Barry 3rd CE, Boshoff HI, Dartois V, Dick T, Ehrt S, Flynn J, et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(12):845–55.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Demissie A, Abebe M, Aseffa A, Rook G, Fletcher H, Zumla A, et al. Healthy individuals that control a latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis express high levels of Th1 cytokines and the IL-4 antagonist IL-4delta2. J Immunol. 2004;172(11):6938–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Flynn JL, Chan J. Tuberculosis: latency and reactivation. Infect Immun. 2001;69(7):4195–201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rook GA. Th2 cytokines in susceptibility to tuberculosis. Curr Mol Med. 2007;7(3):327–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reed MB, Domenech P, Manca C, Su H, Barczak AK, Kreiswirth BN, et al. A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response. Nature. 2004;431(7004):84–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manca C, Reed MB, Freeman S, Mathema B, Kreiswirth B, Barry 3rd CE, et al. Differential monocyte activation underlies strain-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 2004;72(9):5511–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seah GT, Scott GM, Rook GA. Type 2 cytokine gene activation and its relationship to extent of disease in patients with tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):385–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rook GA, Hernandez-Pando R, Dheda K, Teng Seah G. IL-4 in tuberculosis: implications for vaccine design. Trends Immunol. 2004;25(9):483–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim K, Perera R, Tan DB, Fernandez S, Seddiki N, Waring J, et al. Circulating mycobacterial-reactive CD4+ T cells with an immunosuppressive phenotype are higher in active tuberculosis than latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2014;94(5):494–501.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dahl KE, Shiratsuchi H, Hamilton BD, Ellner JJ, Toossi Z. Selective induction of transforming growth factor beta in human monocytes by lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1996;64(2):399–405.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Garg A, Barnes PF, Roy S, Quiroga MF, Wu S, Garcia VE, et al. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan- and prostaglandin E2-dependent expansion of regulatory T cells in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38(2):459–69.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hirsch CS, Hussain R, Toossi Z, Dawood G, Shahid F, Ellner JJ. Cross-modulation by transforming growth factor beta in human tuberculosis: suppression of antigen-driven blastogenesis and interferon gamma production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3193–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chieppa M, Bianchi G, Doni A, Del Prete A, Sironi M, Laskarin G, et al. Cross-linking of the mannose receptor on monocyte-derived dendritic cells activates an anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive program. J Immunol. 2003;171(9):4552–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bobadilla K, Sada E, Jaime ME, Gonzalez Y, Ramachandra L, Rojas RE, et al. Human phagosome processing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens is modulated by interferon-gamma and interleukin-10. Immunology. 2013;138(1):34–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar NP, Gopinath V, Sridhar R, Hanna LE, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, et al. IL-10 dependent suppression of type 1, type 2 and type 17 cytokines in active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59572.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Almeida AS, Lago PM, Boechat N, Huard RC, Lazzarini LC, Santos AR, et al. Tuberculosis is associated with a down-modulatory lung immune response that impairs Th1-type immunity. J Immunol. 2009;183(1):718–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hirsch CS, Toossi Z, Othieno C, Johnson JL, Schwander SK, Robertson S, et al. Depressed T-cell interferon-gamma responses in pulmonary tuberculosis: analysis of underlying mechanisms and modulation with therapy. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(6):2069–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hussain R, Talat N, Shahid F, Dawood G. Biomarker changes associated with Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) conversion: a two-year longitudinal follow-up study in exposed household contacts. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7444.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lin PL, Flynn JL. Understanding latent tuberculosis: a moving target. J Immunol. 2010;185(1):15–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sutherland JS, Adetifa IM, Hill PC, Adegbola RA, Ota MO. Pattern and diversity of cytokine production differentiates between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Eur J Immunol. 2009;39(3):723–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia Jacobo RE, Serrano CJ, Enciso Moreno JA, Gaspar Ramirez O, Trujillo Ochoa JL, Uresti Rivera EE, et al. Analysis of Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cells in tuberculosis case contacts. Cell Immunol. 2014;289(1–2):167–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Perspectives on host adaptation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: modulation of inflammation. Semin Immunol. 2014;26(6):533–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Comstock GW, Ferebee SH, Hammes LM. A controlled trial of community-wide isoniazid prophylaxis in Alaska. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967;95(6):935–43.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Comstock GW, Baum C, Snider Jr DE. Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a final report of the bethel isoniazid studies. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;119(5):827–30.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A general review. Bibl Tuberc. 1970;26:28–106.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hawken MP, Meme HK, Elliott LC, Chakaya JM, Morris JS, Githui WA, et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 1997;11(7):875–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson JL, Okwera A, Hom DL, Mayanja H, Mutuluuza Kityo C, Nsubuga P, et al. Duration of efficacy of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2001;15(16):2137–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD000171.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health, Uganda: Manual of the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme. 2010, 2nd Edition.
Rook GA, Adams V, Hunt J, Palmer R, Martinelli R, Brunet LR. Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2004;25(3–4):237–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lienhardt C, Azzurri A, Amedei A, Fielding K, Sillah J, Sow OY, et al. Active tuberculosis in Africa is associated with reduced Th1 and increased Th2 activity in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2002;32(6):1605–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Biraro IA, Egesa M, Toulza F, Levin J, Cose S, Joloba M, et al. Impact of co-infections and BCG immunisation on immune responses among household contacts of tuberculosis patients in a Ugandan cohort. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111517.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fine PE, Sterne JA, Ponnighaus JM, Rees RJ. Delayed-type hypersensitivity, mycobacterial vaccines and protective immunity. Lancet. 1994;344(8932):1245–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO: Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings. 2011.
