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  1. HIV is primarily transmitted by sexual intercourse and predominantly infects people in Third World countries. Here an important medical need is self-protection for women, particularly in societies where condom...

    Authors: Maike Voges, Carola Schneider, Malte Sinn, Jörg S. Hartig, Rudolph Reimer, Joachim Hauber and Karin Moelling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:358
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Early insights into the timing of the start, peak, and intensity of the influenza season could be useful in planning influenza prevention and control activities. To encourage development and innovation in infl...

    Authors: Matthew Biggerstaff, David Alper, Mark Dredze, Spencer Fox, Isaac Chun-Hai Fung, Kyle S. Hickmann, Bryan Lewis, Roni Rosenfeld, Jeffrey Shaman, Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Paola Velardi, Alessandro Vespignani and Lyn Finelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:357
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Both a computer order entry alert to highlight this association as well as antimicrobial stewardship direct...

    Authors: Christopher E. Kandel, Suzanne Gill, Janine McCready, John Matelski and Jeff E. Powis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:355
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Campylobacter infections have been associated with individual risk factors, such as the consumption of poultry and raw milk. Recently, a...

    Authors: Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein, Raul Cruz-Cano, Chengsheng Jiang, Amanda Palmer, David Blythe, Patricia Ryan, Brenna Hogan, Benjamin White, John R. Dunn, Tanya Libby, Melissa Tobin-D’Angelo, Jennifer Y. Huang, Suzanne McGuire, Karen Scherzinger, Mei-Ling Ting Lee and Amy R. Sapkota
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:354
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Globally, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoea has led to decreased treatment options for gonorrhoea. Continuous monitoring of resistance is crucial to determine evolving resistance t...

    Authors: Kauser Jabeen, Pushpa Bhawan Mal, Erum Khan, Saeeda Chandio, Susanne Jacobsson and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:353
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Although the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) has become a widely accepted means for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the role of the IGRA in diagnosing active tuberculosis (ATB) among h...

    Authors: Zhen-yu Huo and Li Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:350
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America/The American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). However, the me...

    Authors: Nasia Safdar, Jackson S Musuuza, Anping Xie, Ann Schoofs Hundt, Matthew Hall, Kenneth Wood and Pascale Carayon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:349
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Acinetobacter species are associated with increasing mortality due to emerging drug-resistance. Pediatric Acinetobacter infections are largely undefined in developed countries and clin...

    Authors: Avish L. Jain, Christian M. Harding, Kaivon Assani, Chandra L. Shrestha, Mercedees Haga, Amy Leber, Robert S. Munson Jr. and Benjamin T. Kopp
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:346
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. There are few data regarding HCV treatment initiation among HIV/HCV coinfected patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the changing patterns of HCV coinfection and HCV treatment initiation over ti...

    Authors: Laurent Cotte, Pascal Pugliese, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Lise Cuzin, Eric Billaud, Claudine Duvivier, Alissa Naqvi, Antoine Cheret, David Rey, Pierre Pradat and Isabelle Poizot-Martin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:345
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The presence of IgG and IgM against Tat, an HIV protein important for viral replication and immune dysfunction, is associated with slow disease progression in clade B HIV-infected individuals. However, althoug...

    Authors: Francesco Nicoli, Mkunde Chachage, Petra Clowes, Asli Bauer, Dickens Kowour, Barbara Ensoli, Aurelio Cafaro, Leonard Maboko, Michael Hoelscher, Riccardo Gavioli, Elmar Saathoff and Christof Geldmacher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:344
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Leptospirosis is a water-borne and widespread spirochetal zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires. Human leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infectious disease with frequent outbreaks in r...

    Authors: Jian Zhao, Jishan Liao, Xu Huang, Jing Zhao, Yeping Wang, Jinghuan Ren, Xiaoye Wang and Fan Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:343
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. BK virus is a polyoma virus causing renal allograft nephropathy. Reduction of immunosuppression with the early recognition of significant BK viral loads in urine and plasma can effectively prevent BKV associat...

    Authors: Peter Boan, Christopher Hewison, Ramyasuda Swaminathan, Ashley Irish, Kevin Warr, Rajalingam Sinniah, Todd M. Pryce and James Flexman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:342
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Studies measuring contact networks have helped to improve our understanding of infectious disease transmission. However, several methodological issues are still unresolved, such as which method of contact meas...

