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  1. Although Tim-3 & PD-L1 signaling pathways play important roles in negatively regulating immune responses, their roles in chlamydial infection have not been evaluated.

    Authors: Bo Peng, Chunxue Lu, Lingli Tang, I-Tien Yeh, Zhimin He, Yimou Wu and Guangming Zhong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:347
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Environmental factors have been associated with transmission and survival of influenza viruses but no studies have ever explored the role of environmental factors on severity of influenza infection.

    Authors: Lin Yang, Ping Yan Chen, Jian Feng He, King Pan Chan, Chun Quan Ou, Ai Ping Deng, JS Malik Peiris and Chit Ming Wong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:342
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML), leprosy presents a strong immune-inflammatory component, whose status dictates both the clinical form of the disease and the occurrence of reactional episodes. Evidence has sh...

    Authors: Luciana Silva Rodrigues, Mariana Andrea Hacker, Ximena Illarramendi, Maria Fernanda Miguens Castelar Pinheiro, José Augusto da Costa Nery, Euzenir Nunes Sarno and Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:339
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. present in the blood of patients with leptospirosis during the first week of symptoms can be detected using culture or PCR. A proportion of patients who are positive by PCR are negative...

    Authors: Siriphan Boonsilp, Janjira Thaipadungpanit, Premjit Amornchai, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Wirongrong Chierakul, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Nicholas P Day and Sharon J Peacock
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:338
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. To provide a clear picture of the current hepatitis B situation, the authors performed a systematic review to estimate the age- and region-specific prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Turkey.

    Authors: Mehlika Toy, Fatih Oguz Önder, Tanja Wörmann, A Mithat Bozdayi, Solko W Schalm, Gerard J Borsboom, Joost van Rosmalen, Jan Hendrik Richardus and Cihan Yurdaydin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:337
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are often resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. The research objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of polymera...

    Authors: Julie Polisena, Stella Chen, Karen Cimon, Sarah McGill, Kevin Forward and Michael Gardam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:336
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia remains a challenge. The emergence of MRSA strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility complicates treatment.

    Authors: Hitoshi Honda, Christopher D Doern, Wm Michael-Dunne Jr and David K Warren
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:335
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Men having sex with men (MSM) accounts for 33.6% of all reported cases of HIV-1 infection in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of HIV-1 infection among MSM in gay saunas in Taiwan.

    Authors: Yen-Ju Chen, Yu-Ting Lin, Marcelo Chen, Szu-Wei Huang, Su-Fen Lai, Wing-Wai Wong, Hung-Chin Tsai, Yu-Huei Lin, Hsin-Fu Liu, Shu-Yu Lyu and Yi-Ming A Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:334
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The prevalence, incidence and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in sub-Saharan Africa are not well established. The objectives of the current study are to describe (predictors of) the epidemiolog...

    Authors: Nienke J Veldhuijzen, Sarah L Braunstein, Joseph Vyankandondera, Chantal Ingabire, Justin Ntirushwa, Evelyne Kestelyn, Coosje Tuijn, Ferdinand W Wit, Aline Umutoni, Mireille Uwineza, Tania Crucitti and Janneke HHM van de Wijgert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:333
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. In order to compare the transmissibility of the 2009 pH1N1 pandemic during successive waves of infections in summer and fall/winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and to assess the temporal changes during the cou...

    Authors: Ying-Hen Hsieh, Kuang-Fu Cheng, Trong-Neng Wu, Tsai-Chung Li, Chiu-Ying Chen, Jin-Hua Chen and Mei-Hui Lin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:332
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an important infectious disease caused by different species of hantaviruses. As a rodent-borne disease with a seasonal distribution, external environmental facto...

    Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Baofa Jiang, Weidong Gu and Qiyong Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:331
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing challenge for health care services worldwide. While up to 90% of antibiotics are being prescribed in the outpatient sector recommendations for the treatment of community-...

    Authors: Kathryn Hoffmann, Gernot Wagner, Petra Apfalter and Manfred Maier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:330
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality in HIV-infected African children. Microbiologic diagnosis relies predominantly on silver or immunofluorescent staining of a lower re...

    Authors: Catherine M Samuel, Andrew Whitelaw, Craig Corcoran, Brenda Morrow, Nei-Yuan Hsiao, Marco Zampoli and Heather J Zar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:329
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Rickettsioses are emerging infections in Sri Lanka as shown by the increase in the number of clinically diagnosed rickettsial patients being reported to the Epidemiology Unit, Sri Lanka. However, mapping the d...

