World Health Organization: An expanded DOTS framework for effective tuberculosis control. WHO/CDS/TB/2002.297. 2002, Geneva: WHO
Google Scholar
Enarson DA: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: Management of tuberculosis: a guide for low income countries. 2000, Paris: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 5
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Laboratory services in tuberculosis control. Part I: Organization and management. 1998, Geneva: WHO, WHO/TB/98.258
Google Scholar
Pfyffer GE, Palicova F: Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, Laboratory Detection, and Staining Procedures. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Edited by: Murray PR, Baron EJ. 2011, American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 472-502. 10
Google Scholar
Lipsky BA, Gates J, Tenover FC, Plorde JJ: Factors affecting the clinical value of microscopy for acid-fast bacilli. Rev Infect Dis. 1984, 6: 214-222. 10.1093/clinids/6.2.214.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Deun A, Portaels F: Limitations and requirements for quality control of sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998, 2: 756-765.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Deun A: What is the role of mycobacterial culture in diagnosis and case finding?. Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2004, Geneva: World Health Organization, 35-43. 2
Google Scholar
Mase SR, Ramsay A, Ng V, Henry M, Hopewell PC, Cunningham J, et al: Yield of serial sputum specimen examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007, 11: 485-495.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Use Of Liquid Tb Culture And Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST). Low And Medium Income Settings. 2007, http://www.who.int/tb/dots/laboratory/policy/en/index3.html,
Google Scholar
Aït-Khaled N, Alarcon E, Armengol R, Bissell K, Boillot F, Caminero JA, et al: Management of Tuberculosis: A Guide to the Essentials of Good Clinical Practice. 2010, Paris, France: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Google Scholar
Department of Health Western Cape: HIV Prevalence in the Western Cape - Results of the 2006 HIV Antenatal Provincial and Area Surveys. 2007, Cape Town, South Africa: Provincial Government of the Western Cape
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011. WHO/HTM/TB/2011. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/HTM/TB/2011.16, 16
Google Scholar
Demers AM, Boulle A, Warren R, Verver S, van Helden P, Behr MA, et al: Use of simulated sputum specimens to estimate the specificity of laboratory-diagnosed tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010, 14: 1016-1023.
PubMed
Google Scholar
South African Department of Health: The South African Tuberculosis Control Programme Practical Guidelines. 2000, South Africa: Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Health, 1–47. 2000
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Laboratory services in tuberculosis control. Part II: Microscopy. 1998, Geneva: WHO, 1-65. WHO/TB/98.258
Google Scholar
Van Deun A, Salim AH, Cooreman E, Daru P, Das AP, Aung KJ, et al: Scanty AFB smears: what's in a name?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004, 8: 816-823.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lawson L, Yassin MA, Ramsay A, Emenyonu NE, Squire SB, Cuevas LE: Comparison of scanty AFB smears against culture in an area with high HIV prevalence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005, 9: 933-935.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Same-day-diagnosis of tuberculosis by microscopy - Policy Statement. 2011, Geneva: WHO, WHO/HTM/TB/2011.7
Google Scholar
Rieder HL, Chiang CY, Rusen ID: A method to determine the utility of the third diagnostic and the second follow-up sputum smear examinations to diagnose tuberculosis cases and failures. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005, 9: 384-391.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bandolier : How good is the test. 1996, http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band27/b27-2.html,
Google Scholar
Linn S, Grunau PD: New patient-oriented summary measure of net total gain in certainty for dichotomous diagnostic tests. Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006, 3: 11-10.1186/1742-5573-3-11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tuberculosis Division of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: Tuberculosis bacteriology-priorities and indications in high prevalence countries: position of the technical staff of the Tuberculosis Division of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005, 9: 355-361.
Google Scholar
Urbanczik R: Present position of microscopy and of culture in diagnostic mycobacteriology. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A]. 1985, 260: 81-87.
CAS
Google Scholar
Stop TB, Partnership and World Health Organization: Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015. 2006, Geneva: WHO, WHO/HTM/STB/2006.35
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among adults and adolescents. Recommendations for HIV-prevalent and resource-constrained settings. 2007, Geneva: WHO, WHO/HTM/TB/2007.379
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines. 2009, Geneva: WHO, WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420, 4
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Framework for Implementing New Tuberculosis Diagnostics. 2010, http://www.who.int/tb/laboratory/whopolicyframework_rev_june2011.pdf,
Google Scholar
Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance: International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC). 2009, The Hague: Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance, 2
Google Scholar
Toman K, Frieden T, Toman K, World Health Organization: Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment, and monitoring: questions and answers. 2004, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2
Google Scholar
Nelson SM, Deike MA, Cartwright CP: Value of examining multiple sputum specimens in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998, 36: 467-469.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cascina A, Fietta A, Casali L: Is a Large Number of Sputum Specimens Necessary for the Bacteriological Diagnosis of Tuberculosis?. J Clin Microbiol. 2000, 38: 466-
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Monkongdee P, McCarthy KD, Cain KP, Tasaneeyapan T, Nguyen HD, Nguyen TN, et al: Yield of acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture for tuberculosis diagnosis in people with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009, 180: 903-908. 10.1164/rccm.200905-0692OC.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cruciani M, Scarparo C, Malena M, Bosco O, Serpelloni G, Mengoli C: Meta-Analysis of BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 460 TB, with or without Solid Media, for Detection of Mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 2321-2325. 10.1128/JCM.42.5.2321-2325.2004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chihota VN, Grant AD, Fielding K, Ndibongo B, van Zyl A, Muirhead D, et al: Liquid vs. solid culture for tuberculosis: performance and cost in a resource-constrained setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010, 14: 1024-1031.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ssengooba W, Kiwanuka N, Kateete DP, Katamba A, Joloba ML: Incremental Yield of Serial Sputum Cultures for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis among HIV Infected Smear Negative Pulmonary TB Suspects in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e37650-10.1371/journal.pone.0037650.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, Krapp F, et al: Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 1005-1015. 10.1056/NEJMoa0907847.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: Policy statement: automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF system. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/HTM/TB/2011.4
Google Scholar
Lawn SD, Brooks SV, Kranzer K, Nicol MP, Whitelaw A, Vogt M, et al: Screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance before antiretroviral therapy using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a prospective study. PLoS Med. 2011, 8: e1001067-10.1371/journal.pmed.1001067.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Theron G, Peter J, van Zyl-Smit R, Mishra H, Streicher E, Murray S, et al: Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 184: 132-140. 10.1164/rccm.201101-0056OC.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vassall A, van Kampen S, Sohn H, Michael JS, John KR, DEN BS, et al: Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in high burden countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2011, 8: e1001120-10.1371/journal.pmed.1001120.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar