Articles

Prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus within hemodialysis units in Thailand: role of HCV core antigen in the assessment of viremia

Individuals with end-stage renal disease have a higher risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition during long-term hemodialysis (HD). Our report was designed to investigate HCV prevalence and genotype, in add...

Authors: Natthaya Chuaypen, Apichaya Khlaiphuengsin, Thaninee Prasoppokakorn, Paweena Susantitaphong, Wisit Prasithsirikul, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Pisit Tangkijvanich and Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa

Low incidence of COVID-19 case severity and mortality in Africa; Could malaria co-infection provide the missing link?

Despite reports of malaria and coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) co-infection, malaria-endemic regions have so far recorded fewer cases of COVID-19 and deaths from COVID-19, indicating a probable protection...

Authors: Silas Acheampong Osei, Robert Peter Biney, Alberta Serwah Anning, Lydia Nkuah Nortey and George Ghartey-Kwansah

Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients: a 1-year follow-up study in Foggia district, Italy

From the initial stages of the pandemic in early 2020, COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions have been widely reported and are emerging as one of the most frequent long-term sequelae of SARS-Co...

Authors: Francesca Fortunato, Domenico Martinelli, Giuseppina Iannelli, Marica Milazzo, Umberto Farina, Gabriella Di Matteo, Rosella De Nittis, Leonardo Ascatigno, Michele Cassano, Pier Luigi Lopalco and Rosa Prato

Comparison of different sepsis scoring systems and pathways: qSOFA, SIRS, Shapiro criteria and CEC SEPSIS KILLS pathway in bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic patients presenting to the emergency department

Bacteraemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with delayed antibiotic treatment associated with poorer outcomes. Early identification is challenging, but clinically important. Multiple scoring s...

Authors: Rebecca Sparks, Arisa Harada, Ruchir Chavada and Christopher Trethewy

The 6-minute walk test predicts mortality in a pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria-predominant bronchiectasis cohort

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition frequently associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary (NTM) disease. Persons with these conditions are at increased risk of mortality. Patient reported out...

Authors: Rebekah A. Blakney, Emily E. Ricotta, Dean Follmann, Jessica Drew, Kelly A. Carey, Lisa N. Glass, Chevalia Robinson, Sandra MacDonald, Pamela J. McShane, Kenneth N. Olivier, Kevin Fennelly and D. Rebecca Prevots

Illness perception about hepatitis C virus infection: a cross-sectional study from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a debilitating chronic health problem and can be fatal if left untreated. Illness perceptions are self-manifested beliefs that influence the ability of individuals to cope ...

Authors: Shahan Ullah, Salamat Ali, Muhammad Daud, Vibhu Paudyal, Kawsar Hayat, Syed Muhammad Hamid and Tofeeq Ur-rehman

Characteristics associated with HIV and hepatitis C seroprevalence among sexual and injecting partners of HIV positive persons who inject drugs in Nairobi and coastal Kenya

Persons who inject drugs (PWID) have higher HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence than the general population in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The seroprevalences of HIV and HCV are also hig...

Authors: Betsy C. Sambai, Hanley Kingston, Aliza Monroe-Wise, Loice Mbogo, Emily Juma, Natasha Ludwig-Barron, Brandon L. Guthrie, David Bukusi, Bhavna H. Chohan, John Scott, Rose Bosire, Matthew Dunbar, Paul Macharia, Sarah Masyuko, William Sinkele, Joshua T. Herbeck…

A case of brucellosis-induced Guillain–Barre syndrome

Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological complication of brucellosis, and neurobrucellosis is the most common, but they have many similarities in clinical manifestations. Many clinicians are accust...

Authors: Qian Li, Jianfeng Liu, Wenhui Jiang, Lisheng Jiang, Mengzhi Lu, Linping Xiao, Yukun Li, Yinghua Lan and Yongguo Li

Association between oral antimalarial medication administration and mortality among patients with Ebola virus disease: a multisite cohort study

Empiric antimalarial treatment is a component of protocol-based management of Ebola virus disease (EVD), yet this approach has limited clinical evidence for patient-centered benefits.

Authors: Logan Abel, Shiromi M. Perera, Derrick Yam, Stephanie Garbern, Stephen B. Kennedy, Moses Massaquoi, Foday Sahr, Dayan Woldemichael, Tao Liu, Adam C. Levine and Adam R. Aluisio

Protocol for SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccine surveillance study in Australian adults and children with cancer: an observational study of safety and serological and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (SerOzNET)

Cancer is associated with excess morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following infection by the novel pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 have been rap...

