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  1. Migrants are known to be predominantly poor population which are predisposing to social and health problems, particularly infectious diseases including tuberculosis (TB). TB itself and effect of treatment may ...

    Authors: Myo Minn Oo, Naris Boonathapat, Htet Ko Ko Aung, Petchawan Pungrassami and Tippawan Liabsuetrakul

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:377

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  2. The manifestation of Talaromyces marneffei infection in some HIV-infected patients may be atypical. Cases with gastrointestinal involvement have rarely been reported. It is hard to make a diagnosis when patients ...

    Authors: Ying Zhou, Yongfeng Liu and Ying Wen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:376

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  3. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common HIV-associated opportunistic-infection worldwide. Existing literature focusses on hospital-based outcomes of induction treatment. This paper reviews outpatient manageme...

    Authors: Clare E. Warrell, Catriona Macrae, Alistair R. D. McLean, Edmund Wilkins, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Frank Smithuis and Ni Ni Tun

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:375

    Content type: Research article

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  4. The emerging threat of antibiotic resistance is growing exponentially and antibiotic stewardship programs are cornerstone to fight against this global threat. The study aimed to explore the knowledge, perspect...

    Authors: Muhammad Atif, Beenish Ihsan, Iram Malik, Nafees Ahmad, Zikria Saleem, Azka Sehar and Zaheer-ud-Din Babar

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:374

    Content type: Research article

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  5. Aberrant microbiota composition has been linked to disease development at numerous anatomical sites. Microbiota changes in reaction to viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), have been investigat...

    Authors: Heidi Tuominen, Jaana Rautava, Katja Kero, Stina Syrjänen, Maria Carmen Collado and Samuli Rautava

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:373

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Some Staphylococcus aureus strains produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a bi-component pore-forming toxin, which causes leukocyte lysis and tissue necrosis. Currently, there is very limited information on t...

    Authors: Zahra Najafi olya, Shahin Najar-Peerayeh, Abbas Yadegar and Bita Bakhshi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:372

    Content type: Research

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  7. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors for mortality in severe and critical COVID-19 patients.

    Authors: Liulin Wang, Xiaobin Cheng, Qiufen Dong, Chenliang Zhou, Yeming Wang, Bin Song, Weinan Li, Min Wang, Rui Qin, Qi Long, Juan Liu, Jing Li, Dan Li, Gang Li and Yuanming Ba

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:371

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Native valves infective endocarditis due to Escherichia coli is still a rare disease and a particular virulence of some E.coli isolate may be suspected.

    Authors: Marie-Françoise Leonard, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos, Nadia Boisen, Flemming Scheutz, Pierre-François Laterre and Philippe Hantson

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:370

    Content type: Case report

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  9. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is severe and potentially fatal. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest endemicity for the disease in the world. The reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes, B cells activation and h...

    Authors: Renata Caetano Kuschnir, Leonardo Soares Pereira, Maria Rita Teixeira Dutra, Ludmila de Paula, Maria Luciana Silva-Freitas, Gabriela Corrêa-Castro, Simone da Costa Cruz Silva, Glaucia Cota, Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira and Alda Maria Da-Cruz

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:369

    Content type: Research

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  10. Kawasaki disease (KD) as an acute, systemic vasculitis is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children under the age of 5 years.

    Authors: Payman Sadeghi, Anahita Izadi, Sayed Yousef Mojtahedi, Leila Khedmat, Mohsen Jafari, Azadeh Afshin, Pourya Yarahmadi and Effat Hosseinali Beigi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:368

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, clinical data from various parts of the world have been reported. Up till now, there has been no clinical data with regards to COVID-19 from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H...

    Authors: Alma Trnacevic, Amer Mujkanovic, Noura Al-Salloum, Amra Sakusic, Emir Trnacevic, Emir Jusufovic, Fatima Hukic, Rahima Jahic and Richard Stratton

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:367

    Content type: Research article

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  12. Over the past decades, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) infections have been increasing and affected immunocompromised patients nosocomially and communally, with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producti...

    Authors: Yang Liu, Yecheng Liu, Jiayuan Dai, Anlei Liu, Yi Li, Jun Xu, Xuezhong Yu, Jihai Liu and Huadong Zhu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:366

    Content type: Research

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  13. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share similar symptoms with influenza A (IA), but it is more worthwhile to understand the disparities of the two infections regarding their clinical characteristics on admis...

    Authors: Feng Liang, Xianfeng Wang, Jianbo Shao, Jun Chen, Lei Liu, Hui Li, Yi Xu, Liya He, Huiying Liang, Kuanrong Li, Sitang Gong and Huimin Xia

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:365

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Parvimonas micra (P. micra) is a gram-positive anaerobic coccus that is detected widely on the skin, in the oral mucosa and in the gastrointestinal tract. In certain circumstances, P. micra can cause abdominal ab...