    Authors: Veranja Chathurani Liyanapathirana and Vasanthi Thevanesam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:328
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. AIDS-related CMV retinitis is a common clinical problem in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS in China and Southeast Asia. The disease is causing blindness, and current clinical management, commonly characterized...

    Authors: David Heiden and Peter Saranchuk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:327
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  16. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a common AIDS-associated illness, leading to blindness in up to 30% of patients. This study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical management of the cytomegalovirus retinit...

    Authors: Ying Shi, Hongzhou Lu, Taiwen He, Yalin Yang, Li Liu, Renfang Zhang, Yufang Zheng, Yinzhong Shen, Yunzhi Zhang and Zhiyong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:326
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections that facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition by over two fold or more. The development of HSV-2 c...

    Authors: Dipankar Biswas, Biswajyoti Borkakoty, Jagadish Mahanta, Kamini Walia, Lahari Saikia, Brogen S Akoijam, Lobsang Jampa, Alia Kharkongar and Eric Zomawia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:325
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) among adult patients with hematological malignancies have rarely been investigated.

    Authors: Chien-Yuan Chen, Wang-Huei Sheng, Aristine Cheng, Woei Tsay, Shang-Yi Huang, Jih-Luh Tang, Yee-Chun Chen, Jaun-Yuan Wang, Hwei-Fang Tien and Shan-Chwen Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:324
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Prior to the availability of generic third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins were widely used for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in developing countries despite concerns about rising levels of penic...

    Authors: Edilane L Gouveia, Joice N Reis, Brendan Flannery, Soraia M Cordeiro, Josilene BT Lima, Ricardo M Pinheiro, Kátia Salgado, Ana Veronica Mascarenhas, M Gloria Carvalho, Bernard W Beall, Mitermayer G Reis and Albert I Ko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:323
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Apoptosis of lymphocytes is considered a late sequelum in the sepsis cascade. The role of apoptosis of lymphocytes as a driver of final outcome was investigated.

    Authors: Stefanos Atmatzidis, Ioannis M Koutelidakis, Grigorios Chatzimavroudis, Antigone Kotsaki, Konstantinos Louis, Aikaterini Pistiki, Athina Savva, Anastasia Antonopoulou, Konstantinos Atmatzidis and Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:321
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Varicella is a common childhood disease. Only 5% of first varicella-zoster-virus infections occur asymptomatically. Most data on the burden of varicella stem from health service databases. This study aims to p...

    Authors: Judith H Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch, Anouk M Speets, Hans C Rümke, Pearl D Gumbs and Sander C Fortanier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:320
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) are more specific than the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Data on sensitivity are controversial in HIV infection.

    Authors: Luigia Elzi, Ingrid Steffen, Hansjakob Furrer, Jan Fehr, Matthias Cavassini, Bernard Hirschel, Matthias Hoffmann, Enos Bernasconi, Stefano Bassetti and Manuel Battegay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:319
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic in Ethiopian cattle. The aim of this study was to assess BTB prevalence at an intensive contact interface in Meskan Woreda (district) in cattle, small ruminants and suspected ...

    Authors: Rea Tschopp, Kidist Bobosha, Abraham Aseffa, Esther Schelling, Meseret Habtamu, Rahel Iwnetu, Elena Hailu, Rebuma Firdessa, Jemal Hussein, Douglas Young and Jakob Zinsstag
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:318
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Colistin is used as last treatment option for pneumonia associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas spp.. Literature about the best administration mode (inhalation versus parenteral treatment) is lackin...

    Authors: Reinout Naesens, Erika Vlieghe, Walter Verbrugghe, Philippe Jorens and Margareta Ieven
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:317
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Infection with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. This study an...

    Authors: Paloma Martín, Linah Kilany, Diego García, Ana M López-García, Mª José Martín-Azaña, Victor Abraira and Carmen Bellas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:316
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Most methadone-maintained injection drug users (IDUs) have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), but few initiate HCV treatment. Physicians may be reluctant to treat HCV in IDUs because of concerns about...

    Authors: Alain H Litwin, Karina M Berg, Xuan Li, Jennifer Hidalgo and Julia H Arnsten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:315
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  28. The increasing use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and pneumococcal immunization along with shifting community exposures may have altered the burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease in HIV-infe...