Authors: Amy Body, Elizabeth Ahern, Luxi Lal, Karen Gillett, Hesham Abdulla, Stephen Opat, Tracey O’Brien, Peter Downie, Stuart Turville, C. Mee Ling Munier, Corey Smith, C. Raina MacIntyre and Eva Segelov

Overlapping infection of Nocardia farcinica and Aspergillus fumigatus in a child with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: a case report

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited primary immunodeficiency syndrome, manifested as recurrent infections and inflammatory complications. Although prophylactic treatment with antibiotics an...

Authors: Xiyan Tian, Qingmiao Shi, Peng Liu, Lulu Pang, Peisheng Jia, Lei Xie, Xiaoxu Ma, Ang Li, Zujiang Yu and Huaili Wang

Predictors of treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Vietnam: a retrospective cohort study

Improving treatment outcomes for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a leading priority for global TB control. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the factors associated with treatment success a...

Authors: Ian Wrohan, Thu Anh Nguyen, Viet Nhung Nguyen, Binh Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thanh Thuy Hoang, Phuong Chi Nguyen, Kavindhran Velen, Guy Barrington Marks and Greg James Fox

Spatiotemporal prediction of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonisation

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is the cause of severe patient health and monetary burdens. Antibiotic use is a confounding effect to predict VRE in patients, but the antibiotic use of patients who may ...

Authors: J. M. van Niekerk, M. Lokate, L. M. A. Braakman-Jansen, J. E. W. C. van Gemert-Pijnen and A. Stein

Analysis of risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neurosurgical intensive care unit

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a severe infection among patients in the neurosurgery intensive care unit (NICU).

Authors: Guojie Teng, Ning Wang, Xiuhong Nie, Lin Zhang and Hongjun Liu

Revealing potential diagnostic gene biomarkers of septic shock based on machine learning analysis

Sepsis is an inflammatory response caused by infection with pathogenic microorganisms. The body shock caused by it is called septic shock. In view of this, we aimed to identify potential diagnostic gene biomar...

Authors: Yonghua Fan, Qiufeng Han, Jinfeng Li, Gaige Ye, Xianjing Zhang, Tengxiao Xu and Huaqing Li

The prevalence of diabetes among tuberculosis patients in Denmark

It is estimated that 25% of the world’s population are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that 463 million people are living with diabetes mellitus (DM), a number that is increasing. Patients with DM ha...

Authors: Franziska Grundtvig Huber, Kristina Langholz Kristensen, Inge Kristine Holden, Peter Henrik Andersen, Banoo Bakir, Anja Jørgensen, Hans Johan Niklas Lorentsson, Karen Bjorn-Mortensen, Isik Somuncu Johansen and Pernille Ravn

Mortality among Italians and immigrants with COVID-19 hospitalised in Milan, Italy: data from the Luigi Sacco Hospital registry

To compare differences in the probability of COVID-19-related death between native Italians and immigrants hospitalised with COVID-19.

Authors: Andrea Giacomelli, Anna Lisa Ridolfo, Cecilia Bonazzetti, Letizia Oreni, Federico Conti, Laura Pezzati, Matteo Siano, Cinzia Bassoli, Giacomo Casalini, Marco Schiuma, Alice Covizzi, Matteo Passerini, Marco Piscaglia, Fabio Borgonovo, Claudia Galbiati, Riccardo Colombo…

Acute hepatitis E virus superinfection increases mortality in patients with cirrhosis

Although acute hepatitis E is not fatal in healthy individuals, it is unclear whether hepatitis E superinfection increases the mortality in patients with pre-existing liver disease. Thus, we investigated the p...

Authors: Jung Woo Choi, Ho Jin Son, Sang Soo Lee, Hankyu Jeon, Jin-Kyu Cho, Hee Jin Kim, Ra Ri Cha, Jae Min Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Woon Tae Jung and Ok-Jae Lee

Etiologies of fever of unknown origin in HIV/AIDS patients, Hanoi, Vietnam

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a challenge for clinicians treating patients with HIV/AIDS. CD4 counts can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to determine several common etiologies of...

Authors: Thu Kim Nguyen, Yen Hai Nguyen, Hao Thi Nguyen, Quang Minh Khong and Ngoc Kim Tran

Prevalence of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus among women of reproductive age in Sierra Leone: a 2019 nationwide survey

For over 40 years of the HIV/AIDS global epidemic, no effective cure nor vaccine is yet available, making the current control strategies focused on curbing new infections through risk reduction. The study aime...