WHO: Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2014, Second edition.
Fletcher HA, Owiafe P, Jeffries D, Hill P, Rook GA, Zumla A, et al. Increased expression of mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-4 and its splice variant IL-4delta2 in cells from contacts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in the absence of in vitro stimulation. Immunology. 2004;112(4):669–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Walzl G, Ronacher K, Hanekom W, Scriba TJ, Zumla A. Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(5):343–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goletti D, Parracino MP, Butera O, Bizzoni F, Casetti R, Dainotto D, et al. Isoniazid prophylaxis differently modulates T-cell responses to RD1-epitopes in contacts recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study. Respir Res. 2007;8:5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lazarevic V, Nolt D, Flynn JL. Long-term control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is mediated by dynamic immune responses. J Immunol. 2005;175(2):1107–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaveh DA, Carmen Garcia-Pelayo M, Hogarth PJ. Persistent BCG bacilli perpetuate CD4 T effector memory and optimal protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine. 2014;32(51):6911–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson DF, Malone LL, Zalwango S, Mukisa Oketcho J, Chervenak KA, Thiel B, et al. Tuberculin skin test reversion following isoniazid preventive therapy reflects diversity of immune response to primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96613.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wilkinson KA, Kon OM, Newton SM, Meintjes G, Davidson RN, Pasvol G, et al. Effect of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection on the T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(3):354–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson JL, Geldenhuys H, Thiel BA, Toefy A, Suliman S, Pienaar B, et al. Effect of isoniazid therapy for latent TB infection on QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube responses in adults with positive tuberculin skin test results in a high TB incidence area: a controlled study. Chest. 2014;145(3):612–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chee CB, KhinMar KW, Gan SH, Barkham TM, Pushparani M, Wang YT. Latent tuberculosis infection treatment and T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(3):282–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adetifa IM, Ota MO, Jeffries DJ, Lugos MD, Hammond AS, Battersby NJ, et al. Interferon-gamma ELISPOT as a biomarker of treatment efficacy in latent tuberculosis infection: a clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(4):439–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lalvani A. Counting antigen-specific T cells: a new approach for monitoring response to tuberculosis treatment? Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(5):757–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ewer K, Millington KA, Deeks JJ, Alvarez L, Bryant G, Lalvani A. Dynamic antigen-specific T-cell responses after point-source exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:831–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tousif S, Singh DK, Ahmad S, Moodley P, Bhattacharyya M, Van Kaer L, et al. Isoniazid induces apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells: implications for post-therapy tuberculosis reactivation and reinfection. J Biol Chem. 2014;289(44):30190–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Churchyard GJ, Fielding KL, Lewis JJ, Coetzee L, Corbett EL, Godfrey-Faussett P, et al. A trial of mass isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis control. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(4):301–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martinson NA, Barnes GL, Moulton LH, Msandiwa R, Hausler H, Ram M, et al. New regimens to prevent tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(1):11–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Samandari T, Agizew TB, Nyirenda S, Tedla Z, Sibanda T, Shang N, et al. 6-month versus 36-month isoniazid preventive treatment for tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection in Botswana: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1588–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Drowart A, Huygen K, De Bruyn J, Yernault JC, Farber CM, Van Vooren JP. Antibody levels to whole culture filtrate antigens and to purified P32 during treatment of smear-positive tuberculosis. Chest. 1991;100(3):685–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mattos AM, Almeida Cde S, Franken KL, Alves CC, Abramo C, de Souza MA, et al. Increased IgG1, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in patients with tuberculosis are lower after chemotherapy. Int Immunol. 2010;22(9):775–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniel TM, Debanne SM, van der Kuyp F. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 and PPD for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Chest. 1985;88(3):388–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Imaz MS, Zerbini E. Antibody response to culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during and after treatment of tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(6):562–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tan T, Lee WL, Alexander DC, Grinstein S, Liu J. The ESAT-6/CFP-10 secretion system of Mycobacterium marinum modulates phagosome maturation. Cell Microbiol. 2006;8(9):1417–29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Achkar JM, Chan J, Casadevall A. B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunol Rev. 2015;264(1):167–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Glatman-Freedman A, Mednick AJ, Lendvai N, Casadevall A. Clearance and organ distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in the presence and absence of LAM-binding immunoglobulin M. Infect Immun. 2000;68(1):335–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sebina I, Cliff JM, Smith SG, Nogaro S, Webb EL, Riley EM, et al. Long-lived memory B-cell responses following BCG vaccination. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51381.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hur YG, Kim A, Kang YA, Kim AS, Kim DY, Kim Y, et al. Evaluation of antigen-specific immunoglobulin g responses in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and contacts. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(3):904–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mawa PA, Pickering JM, Miiro G, Namujju PB, Watera C, Anyaegani G, et al. The effect of tuberculin skin testing on viral load and anti-mycobacterial immune responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(5):586–92.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernandez-Pando R, Orozco H, Aguilar D. Factors that deregulate the protective immune response in tuberculosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2009;57(5):355–67.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mack U, Migliori GB, Sester M, Rieder HL, Ehlers S, Goletti D, et al. LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M. tuberculosis? A TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(5):956–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar