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  1. There was a low adherence to influenza A (H1N1) vaccination program among university students and health care workers during the pandemic influenza in many parts of the world. Vaccination of high risk individu...

    Authors: Padmanaban S Suresh, Venkatesh Thejaswini and Thangarasu Rajan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:205
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening programmes are implemented in many countries to decrease burden of STI and to improve sexual health. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ha...

    Authors: Remco PH Peters, Stephan P Verweij, Noëmi Nijsten, Sander Ouburg, Johan Mutsaers, Casper L Jansen, A Petra van Leeuwen and Servaas A Morré
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Identification of the causative agents of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is critical for guiding antifungal therapy. Cultures remain negative in a substantial number of IFI cases. Accordingly, species identi...

    Authors: Volker Rickerts, Prasanna D Khot, David Myerson, Daisy L Ko, Evelyn Lambrecht and David N Fredricks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory disease worldwide and Streptococcus pneumoniae infection associated with influenza often leads to severe complications. Dendritic cells are key antigen presenting c...

    Authors: Yuet Wu, Huawei Mao, Man-To Ling, Kin-Hung Chow, Pak-Leung Ho, Wenwei Tu and Yu-Lung Lau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by vaginal lactobacilli is generally believed to protect against bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), and strains of lactobacilli that can produce H2O2 are being de...

    Authors: Deirdre E O'Hanlon, Thomas R Moench and Richard A Cone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Schistosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases in the world in terms of people infected and those at risk. Infection occurs through contact with water contaminated with larval forms of the parasite, wh...

    Authors: Seydou Sow, Sake J de Vlas, Foekje Stelma, Kim Vereecken, Bruno Gryseels and Katja Polman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) is very common in China. It is difficult to distinguish between EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infections in clinical HFMD patients. Ro...

    Authors: Weifeng Shi, Kun Li, Yun Ji, Qingbo Jiang, Mei Shi and Zuhuang Mi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:197
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  10. During the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic, adjuvanted influenza vaccines were used for the first time on a large scale. Results on the effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing 2009 influenza A/H1N1-related ...

    Authors: Anneke Steens, Eleonora G Wijnans, Jeanne P Dieleman, Miriam CJM Sturkenboom, Marianne AB van der Sande and Wim van der Hoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The P27-P55 (lprG-Rv1410c) operon is crucial for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis, during infection in mice. P55 encodes an efflux pump that has been shown to ...

    Authors: María V Bianco, Federico C Blanco, Belén Imperiale, Marina A Forrellad, Roxana V Rocha, Laura I Klepp, Angel A Cataldi, Nora Morcillo and Fabiana Bigi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the United States. However, recent reports have documented that C. difficile infections (CDIs) are occurring among patients wit...

    Authors: Jennifer L Kuntz, Elizabeth A Chrischilles, Jane F Pendergast, Loreen A Herwaldt and Philip M Polgreen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected infants experience a high burden of infectious morbidity and mortality. Hospitalization is an important metric for morbidity and is associated with high mortality, yet,...

    Authors: Harjot K Singh, Nikhil Gupte, Aarti Kinikar, Renu Bharadwaj, Jayagowri Sastry, Nishi Suryavanshi, Uma Nayak, Srikanth Tripathy, Ramesh Paranjape, Arun Jamkar, Robert C Bollinger and Amita Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. During the April-July 2009 outbreak of H1N1/2009 in scotland the West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre (WoSSVC) in Glasgow tested > 16 000 clinical samples for H1N1/2009. Most were from patients clinical...

    Authors: Rory N Gunson and William F Carman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Over 1 billion of the world's poorest inhabitants are afflicted by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Integrated control programmes aimed at tackling these debilitating NTDs have been recently initiated, main...

    Authors: Artemis Koukounari, Seydou Touré, Christl A Donnelly, Amadou Ouedraogo, Bernadette Yoda, Cesaire Ky, Martin Kaboré, Elisa Bosqué-Oliva, María-Gloria Basáñez, Alan Fenwick and Joanne P Webster
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. In Ethiopia, because of low quality drinking water supply and latrine coverage, helminths infections are the second most predominant causes of outpatient morbidity. Indeed, there is a scarcity of information o...

    Authors: Abebe Alemu, Asmamaw Atnafu, Zelalem Addis, Yitayal Shiferaw, Takele Teklu, Biniam Mathewos, Wubet Birhan, Simon Gebretsadik and Baye Gelaw
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Six hospitals instituted a voluntary, system-wide, pathway for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We proposed this study to determine the impact of pathway antibiotics on patient survival, hospital length of ...

    Authors: Christopher R Frei, Allison M Bell, Kristi A Traugott, Terry C Jaso, Kelly R Daniels, Eric M Mortensen, Marcos I Restrepo, Christine U Oramasionwu, Andres D Ruiz, William R Mylchreest, Vanja Sikirica, Monika R Raut, Alan Fisher and Jeff R Schein
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Fluoroquinolones are among the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials and are an important risk factor for colonization and infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli and for Clostridium diff...