Authors: Joseph Kawuki, Kassim Kamara and Quraish Sserwanja

The characteristics of overseas imported COVID-19 cases and the effectiveness of screening strategies in Beijing, China

In March 2020, the WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic. While great success in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control has been achieved in China, imported cases have become a maj...

Authors: Li Li, Cheng-Jie Ma, Yu-Fei Chang, Si-Yuan Yang, Yun-Xia Tang and Ling-Hang Wang

A mathematical model by route of transmission and fibrosis progression to estimate undiagnosed individuals with HCV in different Italian regions

Although an increase in hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence from Northern to Southern Italy has been reported, the burden of asymptomatic individuals in different Italian regions is currently unknown.

Authors: Loreta A. Kondili, Massimo Andreoni, Alfredo Alberti, Salvatore Lobello, Sergio Babudieri, Antonella De Michina, Rocco Merolla, Walter Marrocco and Antonio Craxì

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among staff at primary healthcare institutions in Prishtina

Many studies examined the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within populations using seroprevalence. Healthcare workers are a high-risk population due to patient contact, and studies are needed to examine seroprevalence of...

Authors: Rrezart Halili, Jeta Bunjaku, Bujar Gashi, Teuta Hoxha, Agron Kamberi, Nexhmedin Hoti, Riaz Agahi, Vlora Basha, Visar Berisha and Ilir Hoxha

Secondary hypogonadism following hand, foot, and mouth disease in an adult: a case report and review of literature

Previous reports have described hypogonadism associated with virus infection such as hantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). However, to ...

Authors: Zhaoying Chen, Chen Jiang, Xiaoyu Cheng, Lidan Ma, Ying Xin, Tian Liu and Ruixia Sun

Off-label use of combined antiretroviral therapy, analysis of data collected by the Italian Register for HIV-1 infection in paediatrics in a large cohort of children

Early start of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in perinatally HIV-1 infected children is the optimal strategy to prevent immunological and clinical deterioration. To date, according to EMA, only 3...

Authors: Elena Chiappini, Catiuscia Lisi, Vania Giacomet, Paola Erba, Stefania Bernardi, Paola Zangari, Antonio Di Biagio, Lucia Taramasso, Carlo Giaquinto, Osvalda Rampon, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Claudia Tagliabue, Susanna Esposito, Eugenia Bruzzese, Raffaele Badolato…

A patient with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris survived with two excisions and medication

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare central nervous system infection caused by the Balamuthia mandrillaris or Acanthamoeba species. Diagnosis is challenging because of the non-specific clinical pre...

Authors: Limei Peng, Quan Zhou, Yu Wu, Xiaoli Cao, Zili Lv, Minghua Su, Yachun Yu and Wen Huang

Assessment of socio-behavioural correlates and risk perceptions regarding anthrax disease in tribal communities of Odisha, Eastern India

This study is a baseline survey to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices with regards to the anthrax disease among the communities before demonstrating a One Health approach for elimination of human ant...

Authors: Matrujyoti Pattnaik, Jaya Singh Kshatri, Hari Ram Choudhary, Debaprasad Parai, Jyoti Shandilya, Asit Mansingh, Arun Kumar Padhi, Sanghamitra Pati and Debdutta Bhattacharya

Effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on nasal pneumococcal acquisition, carriage dynamics and carriage density in infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Invasive pneumococcal disease is a major cause of infant morbidity and death worldwide. Vitamin D promotes anti-pneumococcal immune responses in vitro, but whether improvements in infant vitamin D status modif...

Authors: Mahgol Taghivand, Lisa G. Pell, Mohammed Z. Rahman, Abdullah A. Mahmud, Eric O. Ohuma, Eleanor M. Pullangyeum, Tahmeed Ahmed, Davidson H. Hamer, Stanley H. Zlotkin, Jonathan B. Gubbay, Shaun K. Morris and Daniel E. Roth

Did you hear about HIV self-testing? HIV self-testing awareness after community-based HIVST distribution in rural Zimbabwe

Several trials of community-based HIV self-testing (HIVST) provide evidence on the acceptability and feasibility of campaign-style distribution to reach first-time testers, men and adolescents. However, we do not...

