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  1. Thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) are two recently approved vaccines for the active immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae causing ...

    Authors: Stephanie R Earnshaw, Cheryl L McDade, Giovanni Zanotti, Raymond A Farkouh and David Strutton
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Increasing our understanding of the factors affecting the severity of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in different regions of the world could lead to improved clinical practice and mitigation strategies for...

    Authors: Gerardo Chowell, Cécile Viboud, Lone Simonsen, Mark A Miller, Santiago Echevarría-Zuno, Margot González-León and Víctor H Borja Aburto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Presently, tuberculosis (TB) poses a global threat to human health. The development of reliable laboratory tools is vital to the diagnosis and treatment of TB. MPT64, a protein secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculo...

    Authors: Changtai Zhu, Jinming Liu, Yang Ling, Hua Yang, Zhonghua Liu, Ruijuan Zheng, Lianhua Qin and Zhongyi Hu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:96
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:430

  4. The objective of this literature review was to determine whether crowding in the home is associated with an increased risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in children younger than 5 years.

    Authors: Ann D Colosia, Anthony Masaquel, Caroline Breese Hall, Amy M Barrett, Parthiv J Mahadevia and Ram Yogev
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. With ageing of the HIV-infected population, long-term exposure to treatment, varying adherence, emerging resistance and complications to therapies, effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)...

    Authors: Mathias Altmann, Matthias an der Heiden, Ramona Scheufele, Katrin Hartmann, Claudia Houareau, Barbara Bartmeyer and Osamah Hamouda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Since 2003 to 06 Jan 2012, the number of laboratory confirmed human cases of infection with avian influenza in China was 41 and 27 were fatal. However, the official estimate of the H5N1 case-fatality rate has ...

    Authors: Xiang Huo, Rongqiang Zu, Xian Qi, Yuanfang Qin, Liang Li, Fenyang Tang, Zhibin Hu and Fengcai Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Commensal bacteria represent an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Few community-based studies of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria have been conducted in Southeast Asia. We investig...

    Authors: Oliver James Dyar, Nguyen Quynh Hoa, Nguyen V Trung, Ho D Phuc, Mattias Larsson, Nguyen TK Chuc and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:92
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphisms in exon 4 of the NOD2 gene in tuberculosis patients and healthy controls, in order to clarify whether polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene is associated ...

    Authors: Mengyuan Zhao, Feng Jiang, Wanjiang Zhang, Fujian Li, Liliang Wei, Jiyan Liu, Yun Xue, Xiling Deng, Fang Wu, Le Zhang, Xing Zhang, Yuxiang Zhang, Dapeng Fan, Xiaojun Sun, Tingting Jiang and Ji-Cheng Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:91
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Several biomarkers and prognostic scores have been evaluated to predict prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Optimal risk stratification remains to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to evalua...

    Authors: Martin Kolditz, Gert Höffken, Peter Martus, Gernot Rohde, Hartwig Schütte, Robert Bals, Norbert Suttorp and Mathias W Pletz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:90
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Serologic testing algorithms for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS) provide important information for HIV surveillance. We have previously demonstrated that a patient's antibody reaction pattern in a confirmat...

    Authors: Jörg Schüpbach, Leslie R Bisset, Martin D Gebhardt, Stephan Regenass, Philippe Bürgisser, Meri Gorgievski, Thomas Klimkait, Corinne Andreutti, Gladys Martinetti, Christoph Niederhauser, Sabine Yerly, Stefan Pfister, Detlev Schultze, Marcel Brandenberger, Franziska Schöni-Affolter, Alexandra U Scherrer…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:88
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The re-emergence of dengue virus 4 (DENV-4) has become a public health concern in South America, Southeast Asia and South Asia. However, it has not been known to have caused a local outbreak in China for the p...

    Authors: Qin-Long Jing, Zhi-Cong Yang, Lei Luo, Xin-Cai Xiao, Biao Di, Peng He, Chuan-Xi Fu, Ming Wang and Jia-Hai Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:87
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  13. Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) disease can be complicated with comorbid conditions that may impact treatment eligibility and outcomes. The aim of the study was to systematically review comorbidities and symptoms in...