    Authors: Nicole L Werner, Michelle T Hecker, Ajay K Sethi and Curtis J Donskey
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The lungs are involved in up to 70% of cases of leptospirosis. In the more severe forms-bleeding from the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome-the lethality is high. The treatment proposed for leptosp...

    Authors: Ana Flávia C Azevedo, Demócrito de B Miranda-Filho, Gustavo T Henriques-Filho, Alfredo Leite and Ricardo AA Ximenes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:186
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. A screening programme for pregnant women has been in place since the 1950s in the Netherlands. In 2004 universal HIV screening according to opting out was implemented. Here, we describe the evaluation of the e...

    Authors: Eline LM Op de Coul, Susan Hahné, Yolanda WM van Weert, Petra Oomen, Colette Smit, Kitty PB van der Ploeg, Daan W Notermans, Kees Boer and Marianne AB van der Sande
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:185
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Geohelminth infections are highly prevalent infectious diseases of childhood in many regions of the Tropics, and are associated with significant morbidity especially among pre-school and school-age children. T...

    Authors: Philip J Cooper, Martha E Chico, Irene Guadalupe, Carlos A Sandoval, Edward Mitre, Thomas AE Platts-Mills, Mauricio L Barreto, Laura C Rodrigues, David P Strachan and George E Griffin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:184
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  23. The chemotherapy used to treat lung cancer causes febrile neutropenia in 10 to 40% of patients. Although most episodes are of undetermined origin, an infectious etiology can be suspected in 30% of cases. In vi...

    Authors: Jean-Philippe Lanoix, Emilie Pluquet, Francois Xavier Lescure, Houcine Bentayeb, Emmanuelle Lecuyer, Marie Boutemy, Patrick Dumont, Vincent Jounieaux, Jean Luc Schmit, Charles Dayen and Youcef Douadi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Clinical evolution of HIV-infected children who have not yet initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) is poorly understood in Africa. We describe severe morbidity and mortality of untreated HIV-infected children.

    Authors: Sophie Desmonde, Patrick Coffie, Edmond Aka, Clarisse Amani-Bosse, Eugène Messou, François Dabis, Ahmadou Alioum, Andrea Ciaranello and Valériane Leroy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-negatives (MDRGNs) coupled with an alarming scarcity of new antibiotics has forced the optimization of the therapeutic potential of available antibiotics. To exploit ...

    Authors: Pranita D Tamma, Nirupama Putcha, Yong D Suh, Kyle J Van Arendonk and Michael L Rinke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:181
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The knowledge on type specificity and factors that increase or decrease the risk of incident HPV-infections is important to better understand the dynamics of HPV-infections.

    Authors: Karolina Louvanto, Marjut A Rintala, Kari J Syrjänen, Seija E Grénman and Stina M Syrjänen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Complex mutants can be selected under sequential selective pressure by HBV therapy. To determine hepatitis B virus genomic evolution during antiviral therapy we characterized the HBV quasi-species in a patient...

    Authors: Lucila Cassino, Silvina Benetti, Fabian Fay, Hugo Tanno and Jorge Quarleri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:178
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  29. The effect of peginterferon and ribavirin treatment on chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been established in several controlled clinical studies. However, the effectiveness of treatment and predict...

    Authors: Nanna Hansen, Niels Obel, Peer B Christensen, Mette Kjær, Alex L Laursen, Henrik B Krarup, Axel Møller, Poul Schlichting, Jens Bukh and Nina Weis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Hepatitis B is an important public health problem in the Pakistani population and is the major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. High prevalence of HBV infections ha...

    Authors: Fawad Khan, Haji Akbar, Muhammad Idrees, Hayat Khan, Khuram Shahzad and Mahmood A Kayani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Although Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis are important causes of invasive and mucosal bacterial disease among children, co-carriage with Streptococcus pneumoni...

    Authors: Brenda A Kwambana, Michael R Barer, Christian Bottomley, Richard A Adegbola and Martin Antonio
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Immunization policymakers at global and local levels need to establish priorities among new vaccines competing for limited resources. However, comparison of the potential impact of single vaccination programs ...

    Authors: Sun-Young Kim, Steven Sweet, Joshua Chang and Sue J Goldie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by a reactivation of the varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) and mainly affects individuals aged ≥ 50 years. Vaccines have been licensed or are under development that can protect against ...

    Authors: Bernhard Ultsch, Anette Siedler, Thorsten Rieck, Thomas Reinhold, Gérard Krause and Ole Wichmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, causes localised infections in the absence of histological digestive involvement. Our objective is to describe T. whipplei encephalitis.

    Authors: Florence Fenollar, François Nicoli, Claire Paquet, Hubert Lepidi, Patrick Cozzone, Jean-Christophe Antoine, Jean Pouget and Didier Raoult
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:171
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Antigenic variation of influenza virus necessitates annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, which contain two type A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and one type B strain. We used a test negative case con...

