Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Blood transfusion is one of the most common transmission pathways of hepatitis C virus (HCV). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and reliable tabulation of available data on the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland, so as to help make prevention strategies and guide further research.

Methods

A systematic review was constructed based on the computerized literature database. Infection rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the approximate normal distribution model. Odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated by fixed or random effects models. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0 and ArcGIS 9.3 was used for map construction.

Results

Two hundred and sixty-five studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland was 8.68% (95% CI: 8.01%-9.39%), and the epidemic was severer in North and Central China, especially in Henan and Hebei. While a significant lower rate was found in Yunnan. Notably, before 1998 the pooled prevalence of HCV infection was 12.87% (95%CI: 11.25%-14.56%) among blood donors, but decreased to 1.71% (95%CI: 1.43%-1.99%) after 1998. No significant difference was found in HCV infection rates between male and female blood donors, or among different blood type donors. The prevalence of HCV infection was found to increase with age. During 1994-1995, the prevalence rate reached the highest with a percentage of 15.78% (95%CI: 12.21%-19.75%), and showed a decreasing trend in the following years. A significant difference was found among groups with different blood donation types, Plasma donors had a relatively higher prevalence than whole blood donors of HCV infection (33.95% vs 7.9%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of HCV infection has rapidly decreased since 1998 and kept a low level in recent years, but some provinces showed relatively higher prevalence than the general population. It is urgent to make efficient measures to prevent HCV secondary transmission and control chronic progress, and the key to reduce the HCV incidence among blood donors is to encourage true voluntary blood donors, strictly implement blood donation law, and avoid cross-infection.

Peer Review reports

Background

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major and growing public health problem, which could easily lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma [1]. The prevention and control of HCV infection showed complexity and challenge in describing geographic distribution of HCV infection, determining its associated risk factors, and evaluating cofactors that accelerate hepatitis C progression. Estimated 170 million persons are infected with HCV worldwide and more than 3.5 million new sufferers occurred annually [2]. According to the national epidemiological survey of viral hepatitis from 1992 to 1995, average anti-HCV positive rate was 3.2% in the general Chinese population, amounting to more than 30 million infected individuals [3].

The rapid global spread of HCV is believed to have occurred primarily because of efficient transmission through blood transfusion and parenteral exposures with contaminated equipment [4]. Blood donors, particularly those that rely on blood donation as a source of income, had a very high prevalence of HCV infection [5]. Recent studies have reported that the current residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV infection in China is about 1 in 40,000-60,000 donations, higher than that found in more developed countries [6]. With the implemention of blood donation law in 1998, many blood centers relied on other methods to motivate donors, mostly through employer-organized blood collection, but these donors may not have been true volunteers, as they may be coerced by the employer to some extent. In recent years, the true voluntary donors are gradually becoming the main source of blood donation in many blood centers in China [7]. Among paid blood donors, the HCV prevalence has reached 5.7% or higher [8]. However, among employer-organized donors and volunteer donors, the HCV prevalence was reported at lower level between 1.1-2.3%, and 0.46%, respectively [7, 9].

A large amount of studies have been done in the last decade on HCV infection and its associated risk factors among blood donors. However, many of them drew incompatible or even contradictory conclusion and the utilization of these statistics are therefore limited. This paper reviews on the available studies so as to provide comprehensive and reliable epidemiological characteristics of HCV infection among blood donors in China, which is speculated to help make prevention strategies and guide further research.

Methods

Literature search

Literatures on the HCV prevalence among blood donors in China were acquired through searching PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Database from 1990 to 2010. In order to search and include related studies as many as possible, we used combinations of various key words, including hepatitis C virus or HCV, blood donors, and China or Chinese Mainland.

Selection and data abstraction

All the potentially relevant papers were reviewed independently by two investigators through assessing the eligibility of each article and abstracting data with standardized data-abstraction forms. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. The following information, though some studies did not contain all of them, were extracted from the literatures: first author's name, publication date, study period, province of sample, blood donor recruitment methods (paid blood donors, employer-organized donors, or true volunteer donors), type of blood donation (categorized as plasma donors and whole blood donors), sampling size, the number of subjects infected with HCV, HBV, and HIV or co-infected with two or three of these viruses, gender, age (18-30 years and 31-60 years), and blood type, etc.

The inclusion criteria were: (1) studies in the mentioned four databases with full text, despite the language of original text; (2) studies reporting anti-HCV positive rates among blood donors in Chinese Mainland; (3) studies using anti-HCV as a detection index of HCV. The exclusion criteria were: (1) studies without specific sample origins; (2) studies with overlapping time intervals of sample collection from the same origin; (3) studies with a sample size less than 50; (4) studies that failed to present data clearly enough or with obviously paradoxical data.

Statistical analysis

In our review, random effect models were used for meta-analysis, considering the possibility of significant heterogeneity between studies which was tested with the Q test (P < 0.10 was considered indicative of statistically significant heterogeneity) and the I 2 statistic (values of 25%, 50% and 75% are considered to represent low, medium and high heterogeneity respectively). Freeman-Tukey arcsin transform to stabilize variances, and after the meta-analysis, investigators can transform the summary estimate and the CI boundaries back to proportions using sin function, the specific conversion details can be seen in reference [10]. Stratified analyses were performed by study locations, gender, age, study period, blood donor recruitment methods, type of blood donation, and blood type. The Z or χ2 test was used to assess the differences among the subgroups. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were undertaken using the Statistical Software Package (STATA) 10.0 (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX, USA, 2009), and ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI, Redlands, California, USA) was used for map construction.

Results

According to the literature search strategies, 726 studies (90 studies in PubMed, 636 studies in CNKI and Wanfang database) were identified, but 461 studies were excluded based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Figure 1). There were 11 studies in English [8, 9, 11–19] and 254 studies in Chinese [20–273] of the finally adopted 265 studies.

Figure 1
figure 1

Results of the systematic literature search.

General information of samples

A total of 4519313 blood donors between the ages of 18 to 60 were included, with a wide range of blood donation frequency from 1 to more than 50 times. Some donors had a duration (the period from the first blood donation to when selected in original research) longer than 15 years. The majority of blood donors were men, approximately 57.72% (101319/175540), while women accounted for 42.28% (74221/175540). The occupation of blood donors was widely distributed. Voluntary blood donors mainly came from college students, health care providers, officials, and military from Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), while paid blood donors were mostly from peasants, low-wage workers, and unemployed individuals.

The blood samples mainly came from blood banks, hospitals, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The studies of our review involved in the following regions of 29 provinces and cities: Central China (Hunan, Hubei, Henan), North China (Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia), South China(Guangdong, Guangxi), Northwest China(Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang), Northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang), Southwest China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing), East China (Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangxi).

Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland

Region

As seen in Table 1 and Figure 2, 3, the pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland from 1990 to 2010 was 8.68% (95% CI: 8.01%- 9.39%). Dramatic geographic difference in pooled HCV infection rates among blood donors was observed. The epidemic was severest in North and Central China, where the HCV infection rate were 13.45% (95%CI: 11.41%-15.67%) and 14.74% (95%CI: 11.06%-18.80%), respectively. The lowest prevalence was in South China with the rate of 2.88% (95% CI: 2.19%-3.64%). Before 1998, the pooled prevalence of HCV infection was 12.87% (95% CI: 11.25%-14.56%) among blood donors, with the highest rates found in Henan (35.04%, 95% CI: 23.62%-47.41%), then Hebei (29.26%, 95% CI: 19.63%-39.98%), and then the pooled prevalence decreased to 1.71% (95%CI: 1.43%-1.99%) after 1998.

Table 1 Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors at different regions
Figure 2
figure 2

The regional distribution of pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in China before 1998.

Figure 3
figure 3

The regional distribution of pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in China after 1998.

Gender

A total of 79 studies have investigated the association between the prevalence rate of HCV infection and gender among blood donors. HCV infection rate of male blood donors was 9.87% (95%CI: 8.26%-11.63%), while female blood donors had a rate of 9.78% (95%CI: 7.88%-11.89%). There was no significant statistical difference between males and females (Z = 0.62, P = 0.54).

Age

There were 30 studies indicating the association between the prevalence rate of HCV infection and age among blood donors. In most studies blood donors were divided into two groups by the age of 30 years old. HCV infection rate of individuals aged 18-30 was 4.91% (95% CI: 3.89%-6.05%), while the prevalence rate of individuals aged 31-60 was 8.99% (95% CI: 6.86%-11.37%), and there was significant statistical difference between two groups (Z = 66.02, P < 0.01).

Time

As presented in Table 2, 179 studies were divided into 9 groups according to the study period, and Figure 4 was drawn on the prevalence of HCV in each group. During 1994-1995, the prevalence rate reached the highest, which was 15.78% (95% CI: 12.21%-19.75%). Since 1995, the rates showed a decreasing trend among blood donors, even as low as 0.36% (95% CI: 0.09%-0.81%) during 2006-2010.

Table 2 Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors at different study period
Figure 4
figure 4

Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors at different study period.

Blood type

As displayed in Table 3, among blood type A, B, AB, and O donors, the HCV infection rates were 8.18% (95% CI: 4.55%-12.77%), 7.58% (95%CI: 4.26%-11.73%), 8.15% (95%CI: 4.64%-12.54%), and 7.85% (95%CI: 4.64%-11.82%), respectively. There was no significant statistical difference among four blood types (χ2 = 4.97, P = 0.17).

Table 3 Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors of different blood type

Donation type

As seen in Table 4, HCV infection rate of voluntary blood donors and paid blood donors were 0.97% (95% CI: 0.79%-1.16%) and 15.53% (95% CI: 13.28%-17.91%) respectively. There was significant statistical difference (Z = 325.65, P < 0.01). The prevalence of HCV infection differed significantly (Z = 142.22, P < 0.01) among plasma donors and whole blood donors, which was 7.90% (95%CI: 6.44%-9.51%) and 33.95% (95%CI: 29.80%-38.17%), respectively.

Table 4 Prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors of different donation types

Discussion

As a blood-borne pathogen, HCV virus was frequently detected among paid blood donors in China in the early 1990s [9]. To improve the safety of blood supply and reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases, the Chinese government has outlawed the use of paid blood donors since 1998. As a result, Chinese blood banks now rely on various other methods to recruit blood donors, mostly on employer-organized donors and true voluntary donors [274]. This transition in the blood donor recruitment methods has been associated with a gradual decrease in the prevalence of anti-HCV among donors. In addition, an HCV RNA screening strategy was implemented in 2010 in all Chinese blood banks, which has also contributed to the decline of HCV prevalence rate. This review shows that the pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors was 8.68% (95% CI: 8.01% to 9.39%) from 1990 to 2010, significantly higher than the estimated 3.2% in the general population of China [1]. It is noteworthy that before 1998 the pooled prevalence of HCV infection was 12.87% among blood donors, but dramatically decreased to 1.71% after 1998. In economically developed regions, the decreasing trend was more prominent due to effective control measures.

Our results showed significant geographic difference of the prevalence of anti-HCV. Compared with other regions, North and Central China had relatively higher anti-HCV positive rates among blood donors, accounting for 13.45% and 14.74%. Meanwhile, the lowest epidemic rate was found in South China with a percentage of 2.88%. Notably, during the period through 1990 and 1998, the prevalence rates were commonly at high level among different regions of China. Especially in Henan and Hebei, the rates even reached 35.04% and 29.26% respectively. After 1998, the general epidemic rates have rapidly decreased, benefited from the government's prohibition of using paid blood donors. However, the reduction of HCV prevalence was not that obvious in North and Central China. Possible reasons for this lack of reduction may include larger population migration, poor economic conditions, higher HCV infection rates in the general populations, or limited sampling.