    Authors: Reed AC Siemieniuk, Dan B Gregson and M John Gill
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:314
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. During the 2009 influenza A/H1N1v pandemic, children were identified as a specific "at risk" group. We conducted a multicentric study to describe pattern of influenza A/H1N1v infection among hospitalized child...

    Authors: Sophie Blumental, Elisabeth Huisman, Marie-Coralie Cornet, Christine Ferreiro, Iris De Schutter, Marijke Reynders, Ingrid Wybo, Benoît Kabamba-Mukadi, Ruth Armano, Dominique Hermans, Marie-Cécile Nassogne, Bhavna Mahadeb, Christine Fonteyne, Gerlant Van Berlaer, Jack Levy, Didier Moulin…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:313
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Antibiotic resistance has necessitated fluoroquinolone use but little is known about the selective forces and resistance trajectory in malaria-endemic settings, where selection from the antimalarial chloroquin...

    Authors: Adebayo Lamikanra, Jennifer L Crowe, Rebeccah S Lijek, Babatunde W Odetoyin, John Wain, A Oladipo Aboderin and Iruka N Okeke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:312
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Mycobacterium genavense is a rare nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Human infections are mostly disseminated in the setting of the AIDS epidemic or the use of aggressive immunosuppressive treatments. M. genaven...

    Authors: Blandine Rammaert, Louis-Jean Couderc, Elisabeth Rivaud, Patrick Honderlick, David Zucman, Marie-France Mamzer, Pierre Cahen, Emmanuel Bille, Marc Lecuit, Olivier Lortholary and Emilie Catherinot
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:311
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  32. Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is characterized by HBV DNA persistence even though the pattern of serological markers indicates an otherwise resolved HBV infection. Although OBI is usually clin...

    Authors: Andrea Costantini, Katia Marinelli, Giulia Biagioni, Alessia Monachetti, Monica L Ferreri, Luca Butini, Maria Montroni, Aldo Manzin and Patrizia Bagnarelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:310
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  33. Current knowledge on the exact ligand causing expression of TREM-1 on neutrophils and monocytes is limited. The present study aimed at the role of underlying infection and of the causative pathogen in the expr...

    Authors: Thekla Poukoulidou, Aikaterini Spyridaki, Ira Mihailidou, Petros Kopterides, Aikaterini Pistiki, Zoi Alexiou, Michael Chrisofos, Ioanna Dimopoulou, Panagiotis Drimoussis, Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Ioannis Koutelidakis, Androniki Marioli, Anna Mega, Stylianos E Orfanos, Maria Theodorakopoulou, Christos Tsironis…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:309
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Although malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been extensively evaluated since their introduction in the early 1990's, sensitivity and specificity vary widely limiting successful integration into clinica...

    Authors: Lisa K Allen, Jennifer M Hatfield, Giselle DeVetten, Jeremy C Ho and Mange Manyama
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:308
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Trichomonas vaginalis has been associated with increased vaginal HIV-1 RNA shedding in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve women. The effect of trichomoniasis on vaginal HIV-1 shedding in ART-treated women has no...

    Authors: Linnet N Masese, Susan M Graham, Ruth Gitau, Nobert Peshu, Walter Jaoko, Jeckoniah O Ndinya-Achola, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Barbra A Richardson, Julie Overbaugh and R Scott McClelland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:307
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. A paradoxical immunologic response (PIR) to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), defined as viral suppression without CD4 cell-count improvement, has been reported in the literature as 8 to 42%, aroun...

    Authors: Janaina AS Casotti, Luciana N Passos, Fabiano JP Oliveira and Crispim Cerutti Jr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:306
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Community-based screening for TB, combined with HIV and syphilis testing, faces a number of barriers. One significant barrier is the value that target communities place on such screening.

    Authors: Neela D Goswami, Emily Hecker, David P Holland, Susanna Naggie, Gary M Cox, Ann Mosher, Debbie Turner, Yvonne Torres, Carter Vickery, Marshall A Ahearn, Michela LM Blain, Petra Rasmussen and Jason E Stout
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:305
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Bronchiectasis is frequently associated (up to 30%) with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases and leads to lower respiratory tract infections. Data are lacking on the risk of lower respiratory tract infecti...