    Authors: Timo Smieszek, Stefanie Castell, Alain Barrat, Ciro Cattuto, Peter J. White and Gérard Krause
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:341
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. High HIV incidence has been detected among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Thailand, but the relationship and timing of HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis is unknown. This analysis measures i...

    Authors: Warunee Thienkrua, Catherine S. Todd, Wannee Chonwattana, Wipas Wimonsate, Supaporn Chaikummao, Anchalee Varangrat, Anupong Chitwarakorn, Frits van Griensven and Timothy H. Holtz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:340
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of both hospital and community infections globally. It’s important to illuminate the differences between community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and h...

    Authors: Xiaoying Xie, Yunwen Bao, Nengyong Ouyang, Xinlu Dai, Kunyi Pan, Baiji Chen, Yawen Deng, Xiquan Wu, Fengqin Xu, Hongyu Li and Songyin Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:339
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The role of microbial colonization in disease is complex. Novel molecular tools to detect colonization offer theoretical improvements over traditional methods. We evaluated PCR/Electrospray Ionization-Time-of-...

    Authors: Ryan Vetor, Clinton K. Murray, Katrin Mende, Rachel Melton-Kreft, Kevin S. Akers, Joseph Wenke, Tracy Spirk, Charles Guymon, Wendy Zera, Miriam L. Beckius, Elizabeth R. Schnaubelt, Garth Ehrlich and Todd J. Vento
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:338
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) is a potent host defense factor, which interferes with HIV-1 and HBV. Our study had three objectives, to screen a population of HIV...

    Authors: Tegwinde Rebeca Compaore, Birama Diarra, Maleki Assih, Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah, Serge Theophile Soubeiga, Abdoul Karim Ouattara, Damehan Tchelougou, Cyrille Bisseye, Didier Romuald Bakouan, Issaka Pierre Compaore, Augustine Dembele, Wendkuuni Florencia Djigma and Jacques Simpore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:336
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Although advances in HIV medicine have yielded increasingly better treatment outcomes in recent years, HIV-positive people with access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) still face complex health challenges. The ...

    Authors: Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Kamilla Grønborg Laut, Kelly Safreed-Harmon, Lars Peters, Margaret Johnson, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Irina Khromova, Linos Vandekerckhove, Katarzyna Maciejewska, Roxana Radoi, Anna Lisa Ridolfo and Amanda Mocroft
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:335
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. We characterized the twin epidemics of new and prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in British Columbia, Canada to inform prevention, care and treatment programs.

    Authors: Naveed Zafar Janjua, Amanda Yu, Margot Kuo, Maria Alvarez, Darrel Cook, Jason Wong, Mark W. Tyndall and Mel Krajden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:334
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Over the last two decades, many epidemiological studies were performed to describe risks and clinical presentations of melioidosis in endemic countries.

    Authors: AbdelRahman Zueter, Chan Yean Yean, Mahmoud Abumarzouq, Zaidah Abdul Rahman, Zakuan Z. Deris and Azian Harun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:333
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The majority of cases of endophthalmitis are caused by exogenous pathogens; only 5–10 % are of endogenous origin. One cause of these rare cases of endogenous endophthalmitis is Listeria monocytogenes. Twenty-six ...

    Authors: Anna Bajor, Anke Luhr, Dorothee Brockmann, Sebastian Suerbaum, Carsten Framme and Ludwig Sedlacek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:332
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  26. The purported value of empirical therapy to cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been debated for decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inappropriate empirical ...

    Authors: Young Kyung Yoon, Dae Won Park, Jang Wook Sohn, Hyo Youl Kim, Yeon-Sook Kim, Chang-Seop Lee, Mi Suk Lee, Seong-Yeol Ryu, Hee-Chang Jang, Young Ju Choi, Cheol-In Kang, Hee Jung Choi, Seung Soon Lee, Shin Woo Kim, Sang Il Kim, Eu Suk Kim…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:331
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Few population-based data are available on mortality due to sepsis. The aim of the study was to estimate sepsis-related mortality rates and to assess the associated comorbidities.

    Authors: Ugo Fedeli, Pasquale Piccinni, Elena Schievano, Mario Saugo and Giampietro Pellizzer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:330
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen and is the most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases affecting both men and women. The pathogen can cause prostatitis and epididymitis in...