According to the national epidemiological survey of viral hepatitis from 1992 to 1995, HCV infection rate among the general population increased gradually with age, but the prevalence rate had no significant difference between male and female [275], which is consistent with our findings that significant difference was found between two age groups but not between gender. The findings indicated that both male and female had the same susceptibility to HCV infection, while the older had increased chance of being HCV-infected. Since the paid donors were usually driven by economic benefits, the association of age with HCV infection may also be explained by increased exposure chances with a greater number of instances of blood donation times or longer duration of blood donation. It is early for a conclusive explanation until systematic investigations are performed and causal relation underneath is revealed [35, 61, 65, 153, 179].

By and large, the prevalence rate of HCV infection showed a rising trend among blood donors from 1990 to 1995, but significantly decreased from 1996 to 2010 (Figure 3). Our results revealed an outbreak of HCV infection in blood donors around 1995. As recalled, lots of plasma collection stations were established in different regions before 1995. However, the majority of them were illegal and severe cross-contamination on plasmapheresis frequently occurred due to those commonly existed nonstandard operations, such as neglecting sterilization, lacking accurate detection method of anti-HCV, improperly usage of non-disposable needles. In some places, the prevalence rate of HCV was reported as high as 80% [275]. Given the urgency of the situation, in 1995 the government implemented strict management on blood stations. Besides, the detection technology of anti-HCV got greatly improved with better sensitivity and specificity in the following years [276]. With the implementation of Blood Donation Law of China in 1998, real voluntary blood donors replaced paid donors and became a steady and major source of the blood supply. All these measures lead to the great achievements in control and prevention of HCV infection. Nowadays reports of HCV infection among the true voluntary blood donors could rarely been seen in China.

Our study showed that among blood type A, B, AB, and O donors, the prevalence of HCV infection were 8.18%, 7.58%, 8.15%, and 7.85%, respectively. No significant difference was found between blood types and the epidemic rate of HCV, indicating that blood type is not associated with susceptibility to HCV infection. This finding was consistent with the studies of Lu KQ [52], Zhou ZD [119], and Pu SF [269]. While it was a different story in the study of Ye C [239], in which type O blood donors were reported to have a higher infection rate, and type AB showed relatively lower rate. Uneven distribution with blood type was also seen in Rui ZL's study, in which type A blood donors were reported to have a higher rate [131]. However, the mechanism between blood type and HCV infection remained undefined, which may be related to red cell immune adherence function among persons with different blood types, but it need further study [131].

Numerous research has showed that paid blood donors are more likely to be infected with HCV than both employer-organized donors or true voluntary donors. Our results confirmed that HCV infection rate in paid blood donors was significantly higher than in voluntary blood donors (15.53% vs 0.97%). Those paid donors who were attracted by high compensation and chose to donate blood in illegal blood stations, also risked a greater risk of cross-contamination. The prevalence rate among plasma donors was significantly higher than among whole blood donors (33.95% vs 7.90%), possibly due to cross-contamination of blood collection equipment by HCV positive plasma donors [77]. The elimination of paid plasma and whole blood donation could contribute to a reduction in HCV infection among blood donors.

Several limitations in our study need to be addressed. First of all, the studies were observational and blood donors were not randomly chosen. Therefore selection bias and confounding seems inevitable. Secondly, many of our data were extracted from studies written in Chinese, which makes it difficult for non-Chinese reviewers, editors, and readers to trace back to the original materials. Thirdly, our ability to assess study quality was limited by the fact that many studies failed to offer detailed information of selected subjects or valid data on important factors. Besides, as with all meta-analyses, this study has potential limitation of publication bias. Negative trials are sometimes less likely to be published. However, we have confidence on our results since the included literatures were mostly from multi-resources and had large sample size, which should reduce publication bias to some extent.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive and reliable data on the prevalence and trend of HCV infection among blood donors. The pooled epidemic rate of HCV infection has rapidly decreased after 1998, though some provinces still showed relatively high prevalence. Achievements and lessons in previous work indicated that long-term, comprehensive and effective interventions and preventions are urgently needed. In particular, implementing and enforcing the "Blood Donation Law" and promoting HCV screening, diagnosis, and treatment among blood donors are very important measures to control the transmission of HCV infection. In addition, the key to reduce the incidence of HCV infection among blood donors is to encourage true voluntary blood donation, pay more attention to exclude those high-risk persons from the volunteers, and eliminate cross-infection completely when collecting single plasma.

References

  1. Alter MJ: Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007, 13: 2436-41.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Perz JF, Farrington LA, Pecoraro C, Hutin YJF, Armstrong GL: Estimated global prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection. 42nd Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004, Boston: MA USA

    Google Scholar 

  3. Liu LJ, Wei L: Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus. Infectious Disease Information. 2007, 20: 261-264. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  4. Prati D: Transmission of hepatitis C virus by blood transfusions and other medical procedures: a global review. J Hepatol. 2006, 45: 607-16. 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.07.003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chen YT, Jiang JJ: Epidemic situation of hepatitis C virus. Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009, 15: 19-21. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shang G, Seed CR, Wang F, Nie D, Farrugia A: Residual risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections in Shenzhen, China, 2001 through 2004. Transfusion. 2007, 47: 529-39. 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.01146.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shan H, Wang JX, Ren FR, Zhang YZ, Zhao HY, Gao GJ, Ji Y, Ness PM: Blood banking in China. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1770-5. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11669-2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang Y, Tao QM, Zhao HY, Tsuda F, Nagayama R, Yamamoto K, Tanaka T, Tokita H, Okamoto H, Miyakawa Y: Hepatitis C virus RNA and antibodies among blood donors in Beijing. J Hepatol. 1994, 21: 634-40. 10.1016/S0168-8278(94)80112-6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhao SM, Jiang TL, Gao FX, Lu L, Zheng HQ, Hu J, Fan YH, Li B, Xiao RR, Yury K: Analysis of true voluntary blood donors with anti-HCV prevalence and implications for donor management in Chongqing, China. Transfus Med. 2007, 17: 210-1. 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2007.00752.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Freeman MF, Tukey JW: Transformations related to the angular and square root. Ann Math Stat. 1950, 21: 607-611. 10.1214/aoms/1177729756.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Qian HZ, Vermund SH, Kaslow RA, Coffey CS, Chamot E, Yang Z, Qiao X, Zhang Y, Shi X, Jiang Y, Shao Y, Wang N: Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in former plasma blood donors challenge for patient care in rural China. AIDS. 2006, 20: 1451-2. 10.1097/01.aids.0000233577.33973.fa.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Adams V, Erwin K, Le PV: Public health works: Blood donation in urban China. Social Science & Medicine. 2009, 68: 410-418.