Authors: Anke Rotsaert, Euphemia Sibanda, Karin Hatzold, Cheryl Johnson, Elizabeth Corbett, Melissa Neuman and Frances Cowan

A clinical prediction tool for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection

Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing-Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) has risen in patients with urinary tract infections. The objective of this study was to determine explore the risk factors o...

Authors: Hui Liu, Suishan Qiu, Minghao Chen, Jun Lyu, Guangchao Yu and Lianfang Xue

Improving screening and management of latent tuberculosis infection: development and evaluation of latent tuberculosis infection primary care model

In Australia, demand for specialist infectious diseases services exceeds capacity to provide timely management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in areas of high refugee and asylum seeker settlement. A m...

Authors: Marina Kunin, Mark Timlin, Chris Lemoh, David A. Sheffield, Alana Russo, Shegofa Hazara and Jacqueline McBride

A machine learning-based system for detecting leishmaniasis in microscopic images

Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by a protozoan, causes numerous deaths in humans each year. After malaria, leishmaniasis is known to be the deadliest parasitic disease globally. Direct visual detection of leis...

Authors: Mojtaba Zare, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Hossein Parsaei, Qasem Asgari, Ali Alinejad, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Mohsen Ghofrani-Jahromi, Reza Shahriarirad, Yalda Amirmoezzi, Sepehr Shahriarirad, Ali Zeighami and Gholamreza Abdollahifard

A systematic review on papers that study on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism that affects coronavirus 2019 severity

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become the most threatening issue to all populations around the world. It is, directly and indirectly, affecting all of us and thus, is an emerging topic dealt in global heal...

Authors: Siyeon Suh, Sol Lee, Ho Gym, Sanghyuk Yoon, Seunghwan Park, Jihi Cha, Do-Hyung Kwon, YunSu Yang and Sun Ha Jee

Diphtheria resurgence in Sada'a-Yemen, 2017–2020

Diphtheria is a contagious vaccine-preventable disease that contributes to the high morbidity and mortality among under 5 children, especially in Yemen. As a consequence of war and collapse of the health syste...

Authors: Ahmed Abdallah Al-Dar, Mutahar Al-Qassimi, Faten Hamid Ezzadeen, Mohammed Qassime, Ahmed Mohamed Al murtadha and Yasser Ghaleb

A retrospective study assessing the clinical outcomes and costs of acute hepatitis A in Cape Town, South Africa

While some evidence has been demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of routine hepatitis A vaccination in middle-income countries, the evidence is still limited in other settings including in South Africa. Given ...

Authors: Jenna Patterson, Susan Cleary, Sheetal P. Silal, Gregory D. Hussey, Annabel Enoch, Stephen Korsman, Elizabeth Goddard, Mashiko Setshedi, Wendy C. Spearman, Benjamin M. Kagina and Rudzani Muloiwa

Seroprevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types among children and adolescents in the general population in Germany

In Germany, HPV vaccination of adolescent girls was introduced in 2007. Nationally representative data on the distribution of vaccine-relevant HPV types in the pre-vaccination era are, however, only available ...

Authors: Anna Loenenbach, Michael Pawlita, Tim Waterboer, Thomas Harder, Christina Poethko-Müller, Michael Thamm, Raskit Lachmann, Yvonne Deleré, Ole Wichmann and Miriam Wiese-Posselt

Brucellosis relapse causing thoracic aortic ulcers and aneurysm formation: a case report

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella spp, which can involve the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems. Cardiovascular involvement is a rare occurrence, it has an extremely high mor...

Authors: Shuai Li and Qiang Wang

SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Lebanon: findings from the first nationwide serosurvey

Lebanon, a small country in the Middle East, remains severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies provide accurate estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and henc...

Authors: Abbas Hoballah, Rana El Haidari, Ghina Siblany, Fadi Abdel Sater, Samir Mansour, Hamad Hassan and Linda Abou-Abbas

Prevalence of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies and living conditions: the French national random population-based EPICOV cohort

We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in France and to identify the populations most exposed during the first epidemic wave.

Authors: Josiane Warszawski, Anne-Lise Beaumont, Rémonie Seng, Xavier de Lamballerie, Delphine Rahib, Nathalie Lydié, Rémy Slama, Sylvain Durrleman, Philippe Raynaud, Patrick Sillard, François Beck, Laurence Meyer and Nathalie Bajos

Optimal encephalitis/meningitis roadmap via precise diagnosis and treatment (IMPROVE): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Encephalitis/meningitis brings a heavy disease burden, and the origin of disease remains unknown in 30–40% of patients. It is greatly significant that combinations of nucleic acid amplification and autoimmune ...