    Authors: Qing Yu, Lingling Sun, Zuqing Xu, Lumei Fan and Yunbo Du

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:364

    Content type: Case report

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  15. The association between the frequency of surgeries and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) has been reported for various surgeries. However, no previous study has explored this association among v...

    Authors: Toshiki Kajihara, Koji Yahara, Aki Hirabayashi, Hitomi Kurosu, Motoyuki Sugai and Keigo Shibayama

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:363

    Content type: Research

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  16. The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer development, and the most common types were included in the last approved nonavalent vaccine (9vHPV). Geographical, so...

    Authors: Lays Paula Bondi Volpini, Jerusa Araújo Dias, Luciana Bueno de Freitas, Maria Carmen Lopes Ferreira Silva, Angélica Espinosa Miranda and Liliana Cruz Spano

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:362

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infectious diseases which causes considerable morbidity and costly health problems. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common pathoge...

    Authors: Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi, Mahsa Mirzarazi and Mansour Salehi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:361

    Content type: Research article

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  18. The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, widely known as COVID-19, has affected millions of people around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended vigorous testing to differentiate S...

    Authors: Sally A. Mahmoud, Esra Ibrahim, Bhagyashree Thakre, Juliet G. Teddy, Preety Raheja, Subhashini Ganesan and Walid A. Zaher

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:360

    Content type: Research

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  19. The epidemiology of human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, is not well known in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Within a multicenter eti...

    Authors: Deby Mukendi, Jean-Roger Lilo Kalo, Pascal Lutumba, Barbara Barbé, Jan Jacobs, Cedric P. Yansouni, Sarah Gabriël, Pierre Dorny, François Chappuis, Marleen Boelaert, Andrea S. Winkler, Kristien Verdonck and Emmanuel Bottieau

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:359

    Content type: Research article

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  20. Online respondent-driven detection (RDD) is a novel method of case finding that can enhance contact tracing (CT). However, the advantages and challenges of RDD for CT have not yet been investigated from the pe...

    Authors: Yannick B. Helms, Nora Hamdiui, Renske Eilers, Christian Hoebe, Nicole Dukers-Muijrers, Hans van den Kerkhof, Aura Timen and Mart L. Stein

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:358

    Content type: Research

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  21. In 2020, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, quickly spread worldwide within a few months. Although coronaviruses typically infect the upper or lower respiratory tract, the virus RNA can be detected in plasma. The ...

    Authors: Changzhong Jin, Bin Yu, Jie Zhang, Hao Wu, Xipeng Zhou, Hangping Yao, Fumin Liu, Xiangyun Lu, Linfang Cheng, Miao Jiang and Nanping Wu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:357

    Content type: Research article

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  22. COVID-19 pandemic has forced physicians to quickly determine the patient’s condition and choose treatment strategies. This study aimed to build and validate a simple tool that can quickly predict the deteriora...

    Authors: Zhiyong Zeng, Chaohui Wu, Zhenlv Lin, Yong Ye, Shaodan Feng, Yingying Fang, Yanmei Huang, Minhua Li, Debing Du, Gongping Chen and Dezhi Kang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:356

    Content type: Research

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  23. To prevent antimicrobial resistance, both antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and antifungal stewardship (AFS) in inpatient settings are needed in small/middle-sized hospitals as well as large hospitals.

    Authors: Yuki Moriyama , Masahiro Ishikane, Yoshiki Kusama, Nobuaki Matsunaga, Taichi Tajima, Kayoko Hayakawa and Norio Ohmagari

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:355

    Content type: Research article

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  24. COVID-19 pandemic led to wide-spread use of face-masks, respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers. Various symptoms attributed to the use of PPE are believed to be, at lea...

    Authors: Michelle S. M. Rhee, Carin D. Lindquist, Matthew T. Silvestrini, Amanda C. Chan, Jonathan J. Y. Ong and Vijay K. Sharma

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:354

    Content type: Research

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  25. The primary objective of the study is to describe the cellular characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation; the secondary outcome is to...

    Authors: Chiara Dentone, Antonio Vena, Maurizio Loconte, Federica Grillo, Iole Brunetti, Emanuela Barisione, Elisabetta Tedone, Sara Mora, Antonio Di Biagio, Andrea Orsi, Andrea De Maria, Laura Nicolini, Lorenzo Ball, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Laura Magnasco, Emanuele Delfino…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:353

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  26. Identifying the causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is challenging due to the disease’s complex etiology and the limitations of traditional microbiological diagnostic methods. Recent advances in next ...