    Google Scholar 

  13. HZ Q, Yang Z, Shi X: Hepatitis C virus infection in former commercial plasma blood donors in rural Shanxi province, China The China Integrated Programs for Research on AIDS. J Infect Dis. 2005, 192: 1681-2. 10.1086/497154.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chen YD, Liu MY, Yu WL, Li JQ, Peng M, Dai Q, Liu X, Zhou ZQ: Hepatitis C virus infections and genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002, 1: 194-201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang Y, Chen HS, Fan MH, Liu HL, An P, Sawada N, Tanaka T, Tsuda F, Okamoto H: Infection with GB virus and hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients and blood donors in Beijing. J Med Virol. 1997, 52: 26-30. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199705)52:1<26::AID-JMV5>3.0.CO;2-T.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu S, Figueroa P, Rou K, Wu Z, Chen X, Detels R: Safety of the blood supply in a rural area of China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010, 53: 23-6. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c7d494.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tao QM, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen WR, Sun Y, Meng Q, Watanabe J, Nishioka K: Seroepidemiology of HCV and HBV infection in northern China. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991, 26: 156-8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shang G, Yan Y, Yang B, Shao C, Wang F, Li Q, Seed CR: Two HBV DNA+/HBsAg-blood donors identified by HBV NAT in Shenzhen, China. Transfus Apher Sci. 2009, 41: 3-7. 10.1016/j.transci.2009.05.001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shan H, Ren FR, Zhao HY, Zhang YZ, Wen GX, Yao FZ, Gao GJ, Yan LX, Jiang CF, Bai XH, Tiemuer MH, Tu YQ, Zhu FM, Zheng YR, Cui L, Liu CL, Gong XY, Lv QS, Zheng P, Ziermann R, Ness P, Wang JX: A multi-Chinese blood center study testing serologic-negative donor samples for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus with nucleic acid testing. Transfusion. 2007, 47: 2011-6. 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01424.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hao LJ: Hepatitis C infection in hospital. Rural Medicine. 1996, 24: 59-60. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  21. Liu YN, Sheng L, Liu XY, Hu JP, Cai JY, Hu WY: HCV infection in blood donors: a serological survey in Fengxian County. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1995, 4: 193-194. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  22. Guo ZF, Wang QW, Yang XD: HIV and HCV infection among blood donors in Dehong, Yunnan. Chinese Journal of Blood Transfusion. 2009, 22: 580-581. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gao CF, An FQ, Yue CM: Anti-HCV tested among blood donors in Baotou. Chinese Coal Industry Medicine. 1999, 2: 91-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  24. Qu XP, Gao RZ, Ding QH, Zhang W: Investigation on anti-HCV among blood donors in Hohehot. Chinese Institute of Liver Diseases Liver Diseases. 1995, 3: 88-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wang J, Wu BR: HCV infection tested in blood donors in Hohehot. Chinese Public Health. 1994, 10: 33-[in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chong HY, Chen YG, Zhou GM: Investigation of serum anti-HCV and HBsAg carrier rates among various groups of population. Chinese Journal of Hospital Infection. 1993, 3: 225-226. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  27. Deng CJ, Zhang RF, Bai Y, Fan XM: Analysis of the blood test results of blood donors among different groups. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2001, 3: 26-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tao QM, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen WR, Sun Y, Meng Q: A survey of 391 cases of serum anti-HCV in different population. Journal of Beijing Medical University. 1990, 22: 3-5. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  29. Deng CJ, Wang SL, Yan AW: Indicator test results among different groups of blood donors in Beijing. Transfusion Medicine. 2000, 13: 78-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  30. Xiao K, Fan R, Chen SY: HBsAg, anti-HCV positive rate and correlation with ALT investigation among blood donors in Beijing. Transfusion Medicine. 2000, 13: 77-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  31. Chi BR, Guo XL, Liu Y: RT-PCR detection of HCV-RNA and genotyping studies. Chinese General Practice. 1999, 2: 96-97. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang YG, Li XQ: Anti-HIV, HBsAg, anti-HCV and the TP test results of voluntary blood donors in Hadian City. Occupational and Health. 2008, 24: 2435-2436. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li YY, Deng CY, Jiang YN, Li HH, Li YX, Wei CS, Zhan MY, Zhang WY, Li JY, Tian RG, Wang Y, Jin ZL, Xu YJ, Pu CJ: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection from blood source. Journal of Yanbian Medical College. 1992, 15: 205-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  34. Xu C, Gao RP, Zhang YX, Deng JY, Han SY: Investigation on the relationship between HCV infection and blood transfusion in Changchun. Journal of Bethune Medical University. 1995, 21: 209-210. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  35. Yi SH, Zhao CY, Gong YW, Li F: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection among professional blood donors in Changchun City. Journal of Microbiology. 2001, 21: 64-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  36. Zhao H, Li DY, Cai MZ: Test of hepatitis C antibody among1246 cases of hospitalized patients. Journal of Luzhou Medical College. 1999, 22: 67-68. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  37. Xi DR, Han Y, Liu JL, Zhao J: A serological survey of hepatitis C infection among 1840 blood donors. Journal of North Sichuan Medical College. 1994, 9: 57-59. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  38. Luo SE, Zhang R, Huang GY: A survey on HCV, ALT, HBsAg among 8745 blood donors in Leshan city. Shanxi Medical Laboratory. 1995, 10: 43-44. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  39. Qian LQ, Wang P: Serological analysis of unpaid blood donors in Deyang city. West China Medical Journal. 2005, 19: 360-361. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  40. Huang SG, Luo GD, Peng L: Hepatitis C infection in blood donors in Luzhou. Journal of Luzhou Medical College. 