Cook DJ, Marshall JC, Fowler RA. Critical illness in patients with COVID-19: mounting an effective clinical and research response. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1559–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5775.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarzi-Puttini P, Giorgi V, Sirotti S, Marotto D, Ardizzone S, Rizzardini G, et al. COVID-19, cytokines and immunosuppression: what can we learn from severe acute respiratory syndrome? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38:337.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McGonagle D, Sharif K, O'Regan A, Bridgewood C. The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102537.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cummings MJ, Baldwin MR, Abrams D, Jacobson SD, Meyer BJ, Balough EM. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in new York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1763–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B, Lips P, et al. Skeletal and Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1109–51. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;202:105719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Br Med J. 2017;356:i6583.
Article
Google Scholar
Jolliffe DA, Camargo CA Jr, Sluyter JD, Aglipay M, Aloia JF, Ganmaa D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;S2213–8587(21):00051–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00051-6 [Epub ahead of print].
Article
Google Scholar
Havers F, Smeaton L, Gupte N, Detrick B, Bollinger RC, Hakim J, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is associated with HIV disease progression and virological failure post-antiretroviral therapy initiation in diverse multinational settings. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(2):244–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu259.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) rapid review on vitamin D and acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). December 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-rapid-review-vitamin-d-and-acute-respiratory-tract-infections Last .
Mitchell F. Vitamin-D and COVID-19: do deficient risk a poorer outcome? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(7):570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30183-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Kenny RA. Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees north supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(12):1434–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1195–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Panagiotou G, Tee SA, Ihsan Y, Athar W, Marchitelli G, Kelly D, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity. Clin Endocrinol. 2020;93(4):508–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14276.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hars M, Mendes A, Serratrice C, Herrmann FR, Gold G, Graf C, et al. Sex-specific association between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality in older patients. Osteoporos Int. 2020;13:1.
Google Scholar
Radujkovic A, Hippchen T, Tiwari-Heckler S, Dreher S, Boxberger M, Merle U. Vitamin D deficiency and outcome of COVID-19 patients. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092757.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
De Smet D, De Smet K, Herroelen P, Gryspeerdt S, Martens GA. Serum 25(OH)D level on hospital admission associated with COVID-19 stage and mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021;155(3):381–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernández JL, Nan D, Fernandez-Ayala M, García-Unzueta M, Hernández-Hernández MA, López-Hoyos M, et al. Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):e1343–53. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa733.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Golan Cohen A, Green I, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, Pazoki M, Kafan S, Tabriz HM, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2020 Sep 25;15(9):e0239799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239799.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Duca A, Piva S, Focà E, Latronico N, Rizzi M. Calculated Decisions: Brescia-COVID Respiratory Severity Scale (BCRSS)/Algorithm. Emerg Med Pract. 2020;22:CD1–2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh090.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One. 2020;15:1–10.
Google Scholar
Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora V, Solway J. Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics with COVID-19 test results. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019722. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xu X, Han M, Li T, Wang D, Fu B, Zhou Y. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;17:10970.
Article
Google Scholar
Capra R, De Rossi N, Mattioli F, Romanelli G, Scarpazza C, Sormani MP, et al. Impact of low dose tocilizumab on mortality rate in patients with COVID-19 related pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:31–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ghosn L, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Davidson M, Graña C, Schmucker C, et al. Interleukin-6 blocking agents for treating COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3:CD013881.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merlotti D, Rendina D, Muscariello R, Picchioni T, Alessandri M, De Filippo G, et al. Preventive role of vitamin D supplementation for acute phase reaction after bisphosphonate infusion in Paget's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:466.
Article
Google Scholar
Silberstein M. COVID-19 and IL-6: why vitamin D (probably) helps but tocilizumab might not. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;899:174031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174031.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tsujino I, Ushikoshi-Nakayama R, Yamazakj T, Matsumoto N, Saito I. Pulmonary activation of vitamin D3 and preventive effect against interstitial pneumonia. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2019;65(3):245–51. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.19-48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kong J, Zhu X, Shi Y, Liu T, Chen Y, Bhan I, et al. VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and renin-angiotensin system. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;27(12):2116–25. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1146.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Phokela SS, Peleg S, Moya FR, Alcorn JL. Regulation of human pulmonary surfactant protein gene expression by 1alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;289:617.
Article
Google Scholar
Lips P, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Bianchi ML, et al. Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European calcified tissue society. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180:P23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Last ; https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html;
Coronavirus (COVID-19) health alert. Australian Government, Department of Health. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/collections/coronavirus-covid-19-at-a-glance-infographic-collection#collection-description Last ;
The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race#black Last .
https://www.aifa.gov.it/-/vitamina-d-consumi-e-spesa-ridotti-dall-introduzione-della-nota-96.
Bouillon R, Schuit F, Antonio L, Rastinejad F. Vitamin D binding protein: a historic overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;10:e910.
Article
Google Scholar
Reid D, Knox S, Talwar D, O'Reilly DJ, Blackwell S, Kinsella J, et al. Acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response is associated with transient decreases in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations following elective knee arthoplasty. Ann Clin Biochem. 2010;47(Suppl 1):95–6.
Google Scholar
Louw JA, Werbeck A, Louw ME, Kotze TJ, Cooper R, Labadarios D. Blood vitamin concentrations during the acute-phase response. Crit Care Med. 1992;20(7):934–41.3. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199207000-00007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charoenngam N, Shirvani A, Reddy N, Vodopivec DM, Apovian CM, Holick MF. Association of Vitamin D Status with Hospital Morbidity and Mortality in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(4):271–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.013.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Demir M, Demir F, Aygun H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2992–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26832.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li S, Cao Z, Yang H, Zhang Y, Xu F, Wang Y. Metabolic healthy obesity, vitamin D status, and risk of COVID-19. Aging Dis. 2021;12(1):61–71. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.1108.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):561–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Raisi-Estabragh Z, McCracken C, Bethell MS, Cooper J, Cooper C, Caulfield MJ, et al. Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank. J Public Heal. (Oxf). 2020 Aug 18;42:451–60.
Article
Google Scholar
Hastie CE, Pell JP, Sattar N. Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2020;60:545–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bouillon R. Safety of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:dgz282.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camargo CA Jr, Martineau AR. Vitamin D to prevent COVID-19: recommendations for the design of clinical trials. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3689–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15534.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, Alcalá Díaz JF, López Miranda J, Bouillon R, et al. Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a pilot randomized clinical study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;203:105751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cangiano B, Fatti LM, Danesi L, Gazzano G, Croci M, Vitale G, et al. Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(24):24522–34. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202307.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Annweiler G, Corvaisier M, Gautier J, Dubée V, Legrand E, Sacco G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation associated to better survival in hospitalized frail elderly COVID-19 patients: the GERIA-COVID quasi-experimental study. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113377.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rastogi A, Bhansali A, Khare N, Suri V, Yaddanapudi N, Sachdeva N, et al. Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). Postgrad Med J. 2020;139065.
Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, et al. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1053–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26848.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar