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  1. Individuals who test positive for active tuberculosis (TB) but do not initiate treatment present a challenge to TB programmes because they contribute to ongoing transmission within communities. To better under...

    Authors: Donald Skinner and Mareli Claassens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:712
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24–100%. In addition, ...

    Authors: Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Randi Krontveit, Benjamin Mayer, Frank N. Mwiine, Julius Lutwama and Eystein Skjerve
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:708
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of wate...

    Authors: Ashish C. Shrestha, Robert L. P. Flower, Clive R. Seed, Manita Rajkarnikar, Shrawan K. Shrestha, Uru Thapa, Veronica C. Hoad and Helen M. Faddy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:707
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world, causing significant morbidity and economic impact. In Colombia, dengue is a major public health problem. Departments of La Guajira, Cesar...

    Authors: Ruth Aralí Martínez-Vega, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Yalil Tomás Bracho-Churio, Mirley Enith Castro-Salas, Fredy Galvis-Ovallos, Ronald Giovanny Díaz-Quijano, María Lucrecia Luna-González, Jaime E. Castellanos, José Ramos-Castañeda and Fredi Alexander Diaz-Quijano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:705
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  6. In China canine rabies poses a serious public health problem in that human mortality ranks the second highest globally. While rabies health education interventions are advocated by WHO to be critical component...

    Authors: Hairong Wu, Jiao Chen, Lianbin Zou, Liefeng Zheng, Weichao Zhang, Zhenmu Meng, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Youming Wang, Jingli Kang and Xiangdong Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:701
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of neonatal candidemia are poorly understood in western China. The aim of our study was to evaluate the epidemiological features of neonatal candidemia in the Liuzho...

    Authors: Jichang Chen, Yongjiang Jiang, Ba Wei, Yanling Ding, Shaolin Xu, Peixu Qin and Jinjian Fu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:700
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing as primary screening for cervical cancer is currently being implemented in Norway in a randomized controlled fashion, involving three laboratories. As part of the quality ass...

    Authors: Birgit Engesæter, Bianca van Diermen Hidle, Mona Hansen, Pia Moltu, Kjersti Mangseth Staby, Siri Borchgrevink-Persen, Olav K. Vintermyr, Stefan Lönnberg, Mari Nygård, Emiel A. M. Janssen, Philip E. Castle and Irene Kraus Christiansen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:698
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Kingdom of Swaziland is extremely high. How healthcare workers (HCWs) in Swaziland perceive infection control (IC) measures for preventing TB transmission is unclear. ...

    Authors: Yi-Hao Weng, Patience Thulile Bhembe, Hung-Yi Chiou, Chun-Yuh Yang and Ya-Wen Chiu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:697
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. West Nile fever virus is a zoonotic arboviral infection maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. It is one the arboviruses whose geographical range is expanding because of climate a...

    Authors: Doris Nyamwaya, Virginia Wang’ondu, Joshua Amimo, George Michuki, Moses Ogugo, Enoch Ontiri, Rosemary Sang, Johanna Lindahl, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:696
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The instability faced by refugees may place them at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection. Nakivale Refugee Settlement in southwestern Uganda hosts 68,000 refugees from 11 countries, many with high HIV p...

    Authors: Kelli N. O’Laughlin, Dustin J. Rabideau, Julius Kasozi, Robert A. Parker, Nirma D. Bustamante, Zikama M. Faustin, Kelsy E. Greenwald, Rochelle P. Walensky and Ingrid V. Bassett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:695
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Dengue is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and has a presentation similar to other febrile illnesses. Since laboratory confirmation is frequently delayed, the majority of den...

    Authors: Eduardo Fernández, Marek Smieja, Stephen D. Walter and Mark Loeb
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:694
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the outcome and natural disease progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While the majority of HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected su...

    Authors: Yue Chen, Chengli Shen, Debjani Guha, Ming Ding, Scott Kulich, Aiymkul Ashimkhanova, Charles Rinaldo, Eric Seaberg, Joseph B. Margolick, Valentina Stosor, Otoniel Martínez-Maza and Phalguni Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:693
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Campylobacter species are gram negative and flagellated bacteria under the genus Campylobacter, family Campylobacteriaceae. These pathogens cause zoonotic infections among human and animal populations. This study...

    Authors: Idrissa S. Chuma, Hezron E. Nonga, Robinson H. Mdegela and Rudovick. R. Kazwala
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:692
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has circulated in China and caused yearly outbreak. To understand the transmission of the disease and to assess the spatial variation in cases reported, we examined age-spec...

    Authors: Jijun Zhao, Fachun Jiang, Lianfa Zhong, Jianping Sun and Junhang Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:691
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The protracted war between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda (1996–2006) resulted in widespread atrocities, destruction of health infrastructure and services, weakening...

    Authors: Samuel S. Malamba, Herbert Muyinda, Patricia M. Spittal, John P. Ekwaru, Noah Kiwanuka, Martin D. Ogwang, Patrick Odong, Paul K. Kitandwe, Achilles Katamba, Kate Jongbloed, Nelson K. Sewankambo, Eugene Kinyanda, Alden Blair and Martin T. Schechter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:690
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The burden of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major public health concern worldwide; however the overall epidemiology of multidrug resistant strains is neither coordinated nor harmonized, particu...

    Authors: Setegn Eshetie, Fentahun Tarekegn, Feleke Moges, Anteneh Amsalu, Wubet Birhan and Kahsay Huruy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:689
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Melioidiosis, infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an important but frequently under-recognised cause of morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the tropics. Data on the epidemiology of p...

    Authors: Paul Turner, Sabine Kloprogge, Thyl Miliya, Sona Soeng, Pisey Tan, Poda Sar, Pagnarith Yos, Catrin E. Moore, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Claudia Turner, Nicholas P. J. Day and David A. B. Dance
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:688
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The population structure and drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates in Ethiopian prisons and some communities is still unknown.

    Authors: Solomon Ali, Patrick Beckert, Abraham Haileamlak, Andreas Wieser, Michael Pritsch, Norbert Heinrich, Thomas Löscher, Michael Hoelscher, Stefan Niemann and Andrea Rachow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:687
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The availability of safe food improves health of the people that contributes to productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. On the other hand, unsafe food handling ...

    Authors: Mohammedaman Mama and Getaneh Alemu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:686
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella is a significant public health problem in developing countries such as China. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern of...

    Authors: Zhaorui Chang, Jing Zhang, Lu Ran, Junling Sun, Fengfeng Liu, Li Luo, Lingjia Zeng, Liping Wang, Zhongjie Li, Hongjie Yu and Qiaohong Liao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:685
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is one of the most common causes of skin and soft tissue infections in the United States, and a variety of genetic host factors are suspe...

    Authors: Kathryn L. Jackson, Michael Mbagwu, Jennifer A. Pacheco, Abigail S. Baldridge, Daniel J. Viox, James G. Linneman, Sanjay K. Shukla, Peggy L. Peissig, Kenneth M. Borthwick, David A. Carrell, Suzette J. Bielinski, Jacqueline C. Kirby, Joshua C. Denny, Frank D. Mentch, Lyam M. Vazquez, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:684
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Prior studies have demonstrated an increase in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence in the United States (U.S.) in recent years, but trends among different age groups have not been evaluated. This stud...

    Authors: Ashley Pechal, Kevin Lin, Stefan Allen and Kelly Reveles
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:682
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The World Health Organization’s and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition of Zika infection are symptoms of fever, rash, joint pain, myalgia, headache and conjunctivitis. The diagnosis of Zik...

    Authors: Bang Yu Xu, Sher Guan Low, Richard Tiong Heng Tan and Farhad Fakhrudin Vasanwala
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:681
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. A few Japanese cases of hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) invasive syndrome have recently been reported. Although extrahepatic complications from bacteremic dissemination have been observed, ...

    Authors: Hiroki Namikawa, Koichi Yamada, Hiroki Fujimoto, Ken-Ichi Oinuma, Yoshihiro Tochino, Yasuhiko Takemoto, Yukihiro Kaneko, Taichi Shuto and Hiroshi Kakeya
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:680
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  28. Hospitalization is the most costly health system component of tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Our objectives were to identify how frequently patients are hospitalized, and the factors associated with hospi...

    Authors: Lisa A. Ronald, J. Mark FitzGerald, Andrea Benedetti, Jean-François Boivin, Kevin Schwartzman, Gillian Bartlett-Esquilant and Dick Menzies
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:679
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Retention on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential in sustaining treatment success while preventing HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), especially in resource-limited settings (RLS). In an era of rising ...

    Authors: Serge Clotaire Billong, Joseph Fokam, Calixte Ida Penda, Salmon Amadou, David Same Kob, Edson-Joan Billong, Vittorio Colizzi, Alexis Ndjolo, Anne-Cecile Zoung-Kani Bisseck and Jean-Bosco Nfetam Elat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:678
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Rotavirus infection causes considerable disease burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalization and death among children less than 5 years in China. Although two rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) ...

    Authors: Shuhui Cui, Ruoyan Gai Tobe, Xiuting Mo, Xiaoyan Liu, Lingzhong Xu and Shixue Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:677
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2018 18:487

  31. The homogeneous mixing assumption is widely adopted in epidemic modelling for its parsimony and represents the building block of more complex approaches, including very detailed agent-based models. The latter ...

    Authors: Livio Bioglio, Mathieu Génois, Christian L. Vestergaard, Chiara Poletto, Alain Barrat and Vittoria Colizza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:676
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  32. Hantavirus disease belongs to the emerging infections. The clinical picture and severity of infections differ between hantavirus species and may even vary between hantavirus genotypes. The mechanisms that lead...

    Authors: Ellen Krautkrämer, Christian Nusshag, Alexandra Baumann, Julia Schäfer, Jörg Hofmann, Paul Schnitzler, Boris Klempa, Peter T. Witkowski, Detlev H. Krüger and Martin Zeier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:675
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  33. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary cause of hospitalizations in children worldwide. The timing of seasonal RSV epidemics needs to be known in order to administer prophylaxis to high-risk infants at...

    Authors: Douglas B. Noveroske, Joshua L. Warren, Virginia E. Pitzer and Daniel M. Weinberger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:674
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in the developing world. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is essential for effective TB control. The aim of this study was to determine the ...

    Authors: Senedu Bekele Gebreegziabher, Gunnar Aksel Bjune and Solomon Abebe Yimer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:673
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) testing is already part of cervical cancer screening programs in a number of countries. New tests need to be validated not only in clinical studies but also in routine s...

    Authors: Thomas Iftner, Lisa Wang, Angelika Iftner, Barbara Holz, Juliane Haedicke-Jarboui, Nathalie Iftner, Reinhard von Wasielewski, Peter Martus and Gerd Boehmer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:672
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The most frequent pathogen that causes bacterial meningitis is the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ is a transcription factor that has recently been hypothes...

    Authors: JanWillem Duitman, Mercedes Valls Serón, JooYeon Engelen-Lee, Matthijs C. Brouwer, C. Arnold Spek and Diederik van de Beek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:670
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Since early 2015, a large epidemic of Zika Virus (ZIKV) is spreading across South and Central America. An association between congenital neurological malformations (mainly microcephaly), other neurological man...

    Authors: Emanuele Nicastri, Raffaella Pisapia, Angela Corpolongo, Francesco Maria Fusco, Stefania Cicalini, Paola Scognamiglio, Concetta Castilletti, Licia Bordi, Antonino Di Caro, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Vincenzo Puro and Giuseppe Ippolito
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:669
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  39. The effectiveness of hepatoprotective drugs for DIH (drug induced hepatotoxicity) during tuberculosis treatment is not clear. We evaluated the effectiveness of hepatoprotective drugs by comparing the period un...