1995, 18: 82-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  41. Han DL, Liu W, Ou ZY, Liang X, Hu Q: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2001, 28: 436-437. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  42. Liu SZ, Zhang D, Liu L: Investigation on blood donors and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory. 1994, 4: 160-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mi XW, Pan N, Guo XX, Lai ZM: Research on hepatitis C virus infection in healthy population. Port Health Control. 2000, 5: 6-8. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  44. LI RL, Zhao L, Sun SQ: The investigation of anti-HCV infection among blood donors in Tianjin. Transfusion. 1999, 12: 49-50. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yang JP: A serological epidemiological survey on 530 volunteer blood donors infected with HCV in Dongli District, Tianjin. Occupation and Health. 1999, 15: 8-9. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  46. Miao W, Xu CG: Analysis of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-TP positive among unpaid blood donors in the Binhai New Area. Practical Medical Techniques. 2008, 15: 15-16. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fang SC: Serological detection and analysis on chronic liver disease and anti-HCV among blood donors. Occupation and Health. 1995, 6: 36-37. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lu YF: Anti-HCV positive rate among blood donors at Ningxia Blood bank. Ningxia Medical Journal. 1996, 18: 45-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  49. Zhao JH, Ma XY: Analysis of the result of anti-HCV test among blood donors in Yinchuan. Transfusion Medicine. 2007, 20: 233-234. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hui TH: Result analysis of anti-HCV test in 1284 blood donors. Clinical Laboratory Science. 1995, 13: 19-20. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  51. Xu LQ, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Huang GQ: Test report of anti-HCV among 719 blood donors. Anhui Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 46-47. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lu KQ, Chen YP: Analysis on the relationship between HBsAg, anti-HCV and blood type. Anhui Preventive Medicine. 1998, 4: 70-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lang FR, Zhang J: Serum test report on HBsAg and anti-HCV in different blood donors. Journal of Bengbu Medical College. 1994, 12: 23-24. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  54. Yu ZH: Prevalence survey on anti-HCV among different types of blood donors. Disease Control. 1998, 2: 71-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  55. Feng QC, Li SH: Test results analysis of HBsAg, anti-HCV among individual donors and unpaid blood donors in Linquan. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2000, 2: 17-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  56. Liu JQ, Li X, Wu J: Blood donors with hepatitis C virus infection in Hefei. Journal of Anhui Medical University. 1994, 15: 3-4. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ye DQ, Zheng HL, Wang YQ, Hu ZP, Wang HM, Tao LJ, Song HB: Multivariate analysis of risk factors among blood donors infected with HBV and HCV in Hefei. China Health Statistics. 1997, 14: 15-18. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  58. Zhou YS, Shi JY, Zhao QM, Du LY, Wang FY, Zhang XT, Wang HT: Investigation of HCV infection and genotype distribution in Huaibei, Anhui. China Public Health. 1996, 12: 204-205. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  59. Diao JS, Kuang HB: Report on HCV infection among blood donors in Xuanzhou. Anhui Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 61-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wang JH, Chu HY: Survey of four infectious markers in the past paid donors. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2006, 8: 304-305. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lin TL: Survey of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chizhou region. Disease Control. 1997, 1: 149-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hao JH, Huang F, Ye DQ, Hu ZP, Yu XB, Jiang ZJ: Logistic regression analysis of infection with HCV among blood donors. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2004, 14: 5-8. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chen NH, Zhang H, Lan Q, Li CY: Investigation on the natural population and blood donors infected with hepatitis C virus. Journal of Anhui Medical University. 1995, 16: 57-58. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  64. Liao YQ, Zhu DW, Chen HX: Blood donors anti-HCV monitoring reports. Anhui Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 111-112. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  65. Li YX, Wu XK, Bi P, Zhang FZ, Shi XX: Serum levels of anti-HCV and risk factors among blood donors. Journal of Anhui Medical University. 1996, 31: 23-26. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ling YX, Xu HS: Investigation on hepatitis C infection among three specific blood donors in Northern region. Journal of Bengbu Medical College. 1996, 21: 281-282. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang J: Analysis on test results of anti-HCV among 7200 blood donors in Bengbu. Hebei Medical Journal. 1998, 4: 96-97. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang J, Yu JH, Guan Z: Results of five infectious markers test among college students' blood donors in Bengbu. Journal of School Health. 2006, 27: 678-679. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wu J: Investigation on anti-HCV antibody among blood donors from blood bank. Journal of Wannan Medical College. 2000, 19: 346-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wang CL, Jiang GX, Kang SJ, Sheng CY, Liu HY: Six indicators of hepatitis B and anti-HCV by RIA among 1212 cases of blood donors. Labeled Immunoassays and Clinical Medicine. 1994, 1: 12-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  71. Zheng SY, Guo FJ: Analysis of hepatitis virus infection among 1494 voluntary blood donors. Chinese Journal of Pest Control. 2002, 18: 377-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ding PF, Zhang XS, Li QW, Shen FK, Zhang MH, Song W: Investigation on HCV, HBV, HIV and syphilis infection in hemophiliacs from 1992 to 2000. Chinese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2002, 8: 115-117. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  73. Zhao CC, Ma JC, Du QL: Survey on viral hepatitis in Heze in 1995. Documentation and Information of Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 105-107. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wang M, Lv HJ: Investigation on syphilis, HCV, HIV infection among blood donors in Jinan from 2003 to 2005. Preventive Medicine Forum. 2006, 12: 619-620. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  75. Li M, Xu YL: The relationship between serum hepatitis C virus antibody and ALT among 20294 blood donors. Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1998, 38: 62-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  76. Li JX, Zhu XZ, Peng LY: Analysis of 540 hepatitis virus infection in blood donors. Medical Education and Research. 1994, 22: 1-3. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ji Y, Ren QH, Zhu ZY, Qu DM, Qiu ZK, Li JF, Mei H, Yan HY: Analysis of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in China. Journal of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1998, 20: 240-241. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  78. Peng LY, Zhang DJ, Zhang DC, Li JX, Bu QY: Analysis of hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis patients. Guard Army Medicine. 1995, 12: 6-7. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  79. Jiang QH, Xu GM, Zhang Y, Qu SL: Analysis of HCV cross infection among blood donors. Journal of Binzhou Medical College. 1995, 18: 102-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  80. Sheng CY, Ma YT, Wang CL, Dai F, Liu HY, Kang SJ: Radioimmunoassay analysis of HCV antibody in blood donors with plasmapheresis. Radiation Immunology. 1995, 8: 38-39. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  81. Guo YW, Yu CY, Zheng KJ, Sun RT: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection among different population in Weihai. Documentation and Information of Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 217-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  82. Jin D, Sun WJ, Qi XD: Analysis of blood plasma detection results among unpaid donors in Weihai. Chinese and Foreign Health Care. 2008, 34: 185-186. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  83. Liu SZ, Fu JH, Kang DM, Su SL, Huang T: Suvey of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in a certain area of Shandong Province. China's Primary Health Care. 2000, 10: 51-52. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  84. Peng HB, Xue CJ, Zhang SQ: Detection of HCV antibody among blood donors in Yimeng, Shandong. Clinical Focus. 1995, 12: 571-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  85. Du GJ, Wang YN, Li XP, Cao MY, Zhang JM: Detection and comparison of HCV infection in voluntary blood donors from military in Gansi Region. Journal of Lanzhou Medical College. 2003, 29: 32-33. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  86. LI GJ, Huang HZ: Investigation of HCV infection among blood donors in our region. Chongqing Medicine. 1996, 4: 243-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  87. Li J, Zhang MZ, Liu CZ, Gao LX, Zhang GY: Blood detection results of unpaid and individual blood donors analyzed. Journal of Hospital Statistics. 1996, 3: 23-25. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wu F, Liu CL: HCV infection and health education among blood donors in rural areas, Taian. Chinese Rural Health Service Administration. 1997, 17: 54-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hou PQ: Analysis of blood-borne transmitted diseases among former paid blood donors in Taian. Journal of Taishan Medical College. 2007, 28: 9-11. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  90. Zhu HF: Epidemiological investigation of blood-borne virus infection and human herpes virus type 8 prokaryotic expression vectorconstruction among voluntary blood donors in Jinan. Journal of Shandong University. 2008, 47-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  91. Zhao FY, Shi XG, Zhen JZ, Liu MX, Chu N: Investigation of HCV infection among plasmapheresis donors in Jining City. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1994, 5: 266-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  92. Dong JH, Liu FS: Structure of blood donors and statistical analysis of blood-borne transmitted diseases in Yantai. China Health Statistics. 2005, 22: 90-91. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wang YC, Han WQ, Sun Y, Gong LF, Lin WL: Suvey on HCV antibody among hepatitis patients and blood donors in Yantai. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1994, 5: 280-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  94. Zhen SP, Zhuang KY, Zhang YL, Shi YX, Zhao FY, Zhen JZ: Protective effect of anti-HCV screening among plasmapheresis donors evaluated. China Public Health. 1995, 6: 255-256. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  95. Liu RH: Investigation of HAV, HBV, HCV infection among professional blood donors. Ningxia Medical Journal. 1999, 8: 467-469. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  96. Yu Q, Zhang J, Hou PQ: Detection of infectious diseases among AIDS high-risk groups. Chinese Health Service Management. 2006, 7: 443-444. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  97. Zhang CS, Han JY, Pang LL: Investigation of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Heze. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2000, 2: 55-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  98. Zhang WQ, LV R, Gao SZ, Zhao BW, Zhang SH, Shao JJ: Investigation of HCV infection among blood donors and HCV contamination among blood products in Qingdao. Journal of Qingdao Medical College. 1995, 3: 201-204. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  99. Shi SS, Guo WD, Guo YC, Zhu XD: Serum anti-HCV detection in 1043 blood donors. Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1994, 23: 358-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  100. Zhao LF, Lang LJ, Zhang LR, Xiang SJ: Detection of HCV infection among blood transfusion, liver cancer and various types of viral hepatitis. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994, 6: 354-356. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  101. Huang SL, Liang JP: Anti-HCV monitoring results among blood donors. Disease Control. 1997, 3: 196-197. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  102. Guo XL, Wang NC, Zhang B: Preliminary Analysis of the HCV Infection among Certain Population in Shanxi Province. China Health Management. 2010, 26: 288-289. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  103. Li QS, Xiang SJ, Lang LJ, Zhang LR: Detection of anti-HCV among blood donors and patients with post-transfusion hepatitis. Shanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1992, 4: 213-214. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  104. Zhang XF, Liao QW, Zheng JP: Survey of HCV infection among individual and voluntary blood donors in Yuncheng. Practical Medical Techniques. 1999, 10: 767-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  105. Zuo JL, Niu LB: Correlation analysis of HBV, HCV and ALT among voluntary blood donors in Changzhi. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine. 2008, 12: 147-148. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  106. Chen C: Detection of serum HCV antibody among 10,000 blood donors. Guangzhou Pharmaceutics. 1994, 1: 52-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  107. Chen GH: Investigation of anti-HCV in 3652 blood donors. Guangdong Medical Journal. 1995, 3: 160-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  108. Long YY: Analysis of serum HBsAg and anti-HEV detection results in 6023 blood donors. Journal of Guangdong Medical College. 2003, 2: 172-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  109. Wu JN, Xia CY: The level of ALT could not be regarde as an indicator of HCV infection in blood donors. Guangzhou Pharmaceutics. 2004, 6: 59-60. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  110. Zhou YY, Shang GF, Yang LX, Qi ZB, Xu X, Wu Y: Detection of HCV core antigen as a "window period" infection markers. Transfusion. 2004, 3: 162-163. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  111. Rong X, Xia WJ, Wang M, Wang YZ, Zhen YR, Ye X, Luo GP, Wang CX, Bei CH, Fu YS: Seroepidemiological studies of HCV among first-time volunteer blood donors in Guangzhou, China. Transfusion. 2009, 11: 883-885. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  112. Yung Y, Xu LY, Gu XH: Analysis of ALT testing results and other epidemic inexes of the free blood donors. Practical Medical Techniques. 2005, 12: 1606-1608. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nie DM, Wang F, Shang GF, Ye XL, Yang LX, Zhou H: Retrospective analysis of the infectious status of hepatitis C virus of blood donors in Shenzhen. Journal of Medical Laboratory. 2006, 2: 118-120. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  114. Zhou P, Luo J, Xie CY: Study on the infections status of Hepatitis C virus of first-time blood donors in Zhanjiang. Journal of Hainan Medical College. 2006, 2: 115-117. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  115. Du YM, Li YX: Detection of anti-HCV among blood donors and its significance for hepatitis C infection control. Practical Medicine. 1997, 13: 154-155. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tang ZZ, Fang ZF, Liang YF, Huang CS: Recheck analysis for anti-HCV of source plasma in Guangxi Province during 1993 and 1995. Guangxi Preventive Medicine. 1997, 3: 30-32. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jiang FS: Review the results of anti-HCV detection among blood donors from 1998 to early 1999. Guangxi Preventive Medicine. 2000, 6: 255-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  118. He FQ, Wang JK, Li MY: Hepatitis C virus infection among 200 blood donors. Medical Anthology. 1995, 6: 518-519. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  119. Zhou ZD, Huang LH: Analysis of HCV antibody among 27,518 blood donors of Zhuang nationality. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000, 7: 348-349. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  120. Li RY: Analysis of anti-HCV detection results among 280 blood donors. Journal of Youjiang Medical College. 1996, 4: 62-63. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  121. Chen XZ, Tan QF, Huang Y: HCV infection among voluntary blood donors of multi-ethnic in research. Chongqing Medicine. 2009, 12: 1443-1444. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  122. Huang SX: Analysis of HBV and HCV infection status among blood donors in Debao. Youjiang Medicine. 1996, 1: 25-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  123. Man HT: Report on blood donors infected with HBV and HCV. Journal of Guilin Medical College. 1996, 3: 84-85. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  124. Zheng XH: Report of hepatitis C antibody detection among 822 cases of blood donors. Journal of Shihezi Medical College. 1997, 19: 14-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  125. Wang DL: HBV and HCV infection monitoring among 100 professional donors in Yili, Xinjiang. China Public Health. 1995, 2: 94-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  126. Tang XM, Dou J, Chen YH, Mou XY, Song QL: Investigation of HCV infection and HCV genotype distribution among Xinjiang Uygur populations. China Public Health. 1998, 1: 11-12. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  127. Dai Rd, Zhao XD, Zhang YP, Zhang RL: Serum HBsAg, anti HCV, anti-HIV detection reports in 16,845 blood donors. Journal of Youjiang Medical College. 2004, 1: 47-48. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  128. Xu YN, Li ZY, Qian YZ, Zhang KZ: ALT, HBsAg and anti-HCV detection results analyzed in 1692 blood donors. Journal of Nanjing Medical University. 1994, 2: 261-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  129. Xing WG, Xu HY, Ma Z, Zhen HJ: HCV RNA assessment by PCR technique for screening post-transfusion HCV infection among blood donors. Journal of Hepatology. 2002, 3: 52-53. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  130. Rui HF, Sun HX: Serological survey on hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors with different donation types. Clinical Focus. 1995, 21: 996-997. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  131. Rui ZL: The relationship of hepatitis C virus infection and blood types explored preliminarily. Journal of Zhenjiang Medical University. 1998, 8: 493-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  132. Di LM: Serological survey on hepatitis C virus. Modern Preventive Medicine. 1996, 23: 55-