    Authors: Karly S Louie, Samantha St Laurent, Ulla M Forssen, Linda M Mundy and Jeanne M Pimenta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Bloodstream infections (BSI) have been traditionally classified as either community acquired (CA) or hospital acquired (HA) in origin. However, a third category of healthcare-associated (HCA) community onset d...

    Authors: Ryan Lenz, Jenine R Leal, Deirdre L Church, Daniel B Gregson, Terry Ross and Kevin B Laupland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:85
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Syphilis has made a dramatic resurgence in China during the past two decades and become the third most prevalent notifiable infectious disease in China. Female sex workers (FSWs) have become one of key populat...

    Authors: Xiang-Sheng Chen, Qian-Qiu Wang, Yue-Ping Yin, Guo-Jun Liang, Ning Jiang, Li-Gang Yang, Qiao Liu, Yu-Jiao Zhou, Xi-Ping Huan, Wan-Hui Wei and Baoxi Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:84
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of posaconazole compared with standard azole therapy (SAT; fluconazole or itraconazole) for the prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFI) and the reduction of overall m...

    Authors: Santiago Grau, Rafael de la Cámara, Francisco J Sabater, Isidro Jarque, Enric Carreras, Miguel A Casado and Miguel A Sanz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Although Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported pathogen that causes urogenital infection such as urethritis or cervicitis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, which are commensals in the g...

    Authors: Tomohiro Yamazaki, Megumi Matsumoto, Junji Matsuo, Kiyotaka Abe, Kunihiro Minami and Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Previously thought to be rabies free, Bali experienced an outbreak of animal and human rabies cases in November 2008. We describe the epidemiological and clinical data of human rabies cases occurring in the fi...

    Authors: Ni M Susilawathi, Agus E Darwinata, Ida BNP Dwija, Nyoman S Budayanti, Gusti AK Wirasandhi, Ketut Subrata, Ni K Susilarini, Raka AA Sudewi, Frank S Wignall and Gusti NK Mahardika
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Genetic typing data are a potentially powerful resource for determining how infection is acquired. In this paper MLST typing was used to distinguish the routes and risks of infection of humans with Campylobacter ...

    Authors: Paul R Bessell, Ovidiu Rotariu, Giles T Innocent, Alison Smith-Palmer, Norval JC Strachan, Ken J Forbes, John M Cowden, Stuart WJ Reid and Louise Matthews
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) is a severe and life-threatening disease that is associated with cognitive impairment including learning difficulties, cognitive slowness, short-term memory deficits and poor acade...

    Authors: Michael Kihara, Michelle de Haan, Eugene O Were, Harrun H Garrashi, Brian GR Neville and Charles RJC Newton
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Prospective typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) can assist in identifying clusters of STM cases that might otherwise have gone u...

    Authors: Vitali Sintchenko, Qinning Wang, Peter Howard, Connie WY Ha, Katina Kardamanidis, Jennie Musto and Gwendolyn L Gilbert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Rickettsia typhi (R. mooseri) is the causative agent of murine typhus. It is one of the most widely distributed flea-borne diseases with a relatively mild febrile initial illness with six to 14 days of incubatio...

    Authors: Sushil B Tamrakar, Yin Huang, Sondra S Teske and Charles N Haas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Avian influenza is a considerable threat to global public health. Prevention and control depend on awareness and protective behaviours of the general population as well as high risk-groups. This study aims to ...

    Authors: Dinesh Neupane, Vishnu Khanal, Kamal Ghimire, Arja R Aro and Anja Leppin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Leishmania preferentially infects macrophages, which allow the parasite to multiply but can also kill the parasite. Although the T cell response in human leishmaniasis is well-characterized, little is known abou...

    Authors: Angela Giudice, Célia Vendrame, Caroline Bezerra, Lucas P Carvalho, Thaís Delavechia, Edgar M Carvalho and Olívia Bacellar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The risk of acquisition of antibiotic resistant-bacteria during or shortly after antibiotic therapy is still unclear and it is often confounded by scarce data on antibiotic usage.

    Authors: Giulia De Angelis, Giovanni Restuccia, Silvia Venturiello, Roberto Cauda, Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar, Herman Goossens, Jacques Schrenzel and Evelina Tacconelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:74
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  26. The low uptake of facility-based HIV counseling and testing (HCT) in South Africa, particularly amongst men and youth has hindered attempts to increase access to effective treatment and prevention strategies. ...

    Authors: Hanani Tabana, Tanya Doherty, Sonja Swanevelder, Carl Lombard, Debra Jackson, Wanga Zembe and Reshma Naik
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:73
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Late diagnosis is an important cause of HIV-related morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs in the UK and undiagnosed infection limits efforts to reduce transmission. National guidelines provide recommendati...

    Authors: Jared Wohlgemut, Timothy Lawes and Robert BS Laing
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. S. pneumoniae is the most common causative agent of meningitis, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to develop an integrated and representative pneumococcal meningitis mouse model resem...

    Authors: Barry Mook-Kanamori, Madelijn Geldhoff, Dirk Troost, Tom van der Poll and Diederik van de Beek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following sexual exposure to HIV has been recommended as a method of preventing HIV infection in the UK. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group most affected by HIV in th...

    Authors: Carrie Llewellyn, Charles Abraham, Alec Miners, Helen Smith, Alex Pollard, Paul Benn and Martin Fisher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:70
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  30. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage precedes invasive infection and is the source for dissemination of the disease. Differences in sampling methodology, isolation or identification techniques, as well as the ...

    Authors: María Ercibengoa, Nerea Arostegi, José M Marimón, Marta Alonso and Emilio Pérez-Trallero
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Little is known about the dynamics of colonizing Enterococcus faecium clones during hospitalization, invasive infection and after discharge.

    Authors: Maja Weisser, Evelien A Oostdijk, Rob JL Willems, Marc JM Bonten, Reno Frei, Luigia Elzi, Jörg Halter, Andreas F Widmer and Janetta Top
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Life-threatening infections present major challenges for health systems in Malawi and the developing world because routine microbiologic culture and sensitivity testing are not performed due to lack of capacit...

    Authors: Mwai H Makoka, William C Miller, Irving F Hoffman, Rushina Cholera, Peter H Gilligan, Debbie Kamwendo, Gabriel Malunga, George Joaki, Francis Martinson and Mina C Hosseinipour
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The interaction of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) on CD4 levels over time is complex and has been divergently reported.

    Authors: Aase B Andersen, Nyagosya S Range, John Changalucha, George PrayGod, Jeremiah Kidola, Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, Henrik Krarup, Harleen MS Grewal and Henrik Friis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The application of serological methods in HIV/AIDS routine surveillance systems to identify persons with recently acquired HIV infection has been proposed as a tool which may provide an accurate description of...

    Authors: Alessia Mammone, Patrizio Pezzotti, Claudio Angeletti, Nicoletta Orchi, Angela Carboni, Assunta Navarra, Maria R Sciarrone, Catia Sias, Vincenzo Puro, Gabriella Guasticchi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Piero Borgia and Enrico Girardi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. In Africa, the wide genetic diversity of HIV has resulted in emergence of new strains, rapid spread of this virus in sub-Saharan populations and therefore spread of the HIV epidemic throughout the continent.

    Authors: Mélanie Caron, Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Maria Makuwa, Guy-Patrick Obiang-Ndong, Olivia Biba, Dieudonné Nkoghé and Mirdad Kazanji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. During the 2009-2010 pandemic in Norway, 12 513 laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, were reported to the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS). 2.2 million p...

    Authors: Bernardo Rafael Guzmán Herrador, Preben Aavitsland, Berit Feiring, Marianne A Riise Bergsaker and Katrine Borgen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Rotavirus affects 95% of children worldwide by age 5 years and is the leading cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea. The objective of this review was to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) i...

    Authors: Isla Ogilvie, Hanane Khoury, Mireille M Goetghebeur, Antoine C El Khoury and Carlo Giaquinto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Systemic Candidia infections are of major concern in neonates, especially in those with risk factors such as longer use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Recent studies showed that also term babies with underlying g...

    Authors: Stefan Weichert, Konrad Reinshagen, Katrin Zahn, Gernot Geginat, Annebärbel Dietz, Anna Kristina Kilian, Horst Schroten and Tobias Tenenbaum
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:61
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  39. Human migration caused by political unrest, wars and poverty is a major topic in international health. Infectious diseases like tuberculosis follow their host, with potential impact on both the migrants and th...

    Authors: Zaza Kamper-Jørgensen, Aase Bengaard Andersen, Axel Kok-Jensen, Mads Kamper-Jørgensen, Ib Christian Bygbjerg, Peter Henrik Andersen, Vibeke Østergaard Thomsen and Troels Lillebaek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The recent avian influenza epidemic in Asia and the H1N1 pandemic demonstrated that influenza A viruses pose a threat to global public health. The animal origins of the viruses confirmed the potential for inte...

    Authors: Sarah McCune, Carmen S Arriola, Robert H Gilman, Martín A Romero, Viterbo Ayvar, Vitaliano A Cama, Joel M Montgomery, Armando E Gonzales and Angela M Bayer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The most essential components of TB control are early diagnosis and adequate treatment. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis may result in more extensive disease and more complications, increas...

    Authors: Denise Rossato Silva, Alice Mânica Müller and Paulo de Tarso Roth Dalcin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Prior antibiotic exposure has been associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance in subsequent bacterial infections, whose outcomes are typically worse than similar infections with more antibiotic sus...

    Authors: Scott Micek, Michael T Johnson, Richard Reichley and Marin H Kollef
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Most pediatric adenovirus respiratory infections are mild and indistinguishable from other viral causes. However, in a few children, the disease can be severe and result in substantial morbidity. We describe t...

    Authors: Saleh Alharbi, Paul Van Caeseele, Raquel Consunji-Araneta, Taoufik Zoubeidi, Sergio Fanella, Abdul-Kader Souid and Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. In Ethiopia where there is no strong surveillance system and state of the art diagnostic facilities are limited, the real burden of tuberculosis (TB) is not well known. We conducted a community based survey to...

    Authors: Amare Deribew, Gemeda Abebe, Ludwig Apers, Alemseged Abdissa, Fetene Deribe, Kifle Woldemichael, Chali Jira, Markos Tesfaye, Jafar Shiffa, Abraham Aseffa, Mesele Bezabih, Tadiye Abeje and Robert Colebunders
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. There is no information regarding the resistance mechanisms of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community setting in Cameroon. The current study aimed to determine the proporti...

    Authors: Carine Magoué Lonchel, Cécile Meex, Joseph Gangoué-Piéboji, Raphaël Boreux, Marie-Claire Okomo Assoumou, Pierrette Melin and Patrick De Mol
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Several studies have investigated the impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on pneumococcal (Sp) and staphylococcal (Sa) nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage. Few have investigated the impact on Haemop...

    Authors: Robert Cohen, Edouard Bingen, Corinne Levy, Franck Thollot, Michel Boucherat, Véronique Derkx and Emmanuelle Varon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Assessment of malaria endemicity at different altitudes and transmission intensities, in the era of dwindling vector densities in the highlands, will provide valuable information for malaria control and survei...

    Authors: Kingsley Badu, Yaw Asare Afrane, John Larbi, Virginia Ann Stewart, John Waitumbi, Evelina Angov, John M Ong'echa, Douglas J Perkins, Guofa Zhou, Andrew Githeko and Guiyun Yan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:50
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is important for the elimination of TB. We evaluated the microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay as a direct ...

    Authors: Dang Thi Minh Ha, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan, Marcel Wolbers, Vo sy Kiet, Hoang Thi Thanh Hang, Nguyen Hong Duc, To My Huong, Vuong Minh Bach, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao, Tran Van Quyet, Nguyen Thi Bich Tuyen, Vo Thi Ha, Nguyen Thi Nho, Dai Viet Hoa, Phan Thi Hoang Anh, Nguyen Huy Dung…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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