    Authors: Zenya Saito, Yugo Kaneko, Akira Kinoshita, Yusuke Kurita, Kyuto Odashima, Tsugumi Horikiri, Yutaka Yoshii, Aya Seki, Yoshitaka Seki, Hiroshi Takeda and Kazuyoshi Kuwano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:668
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Mucormycosis has emerged as a rare but frequently fatal invasive fungal disease. Current knowledge on paediatric mucormycosis is based on case reports and small series reported over several decades. Contempora...

    Authors: Zoi Dorothea Pana, Danila Seidel, Anna Skiada, Andreas H. Groll, Georgios Petrikkos, Oliver A. Cornely and Emmanuel Roilides
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:667
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Chickenpox vaccine is not included in the routine childhood vaccination programme in Sweden. The aim of this study was to estimate the baseline of national chickenpox disease burden, as comprehensive studies, ...

    Authors: Katarina Widgren, Johan Giesecke, Lars Lindquist and Anders Tegnell
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:666
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Stable, co-habiting HIV serodiscordant couples are a key population in terms of heterosexual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the wide availability of antiretroviral treatment and HIV educational pr...

    Authors: Jiho Kim, Mastula Nanfuka, David Moore, Murisho Shafic, Maureen Nyonyitono, Josephine Birungi, Florence Galenda and Rachel King
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:665
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Data on tuberculosis (TB) among health care workers (HCW) and TB infection control (TBIC) indicators are rarely available at national level. We assessed multi-year trends in notification data of TB among HCW a...

    Authors: Edine W. Tiemersma, Nguyen Thien Huong, Pham Hoang Yen, Bui Thi Tinh, Tran Thi Bich Thuy, Nguyen Van Hung, Nguyen Thanh Mai, Suzanne Verver, Agnes Gebhard and Nguyen Viet Nhung
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:664
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Studies have shown that the immunosuppression induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accelerates the natural history of liver disease associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV), with 3- to 5-fold highe...

    Authors: Fatima Mitiko Tengan, Karim Yakub Ibrahim, Bianca Peixoto Dantas, Caroline Manchiero, Mariana Cavalheiro Magri and Wanderley Marques Bernardo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:663
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Tuberculosis control program of Rwanda is currently phasing in light emitting diode-fluorescent microscopy (LED-FM) as an alternative to Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) smear microscopy. This, alongside the newly introduce...

    Authors: Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, Willy Ssengooba, Florence Mutua, Gabriela Torrea, Augustin Dushime, Michel Gasana, Emmanuel Andre, Schifra Uwamungu, Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira, Dufton Mwaengo and Claude Mambo Muvunyi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:660
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. In the last decade hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. HEV is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. In countries like the Netherlands,...

    Authors: S. Sadik, G. G. C. van Rijckevorsel, M. S. van Rooijen, G. J. B. Sonder and S. M. Bruisten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:659
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Ambulatory antibiotic prescribing contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance and increases societal costs. Here, we estimate the hidden societal cost of antibiotic resistance per antibiotic prescr...

    Authors: Constantinos I. Michaelidis, Michael J. Fine, Chyongchiou Jeng Lin, Jeffrey A. Linder, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Ryan K. Shields, Richard K. Zimmerman and Kenneth J. Smith
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:655
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen which represents the leading cause of meningitis in Southeast Asia and an emerging pathogen in the Western world, the main risk factor for infection being contact with pi...

    Authors: Mireille Prince-David, Mounerou Salou, Corinne Marois-Créhan, Komi Assogba, Céline Plainvert, Koffi A. Balogou, Claire Poyart and Asmaa Tazi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:651
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  50. The epidemic patterns of influenza B infection and their association with climate conditions are not well understood. Influenza surveillance in Okinawa is important for clarifying transmission patterns in both...

    Authors: Yoshikazu Iha, Takeshi Kinjo, Gretchen Parrott, Futoshi Higa, Hideaki Mori and Jiro Fujita
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:650
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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