterial inflammation progresses to...

    Authors: María Elena Soto, Ma Del Carmen Ávila-Casado, Claudia Huesca-Gómez, Gilberto Vargas Alarcon, Vicente Castrejon, Virgilia Soto, Sergio Hernandez, Nilda Espinola-Zavaleta, Maite Vallejo, Pedro A Reyes and Ricardo Gamboa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are food-borne pathogens of great importance and feature prominently in the etiology of developing world enteritis and travellers’ diarrhoea. Increasing antimicrobial ...

    Authors: Simon Pollett, Claudio Rocha, Rito Zerpa, Lilian Patiño, Augusto Valencia, Máximo Camiña, José Guevara, Martha Lopez, Nancy Chuquiray, Eduardo Salazar-Lindo, Carlos Calampa, Martín Casapia, Rina Meza, Maruja Bernal, Drake Tilley, Michael Gregory…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Despite the reported high prevalence of osteoporosis in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-population, there have been no previous studies examining dairy calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in H...

    Authors: Valentina Li Vecchi, Maurizio Soresi, Lydia Giannitrapani, Giovanni Mazzola, Sara La Sala, Fabio Tramuto, Giuseppe Caruso, Claudia Colomba, Pasquale Mansueto, Simona Madonia, Giuseppe Montalto and Paola Di Carlo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The diagnosis of the leishmaniases poses enormous challenges in Argentina. The Polymorphism-Specific PCR (PS-PCR) designed and validated in our laboratories has been proven effective for typifying the Leishmania ...

    Authors: Jorge D Marco, Paola A Barroso, Tatsuyuki Mimori, Fabricio M Locatelli, Ayako Tomatani, María C Mora, S Pamela Cajal, Julio R Nasser, Luis A Parada, Taketoshi Taniguchi, Masataka Korenaga, Miguel A Basombrío and Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis are common and often co-occurring conditions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We investigated the effects of HIV testing and HIV status on the outcome...

    Authors: Eric Walter Pefura Yone, Christopher Kuaban and André Pascal Kengne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Existing standard non-molecular diagnostic methods such as viral culture and immunofluorescent (DFA) are time-consuming, labor intensive or limited sensitivity. Several multiplex molecular assays are costly. T...

    Authors: Jin Li, Nai-Ying Mao, Chen Zhang, Meng-Jie Yang, Miao Wang, Wen-Bo Xu and Xue-Jun Ma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing Lactobacillus in the vagina may play a role in controlling genital HIV-1 shedding. Sensitive molecular methods improve our ability to characterize the vaginal mi...

    Authors: Jennifer E Balkus, Caroline Mitchell, Kathy Agnew, Congzhou Liu, Tina Fiedler, Susan E Cohn, Amneris Luque, Robert Coombs, David N Fredricks and Jane Hitti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from the ascending spread of microorganisms from the vagina and endocervix to the upper genital tract. PID can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvi...

    Authors: Sereina A Herzog, Christian L Althaus, Janneke CM Heijne, Pippa Oakeshott, Sally Kerry, Phillip Hay and Nicola Low
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Persistent symptoms after treatment of neuroborreliosis (NB) are well-documented, although the causative mechanisms are mainly unknown. The effect of repeated antibiotic treatment has not been studied in detai...

    Authors: Johanna Sjöwall, Anna Ledel, Jan Ernerudh, Christina Ekerfelt and Pia Forsberg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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