Authors: Yi Zhang, Haocheng Zhang, Bo Deng, Ke Lin, Lei Jin, Xiaoni Liu, Yanlin Zhang, Xiaohua Chen, Yanliang Zhang, Shengjia Lu, Heqing Huang, Qiujing Wang, Tingting Feng, Weifeng Zhao, Qun Xue, Renfang Chen…

Clinical sign and biomarker-based algorithm to identify bacterial pneumonia among outpatients with lower respiratory tract infection in Tanzania

Inappropriate antibiotics use in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) is a major contributor to resistance. We aimed to design an algorithm based on clinical signs and host biomarkers to identify bacteria...

Authors: Sarika K. L. Hogendoorn, Loïc Lhopitallier, Melissa Richard-Greenblatt, Estelle Tenisch, Zainab Mbarack, Josephine Samaka, Tarsis Mlaganile, Aline Mamin, Blaise Genton, Laurent Kaiser, Valérie D’Acremont, Kevin C. Kain and Noémie Boillat-Blanco

Sentinel surveillance for influenza A viruses in Lahore District Pakistan in flu season 2015–2016

Influenza A virus (IAV) remains an important global public health threat with limited epidemiological information available from low-and-middle-income countries. The major objective of this study was to descri...

Authors: Saima Hasan, Richard J. Webby, Muhammad Iqbal, Hamad Bin Rashid, Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad, Jawad Nazir, Jennifer DeBeauchamp, Shakera Sadiq and Mamoona Chaudhry

Causes of death and associated factors over a decade of follow-up in a cohort of people living with HIV in rural Tanzania

Nearly half of HIV-related deaths occur in East and Southern Africa, yet data on causes of death (COD) are scarce. We determined COD and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in rural Tanzania.

Authors: Getrud Joseph Mollel, Lilian Moshi, Hoda Hazem, Anna Eichenberger, Olivia Kitau, Herry Mapesi, Tracy R. Glass, Daniel Henry Paris, Maja Weisser and Fiona Vanobberghen

Burden of illness in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in US hospitals between 2014 and 2019

Carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a concerning pathogen in the USA and worldwide.

Authors: Jason M. Pogue, Yun Zhou, Hemanth Kanakamedala and Bin Cai

Primary Toxoplasma gondii infection-associated with hemophagocytic syndrome in a man with HIV infection: a case report

Reactivation of latent Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is more common than primary infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We report a rare case of primary T. gondii infection-assoc...

Authors: Ying Zhou, Yongfeng Liu and Ying Wen

Association of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes with the risk and mortality of sepsis among Chinese children

Sepsis is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the association of decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities with the risk for p...

Authors: Danni He, Ning Li, Xiuxiu Lu, Wei Li, Yuanmei Chen, Zhongyuan Sun, Lipeng Zhang, Linying Guo, Xiaodai Cui, Guowei Song, Wenquan Niu and Qi Zhang

AmpC hyperproduction in a Cedecea davisae implant-associated bone infection during treatment: a case report and therapeutic implications

Data on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are scanty for Cedecea spp., with very variable antibiotic resistance patterns documented. Here we report the first in vivo resistance evolution of a C. davisae clinica...

Authors: Julia Notter, Salome N. Seiffert, Maria Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, Anja Bösch, Robert Wenger, Carol Strahm, Manuel Frischknecht, David M. Livermore and Baharak Babouee Flury

Correction to: The effect of self-limiting on the prevention and control of the diffuse COVID-19 epidemic with delayed and temporal-spatial heterogeneous

Authors: Cheng-Cheng Zhu and Jiang Zhu

Correction to: The effectiveness of syndromic surveillance for the early detection of waterborne outbreaks: a systematic review

Authors: Susanne Hyllestad, Ettore Amato, Karin Nygård, Line Vold and Preben Aavitsland

Poliovirus immunity among adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a cross-sectional serosurvey

Vaccination efforts to eradicate polio currently focus on children under 5 years of age, among whom most cases of poliomyelitis still occur. However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), an outbreak ...

Authors: Vivian H. Alfonso, Arie Voorman, Nicole A. Hoff, William C. Weldon, Sue Gerber, Adva Gadoth, Megan Halbrook, Amelia Goldsmith, Patrick Mukadi, Reena H. Doshi, Guillaume Ngoie-Mwamba, Trevon L. Fuller, Emile Okitolonda-Wemakoy, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum and Anne W. Rimoin