    Authors: Fei Xie, Zhimei Duan, Weiqi Zeng, Shumei Xie, Mingzhou Xie, Han Fu, Qing Ye, Teng Xu and Lixin Xie

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:352

    Content type: Research article

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  27. Human Norovirus (HuNoV) has recently been identified as a major cause of diarrhea among kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Data regarding risk factors associated with the occurrence of HuNoV infection, and it...

    Authors: Julien Gras, Moustafa Abdel-Nabey, Axelle Dupont, Jérôme Le Goff, Jean-Michel Molina and Marie Noëlle Peraldi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:351

    Content type: Research

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  28. The SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged as a rapidly spreading infection. Today it is relatively easy to isolate Covid-19 symptomatic cases, while remains problematic to control the disease spread by infected but...

    Authors: Valeria Caturano, Barbara Manti, Fortunata Carbone, Vito Alessandro Lasorsa, Roberta Colicchio, Mario Capasso, Antonio Leonardi, Giuseppe Matarese, Tommaso Russo and Paola Salvatore

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:350

    Content type: Research

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  29. Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in deve...

    Authors: Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara and Sahar A. Musa

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:349

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  30. Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with the exacerbation and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Studies have not investigated the colonisation dynamics of S. aureus lineages in African toddlers with AD. W...

    Authors: Gillian O. N. Ndhlovu, Regina E. Abotsi, Adebayo O. Shittu, Shima M. Abdulgader, Dorota Jamrozy, Christopher L. Dupont, Avumile Mankahla, Mark P. Nicol, Carol Hlela, Michael E. Levin, Nonhlanhla Lunjani and Felix S. Dube

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:348

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Recently developed immunosuppressive drugs, especially TNF antagonists, may enhance the risk of granulomatous infections, including leprosy. We aimed to evaluate the leprosy detection rate in patients under im...

    Authors: Daniel Holanda Barroso, Jurema Guerrieri Brandão, Elaine Silva Nascimento Andrade, Ana Clara Banhatto Correia, Danielle Costa Aquino, Ana Carolina Rios Chen, Sebastian Vernal, Wildo Navegantes de Araújo, Lícia Maria Henrique da Mota, Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio, Patrícia Shu Kurizky and Ciro Martins Gomes

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:347

    Content type: Research article

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  32. The laboratory plays a critical role in tuberculosis (TB) control by providing testing for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and surveillance at each level of the health care system. Weak accessibility to TB di...

    Authors: Riccardo Alagna, Adjima Combary, Elisa Tagliani, Léon Tinnoga Sawadogo, Tandaogo Saouadogo, Souba Diandé, Francis Ouedraogo and Daniela Maria Cirillo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:346

    Content type: Research article

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  33. To guide decision-making on immunisation programmes for ageing adults in Europe, one of the aims of the Vaccines and InfecTious diseases in the Ageing popuLation (IMI2-VITAL) project is to assess the burden of...

    Authors: Estelle Méroc, Janeri Fröberg, Timea Almasi, Brita Askeland Winje, Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez, Anneke Steens, Scott A. McDonald, Kaatje Bollaerts and Mirjam J. Knol

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:345

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a cutaneous infectious disease characterized by eschar-like skin ulcers typically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we report a case of relapsing EG in a patient who had returned...

    Authors: Gabriela M. Wiedemann, Jochen Schneider, Mareike Verbeek, Björn Konukiewitz, Christoph D. Spinner, Henrik Einwächter, Roland M. Schmid and Kathrin Rothe

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:344

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  35. The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world’s population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharash...

    Authors: Guru Vasishtha, Sanjay K. Mohanty, Udaya S. Mishra, Manisha Dubey and Umakanta Sahoo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:343

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged public health agencies globally. In order to effectively target government responses, it is critical to identify the individuals most...

    Authors: M. Flook, C. Jackson, E. Vasileiou, C. R. Simpson, M. D. Muckian, U. Agrawal, C. McCowan, Y. Jia, J. L. K. Murray, L. D. Ritchie, C. Robertson, S. J. Stock, X. Wang, M. E. J. Woolhouse, A. Sheikh and H. R. Stagg

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:342

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  37. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that rapidly spreads worldwide and co-infection of COVID-19 and influenza may occur in some cases. We aimed to describe clinical features a...

    Authors: Xunliang Tong, Xiaomao Xu, Guoyue Lv, He Wang, Anqi Cheng, Dingyi Wang, Guohui Fan, Yue Zhang and Yanming Li

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:341

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  38. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Katharina Nickel, Nicholas J. A. Halfpenny, Sonya J. Snedecor and Yogesh Suresh Punekar

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:340

    Content type: Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:222

  39. In China, there were few studies to estimate antibiotic use for children with upper respiratory infections at the national level. The aim of this study was to describe the antibiotic prescribing practice for c...

    Authors: Fengxia Xue, Baoping Xu, Adong Shen and Kunling Shen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:339

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  40. As COVID-19 vaccine distribution efforts continue, public health workers can strategize about vaccine promotion in an effort to increase willingness among those who may be hesitant.

    Authors: Bridget J. Kelly, Brian G. Southwell, Lauren A. McCormack, Carla M. Bann, Pia D. M. MacDonald, Alicia M. Frasier, Christine A. Bevc, Noel T. Brewer and Linda B. Squiers

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:338

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Although almost a year has passed since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and promising reports of vaccines have been presented, we still have a long way until these measures are available for a...

    Authors: Keivan Ranjbar, Mohsen Moghadami, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Mohammad Javad Fallahi, Vahid Khaloo, Reza Shahriarirad, Amirhossein Erfani, Zohre Khodamoradi and Mohammad Hasan Gholampoor Saadi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:337

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  42. Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). An estimated 1.7 billion people worldwide are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI) during the incubation pe...

    Authors: Xun-Jie Cao, Ya-Ping Li, Jia-Ying Wang, Jie Zhou and Xu-Guang Guo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:336

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  43. Unusually high snowfall in western Washington State in February 2019 led to widespread school and workplace closures. We assessed the impact of social distancing caused by this extreme weather event on the tra...

    Authors: Michael L. Jackson, Gregory R. Hart, Denise J. McCulloch, Amanda Adler, Elisabeth Brandstetter, Kairsten Fay, Peter Han, Kirsten Lacombe, Jover Lee, Thomas R. Sibley, Deborah A. Nickerson, Mark J. Rieder, Lea Starita, Janet A. Englund, Trevor Bedford, Helen Chu…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:335

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  44. Existing evidence showed that Human Immunodeficiency Virus counselling and testing uptake among Ethiopian youths is low, and factors contributing to it are not well studied. Therefore, this study aims to asses...

    Authors: Mamo Nigatu, Teshome Kabeta, Abonesh Taye and Merga Belina

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:334

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  45. The clinical and imaging features of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections that progressed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been explored in numerous ...

    Authors: Yan Rong, Fei Wang, Jinfei Tian, Xinhua Liang, Jing Wang, Xiaoli Li, Dandan Zhang, Jing Liu, Huadong Zeng, Yang Zhou and Yi Shi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:333

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  46. Malaria and helminths diseases are co-endemic in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Immune responses from each of these pathogens interact, and these interactions may have implications on vaccines. The GMZ2 mal...

    Authors: Benjamin Amoani, Ben Gyan, Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Samuel Victor Nuvor, Precious Barnes, Tracy Sarkodie-Addo, Benjamin Ahenkorah, Christian Sewor, Duah Dwomoh, Michael Theisen, Michael Cappello, Michael D. Wilson and Bright Adu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:332

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  47. Previous studies have reported that presence and severity of Buruli ulcer (BU) may reflect the underlying immunosuppression in HIV infected individuals by causing increased incidence of multiple, larger and ul...

    Authors: Yaw Ampem Amoako, Aloysius Dzigbordi Loglo, Michael Frimpong, Bernadette Agbavor, Mohammed Kabiru Abass, George Amofa, Elizabeth Ofori, Edwin Ampadu, Kingsley Asiedu, Ymkje Stienstra, Mark Wansbrough-Jones, Tjip van der Werf and Richard Odame Phillips

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:331

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  48. To explore the drug susceptibility of levofloxacin (LFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), bedaquiline (BDQ), linezolid (LZD), clofazimine (CFZ) and delamanid (DLM) against multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolate...

    Authors: Huiwen Zheng, Wencong He, Weiwei Jiao, Hui Xia, Lin Sun, Shengfen Wang, Jing Xiao, Xichao Ou, Yanlin Zhao and Adong Shen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:330

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  49. Despite a notable decrease in acute rheumatic fever (ARF) incidence in the past few decades, there are still cases in our setting. Sydenham chorea (SC) may be the initial manifestation for this condition in ch...

    Authors: Marta Illán Ramos, Belén Sagastizabal Cardelús, Adrián García Ron, Sara Guillén Martín, Arantxa Berzosa Sánchez and José Tomás Ramos Amador

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:322

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  50. Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory virus with clinical impacts on patient morbidity, mortality and hospital bed management. The effect of rapid nucleic acid testing (RPCR) in comparison to standard m...

    Authors: Victor Au Yeung, Kiran Thapa, William Rawlinson, Andrew Georgiou, Jeffrey J. Post and Kristen Overton

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:321

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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