    Authors: James E Fielding, Kristina A Grant, Georgina Papadakis and Heath A Kelly
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Helminth infection rates in grade three children are used as proxy indicators of community infection status and to guide treatment strategies in endemic areas. However knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) ...

    Authors: Nicholas Midzi, Sekesai Mtapuri-Zinyowera, Munyaradzi P Mapingure, Noah H Paul, Davison Sangweme, Gibson Hlerema, Masceline J Mutsaka, Farisai Tongogara, Godfrey Makware, Vivian Chadukura, Kimberly C Brouwer, Francisca Mutapi, Nirbhay Kumar and Takafira Mduluza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:169
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Recent studies strongly suggest that some respiratory viruses are associated with the induction of acute wheezing and/or exacerbation of bronchial asthma. However, molecular epidemiology of these viruses is no...

    Authors: Asako Fujitsuka, Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi, Mika Arakawa, Kazuko Goto-Sugai, Akihide Ryo, Yoshimichi Okayama, Katsumi Mizuta, Atsuyoshi Nishina, Masakazu Yoshizumi, Yoichi Kaburagi, Masahiro Noda, Masato Tashiro, Nobuhiko Okabe, Masaaki Mori, Shumpei Yokota and Hirokazu Kimura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) was first described in 1997 in a patient in France. The causative agent, Rickettsia slovaca, is transmitted by Dermacentor ticks.

    Authors: Siegbert Rieg, Sabine Schmoldt, Christian Theilacker, Katja de With, Silke Wölfel, Winfried V Kern and Gerhard Dobler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:167
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  40. During the last decades, dengue viruses have spread throughout the Americas region, with an increase in the number of severe forms of dengue. The surveillance system in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) is curre...

    Authors: Myriam Gharbi, Philippe Quenel, Joël Gustave, Sylvie Cassadou, Guy La Ruche, Laurent Girdary and Laurence Marrama
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Interferon alpha (IFNα) therapy has been widely used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) for decades. Nucleos(t)ide analogues are also increasingly used to treat CHB recently. More and more studies a...

    Authors: Wen-cong Li, Mao-rong Wang, Ling-bo Kong, Wei-guang Ren, Yu-guo Zhang and Yue-min Nan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that affects between 50 and 100 million people each year. Increasing our understanding of the heterogeneous transmission patterns of dengue at different spatial scales ...

    Authors: Gerardo Chowell, Bernard Cazelles, Hélène Broutin and Cesar V Munayco
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. As the most common invasive fungal infection, invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a serious complication in immunocompromised patients, leading to increased mortality. Antifungal therapy is expensive and may r...

    Authors: Karolin Graf, Somayeh Mohammad Khani, Ella Ott, Frauke Mattner, Petra Gastmeier, Dorith Sohr, Stefan Ziesing and Iris F Chaberny
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is usually self-limited, but some fulminant cases are fatal, even when occurring in previously healthy individuals. It can also be the cause of overwhelming postsplenectomy infect...

    Authors: Feng Xu, Chao-Liu Dai, Xing-Mao Wu and Peng Chu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:162
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  45. Acute otitis media with perforation (AOMwiP) affects 40% of remote Indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the primar...

    Authors: Michael J Binks, Allen C Cheng, Heidi Smith-Vaughan, Theo Sloots, Michael Nissen, David Whiley, Joseph McDonnell and Amanda J Leach
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:161
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. In the United States, about 70% of 2.9-3.7 million people with hepatitis C (HCV) are unaware of their infection. Although universal screening might be a cost-effective way to identify infections, prevent morbi...

    Authors: Phillip O Coffin, Anne M Stevens, John D Scott, Joanne D Stekler and Matthew R Golden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Syphilis is a chronic infection that is classified into three stages. In its tertiary stage, syphilis spreads to the brain, heart and other organs; the lesions may involve the skin, mucous membranes and bones....

    Authors: Lorenzo Drago, Elena De Vecchi, Marco Pasqualini, Laura Moneghini and Maurilio Bruno
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:159
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  48. To determine whether chlamydia positivity among heterosexual men (MSW) and chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity among men who have sex with men (MSM), are changing.

    Authors: Lenka A Vodstrcil, Christopher K Fairley, Glenda Fehler, David Leslie, Jennifer Walker, Catriona S Bradshaw and Jane S Hocking
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:158
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Compared to the civilian population, military trainees are often at increased risk for respiratory infections. We investigated an outbreak of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia that was recognized after 2 fata...

    Authors: Fatimah S Dawood, John F Ambrose, Bruce P Russell, Anthony W Hawksworth, Jonas M Winchell, Nina Glass, Kathleen Thurman, Michele A Soltis, Erin McDonough, Agnes K Warner, Emily Weston, Nakia S Clemmons, Jennifer Rosen, Stephanie L Mitchell, Dennis J Faix, Patrick J Blair…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Understanding of the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB) in high TB and HIV prevalent settings is required in order to develop effective intervention strategies for TB control. However, there are little...

    Authors: Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Hua Liang, Lisa DH Aquino, Elaine Sebastian, Landon Myer and Robin Wood
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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