    Authors: Jekaterina Jevtuševskaja, Julia Uusna, Liis Andresen, Katrin Krõlov, Made Laanpere, Tiia Grellier, Indrek Tulp and Ülo Langel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:329
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The annual number of international tourist arrivals has recently exceeded one billion, yet surprisingly few studies have characterized travelers’ behavior, illness, and risk factors in a prospective setting. P...

    Authors: Katri Vilkman, Sari H. Pakkanen, Tinja Lääveri, Heli Siikamäki and Anu Kantele
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:328
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. A1 Introduction to the 2nd synchronicity forum of GHRI/CHVI-funded Canadian and African HIV prevention and vaccine teams

    Authors: Hillary Mukudu, Neil Martinson, Benn Sartorius, Jenny Coetzee, Janan Dietrich, Kgaugelo Mokgatswana, Rachel Jewkes, Glenda E. Gray, Marylène Dugas, Luc Béhanzin, Fernand A. Guédou, Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Michel Alary, Rwamahe Rutakumwa, Martin Mbonye, Thadeus Kiwanuka…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16(Suppl 2):315
    Content type: Meeting abstracts Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 16 Supplement 2

  31. The importance of fevers not due to malaria [non–malaria fevers, NMFs] in children in sub-Saharan Africa is increasingly being recognised. We have investigated the influence of exposure-related factors and pla...

    Authors: Kwaku Poku Asante, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Matthew Cairns, Ellen Boamah, Grace Manu, Mieks Twumasi, Richard Gyasi, George Adjei, Kingsley Kayan, Emmanuel Mahama, David Kwame Dosoo, Kwadwo Koram, Brian Greenwood and Daniel Chandramohan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:327
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Nothing is known about the epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to determine ESBL-PE prev...

    Authors: Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo, Mahamadou Sanou, Aimée Kissou, Soufiane Sanou, Hermann Solaré, Firmin Kaboré, Armel Poda, Salim Aberkane, Nicolas Bouzinbi, Idrissa Sano, Boubacar Nacro, Lassana Sangaré, Christian Carrière, Dominique Decré, Rasmata Ouégraogo, Hélène Jean-Pierre…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:326
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. China-made Peramivir, an anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor drug, is manufactured and widely used in China. Although effective if initiated within 48 h of the onset of symptoms, yet we observed that this d...

    Authors: Zhengtu Li, Runfeng Li, Jing Li, Hui Xie, Yanbing Hao, Qiuling Du, Tingting Chen, Yimin Li, Rongchang Chen, Zifeng Yang and Nanshan Zhong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:325
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by Ixodid ticks and causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) disease in humans with up to 50 % mortality rate.

    Authors: R. Akuffo, J. A. M. Brandful, A. Zayed, A. Adjei, N. Watany, N. T. Fahmy, R. Hughes, B. Doman, S. V. Voegborlo, D. Aziati, D. Pratt, J. A. Awuni, N. Adams and E. Dueger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:324
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Understanding changes in the ecology and epidemiology of dengue is important to ensure resource intensive control programmes are targeted effectively as well as to inform future dengue vaccination strategies.

    Authors: Chee Fu Yung, Siew Pang Chan, Tun Linn Thein, Siaw Ching Chai and Yee Sin Leo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:323
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. There are several limitations in diagnosing plasma leakage using the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of dengue hemorrhagic fever. We conducted a study to develop a dengue scoring system to predict p...

    Authors: Suhendro Suwarto, Leonard Nainggolan, Robert Sinto, Bonita Effendi, Eppy Ibrahim, Maulana Suryamin and R. Tedjo Sasmono
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:322
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Ventricular assist devices (VAD) are valuable options for patients with heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation. We assessed the impact of pre-transplant VAD implantation on the incidence of post-transp...

    Authors: Delphine Héquet, Georg Kralidis, Thierry Carrel, Alexia Cusini, Christian Garzoni, Roger Hullin, Pascal R. Meylan, Paul Mohacsi, Nicolas J. Mueller, Frank Ruschitzka, Piergiorgio Tozzi, Christian van Delden, Maja Weisser, Markus J. Wilhelm, Manuel Pascual and Oriol Manuel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:321
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Dengue is caused by a RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, which presents four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) capable of inducing hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of serotype on ...

    Authors: Creuza Rachel Vicente, Karl-Heinz Herbinger, Günter Fröschl, Camila Malta Romano, Aline de Souza Areias Cabidelle and Crispim Cerutti Junior
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:320
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Liver involvement in acute dengue infection is frequently observed and sometimes leads to acute liver failure, with fatal outcomes. Many factors are thought to contribute to liver dysfunction, including hypoxi...

    Authors: Samitha Fernando, Ananda Wijewickrama, Laksiri Gomes, Chameera T. Punchihewa, S. D. P. Madusanka, Harsha Dissanayake, Chandima Jeewandara, Hemantha Peiris, Graham S. Ogg and Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:319
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Dengue viruses (DENV) are comprised in four related serotypes (DENV-1 to 4) and are critically important arboviral pathogens affecting human populations in the tropics. South American countries have seen the r...

    Authors: Marie Vazeille, Pascal Gaborit, Laurence Mousson, Romain Girod and Anna-Bella Failloux
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:318
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Competitive interactions among bacteria in the respiratory tract microbiota influence which species can colonize and potentially contribute to pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, under...

    Authors: Melinda M. Pettigrew, Janneane F. Gent, Yong Kong, Martina Wade, Shane Gansebom, Anna M. Bramley, Seema Jain, Sandra L. R. Arnold and Jonathan A. McCullers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:317
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are of major importance to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with blood stream infections (BSI). Blood culture, the current gold standard for de...

    Authors: A. E. Nieman, P. H. M. Savelkoul, A. Beishuizen, B. Henrich, B. Lamik, C. R. MacKenzie, D. Kindgen-Milles, A. Helmers, C. Diaz, S. G. Sakka and R. P. Schade
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:314
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The currently available evidence shows fluconazole is an effective prophylaxis treatment against invasive fungal infections in preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). However, the duration a...

    Authors: Datian Che, Hua Zhou, Te Li and Bin Wu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:312
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. O1 HIV-1 diversity in Bulgaria (current molecular epidemiological picture)

    Authors: Ivailo Alexiev, Reneta Dimitrova, Anna Gancheva, Asya Kostadinova, Mariyana Stoycheva, Daniela Nikolova, Ivaylo Elenkov, Cătălin TiliÈ™can, Mioara Predescu, Bogdan Păunescu, Anca Streinu-Cercel, Oana Săndulescu, Claudiu Mihai Șchiopu, Mădălina Hristache, Lăcrămioara Aurelia BrînduÈ™e, Adrian Streinu-Cercel…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16(Suppl 3):290
    Content type: Meeting abstracts Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 16 Supplement 3

  47. Listeriosis is an opportunistic bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes and predominantly affects people who are immunocompromised. Due to its severity and the population at risk, prompt clinical dia...

    Authors: Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Neville Q. Verlander, Corinne Amar, Richard Elson, Kathie Grant and John Harris
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:311
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Daptomycin appears well tolerated and effective for osteomyelitis treatment. However, limited data exist regarding daptomycin use for treatment of device-associated osteomyelitis (DAO).

    Authors: Elizabeth D. Hermsen, Luke Mendez-Vigo, Elie F. Berbari, Thomas Chung, Minjung Yoon and Kenneth C. Lamp
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:310
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious etiology of nosocomial diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin (fc) is a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation, found to be associated with enteric bacterial infecti...

    Authors: Avi Peretz, Linda Tkhawkho, Nina Pastukh, Diana Brodsky, Chen Namimi Halevi and Orna Nitzan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:309
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The last ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak has been the most important since 1976. EVD cases decreased drastically in Sierra Leone at the beginning of 2015. We aim to determine the clinical findings and evolu...

    Authors: Javier Arranz, Karen Marie Lundeby, Shoaib Hassan, Luis Matías Zabala Fuentes, Pedro San José Garcés, Yngvar Lunde Haaskjold, HÃ¥kon Angell Bolkan, Kurt Østhuus Krogh, James Jongopi, Sindre Mellesmo, Ola Jøsendal, Ã…smund Øpstad, Erling Svensen, Alfred Sandy Kamara, David P. Roberts, Paul D. Stamper…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:308
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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