    Authors: Guillaume Geri, Sabrina Dadoun, Tach Bui, Nuria Del Castillo Pinol, Simon Paternotte, Maxime Dougados and Laure Gossec
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:304
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) infection in intensive care unit (ICU) patients prolongs ICU stay and causes high mortality. Predicting HA-MRSA infection on admission c...

    Authors: Kazuma Yamakawa, Osamu Tasaki, Miyuki Fukuyama, Junichi Kitayama, Hiroki Matsuda, Yasushi Nakamori, Satoshi Fujimi, Hiroshi Ogura, Yasuyuki Kuwagata, Toshimitsu Hamasaki and Takeshi Shimazu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:303
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Data on the epidemiology and costs related to herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in Spain are scarce; therefore, studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiological and economic impact of HZ an...

    Authors: Ana M Cebrián-Cuenca, Javier Díez-Domingo, María San-Martín-Rodríguez, Joan Puig-Barberá and Jorge Navarro-Pérez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:302
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Meningitis is notoriously difficult to diagnose in infancy because its clinical features are non-specific. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines suggest several indicative signs, based on limited data. We...

    Authors: Michael K Mwaniki, Alison W Talbert, Patricia Njuguna, Mike English, Eugene Were, Brett S Lowe, Charles R Newton and James A Berkley
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:301
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the frequent risks encountered by travelers. Efficient interventions are needed to improve the understanding of the risks of STIs. We investigated the potential...

    Authors: Nicolas Senn, Serge de Valliere, Didier Berdoz and Blaise Genton
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:300
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The immature granulocyte count has been reported to be a marker of infection and sepsis. The difference in leukocyte subfractions (delta neutrophil index, DNI) in ADVIA 2120 reflects the fraction of circulatin...

    Authors: Byung Hoon Park, Young Ae Kang, Moo Suk Park, Won Jai Jung, Su Hwan Lee, Sang Kook Lee, Song Yee Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Ji Ye Jung and Young Sam Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:299
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. HIV patients are at increased risk of development of infections and infection-associated poor health outcomes. We aimed to 1) assess the prevalence of USA300 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococ...

    Authors: Jon P Furuno, Jennifer K Johnson, Marin L Schweizer, Anayochukwu Uche, Oscar C Stine, Simone M Shurland and Graeme N Forrest
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:298
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a prevalent pathogen of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in Taiwan. A four-year NF cases and clinical and genetic differences between hospital acquired ...

    Authors: Chih-Hsuan Changchien, Ying-Ying Chen, Shu-Wun Chen, Wan-Lin Chen, Jwu-Guh Tsay and Chishih Chu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:297
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The incidence rate of Nocardia keratitis is increasing, with new species identified thanks to molecular methods. We herein report a case of Nocardia transvalensis keratitis, illustrating this emerging pathology a...

    Authors: Elodie Trichet, Stéphan Cohen-Bacrie, John Conrath, Michel Drancourt and Louis Hoffart
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:296
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  47. Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is the most common infectious disease among travellers. In the Netherlands, stand-by or prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely prescribed to travellers. This study prospectively ...

    Authors: Sanne-Meike Belderok, Anneke van den Hoek, Joan A Kint, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff and Gerard JB Sonder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:295
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is commonly seen among hospitalized Nepali children. Japanese Encephalitis (JE) accounts for approximately one-quarter of cases. Although poor prognostic features for JE have ...

    Authors: Ajit Rayamajhi, Imran Ansari, Elizabeth Ledger, Krishna P Bista, Daniel E Impoinvil, Sam Nightingale, Rajendra Kumar BC, Chandeshwor Mahaseth, Tom Solomon and Michael J Griffiths
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:294
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Over 90% of all antibiotics in Europe are prescribed in primary care. It is important that antibiotics are prescribed that are likely to be effective; however, information about antibiotic resistance in the co...

    Authors: Evelien ME van Bijnen, Casper DJ den Heijer, W John Paget, Ellen E Stobberingh, Robert A Verheij, Cathrien A Bruggeman, Mike Pringle, Herman Goossens and François G Schellevis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:293
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  50. The HIV epidemic in Russia has increasingly involved reproductive-aged women, which may increase perinatal HIV transmission.

    Authors: Dmitry M Kissin, Michele G Mandel, Natalia Akatova, Nikolay A Belyakov, Aza G Rakhmanova, Evgeny E Voronin, Galina V Volkova, Alexey A Yakovlev, Denise J Jamieson, Charles Vitek, Joanna Robinson, William C Miller and Susan Hillis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:292
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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