    Google Scholar 

  133. Wang RS: Coinfection of HBV and HCV infection and its control measures in hospitals. Harbin Medicine. 1994, 3: 36-37. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Sun NX, Sun QJ, Zhang YX, Tan W, Han YP, Liu T: The prevalence of HCV infection among voluntary blood donors in Nanjing. Transfusion Medicine. 2001, 14: 309-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  135. Li HL, Li G, Gong XP: Investigation of HCV infection among different populations in Nanjing. Clinical Laboratory Science. 1994, 3: 142-143. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wang DW, Liu XY: Part of the population infected with Hepatitis C virus in Nanjing analyzed. Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1994, 20: 48-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  137. Jiang F, Yao DF, Zhang H, Wei Q, Xiao MB, Huang JF, Meng XY: The status of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Nantong. Medical Journal. 1998, 1: 6-7. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  138. Yao RN, Zhang JH, Huang XJ, Yang Q, Cao Q, Jiang XC: Technique of detection of hepatitis C core antigen used in safety blood transfusion. Journal of Experimental Hematology. 2006, 3: 617-618. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  139. Xia YJ: Anti-HCV positive rate among unpaid blood donors in the primiary investigation. Traffic Medicine. 2002, 16: 216-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  140. Zhou SX, Xu DY, Shi LX, Fu YH, Li YQ: HCV infection among blood donors investigated in Yizheng, Jiangsu. China Public Health. 2000, 16: 609-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  141. Bao Y, Huo QP, Shu HS, Yu MJ, Guo GS, Hong DQ: Investigation on HCV infection and risk factors in Jiangsu Province. Endemic Disease Bulletin. 1994, 4: 33-35. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  142. Qu SD, He TL, Huang JX, Zhou XH, Dong XH: Hepatitis C virus infection in Haiyan County. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1994, 4: 51-52. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  143. Shen L, He JP, Liu XQ, Cai RT, Shen Y, Du JX: Long-term changes of liver function and blood lipid in blood donors infected with HCV. Journal of Clinical Hepatology. 2009, 4: 298-299. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  144. Li SR, Qiu YZ, Yang JW, Hua RZ: Logistic regression analysis of influential factors of HCV infection in one blood donors aggregated area. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005, 6: 618-620. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  145. Yang DM, Ye SL: Seroepidemiological analysis of HCV infection in professional blood donors. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1995, 4: 19-20. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  146. Wang AX, Sheng RY: A prospective study on post-transfusion hepatitis C. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1996, 10: 12-15. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  147. Qi HS, Wang L, Xu MT, Li YC, Zhao WB: Study of HBV, HCV infection among blood donors in Ganyu. Jiangsu Preventive Medicine. 2000, 5: 73-74. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hua RZ, Li SR, Qiu YZ, Zhong ZH, He XY: Investigation on rural blood donors and HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in Zhenjiang. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2004, 15: 46-48. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  149. Zhan TR, Yang XF: Suvey of anti-HCV among blood donors in Jiujiang. Journal of Medical Laboratory. 1995, 4: 26-27. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  150. Zha XZ: Investigation of HCV antibody status in Wuyuan. Journal of Medical Laboratory. 1997, 15: 30-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  151. Yu SK, Yi DY, Sun LH: Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in patients with sporadic viral hepatitis. Jiangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1992, 6: 333-335. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  152. Fang CF, Miao YP, Huang ZJ: Survey on HTLV infection among blood donaors in Jiangxi. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2004, 2: 135-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  153. Xiong Y, et al: A seroepidemiological study on HCV in blood donors in Jiangxi province. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003, 1: 28-30. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  154. Shu QY: Survey of anti-HCV among blood donors in Yingtan. Journal of Medical Laboratory. 1997, 2: 20-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  155. Shi DY, Du M, Ma JP: Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus antibody detection. Clinical Laboratory Science. 1994, 12: 144-145. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  156. An ZY, Liu X, Wang DJ: Serological detections of HCV antibody in 1024 blood donors. Preventive Medical Information. 1996, 1: 23-24. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  157. Song RH: A suvey from 2004 to 2008 on HCV infection among blood donors in Shijiazhuang. Chinese Journal of Blood Transfusion. 2009, 22: 746-747. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  158. Ren GC, Wu Q, Chen XY: Serological anti-HCV detection in 664 blood donors. Beijing Military Medicine. 1994, 2: 147-148. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  159. Sun YD, Chen SL, Chen XR, Sun DG, Wang SY, Chen Z, Meng DZ, Zhuang H, Liu CB, Xu ZY, Margolis H, Liu CY, Wang ZG, Ma XW, Wang DJ, Shi WH, Jia ZG, Wang SC, Qiu HM: Epidemiological and serological study on hepatitis C virus infection in plasmapheresis donors. Journal of Epidemiology. 1991, 12: 327-330. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Zhao Y, Shi L, Chen SL, Zhang ZK, Li KY, Deng JH, Tian WC: Cross infection of hepatitis C virus among plasmapheresis donors in investigation. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology. 1995, 2: 125-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  161. Wang DJ, Chen SL, Sun YD: Serological trace of HBV and HCV infection among blood donors in Gu'an. Transfusion. 1992, 4: 180-183. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  162. Sun DG, Chen CR, Wu JY, Liu CB, Zhuang H: Comparison of hepatitis C prevalence in plasma donors before and after the straightening of blood donation centers. China Public Health. 1991, 1: 3-5. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Li CM, Liu ZS, Li ZH, Zhang YX: Serological study of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in Hebei. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology. 1994, 2: 179-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  164. Yu M, Tian XL, Han ZH, Wan H, Li WG, Gong WB, Wei L, Xu XY: Findings of anti-HIV tests in persons infected by HCV after blood transfusion in one county of Hebei Province. Chinese AIDS. 2003, 4: 197-198. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  165. Zhao YL, Sun YD, Meng ZD, Liu XL, Qian XQ, Yan TB, Sun DG, Kang TJ, Tian C: Investigation of HCV infection and analysis of screening results among blood donors in Hebei Province. Shanghai Preventive Medicine. 1995, 10: 455-457. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  166. Chen SL, Tian W, Meng ZD, Sun YD, Yang YP, Liu CB, Li CM: Seroepidemiological study of hepatitis C virus infection in one blood-donator aggregated base in Hebei Province. Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1993, 2: 66-68. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  167. Zhao YL, Zhang AP, He B, Zhang CQ, Sun YD, Zhang WM, Liu CY, Tian C, Liu HB, Kang TJ, Niu JZ, Xu DG, Sun YD: Survey of HCV infection among blood donors of Hebei Province. Disease Surveillance. 1994, 12: 333-335. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  168. Zhang HH, Wang QM, Liu XL: Epidemiological investigation of HCV infection among blood donors in Zhao County, Hebei Province. Documentation and Information of Preventive Medicine. 1995, 2: 389-390. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  169. Chen SL, Meng SD, Sun YD, Chen XR, Sun DG, Wang ZG, Zhuang H: Risk factors of hepatitis C virus in plasmapheresis donors analyzed. Journal of Public Health of China. 1992, 3: 151-152. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  170. Bian BY, Cai HM, Li P: Survey on blood donors and hepatitis C antibody. Journal of Zhangjiakou Medical College. 1994, 3: 53-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  171. Zhang SY: Conditional logistic regression analysis of the influential factors of HCV infection in one blood-donator aggregated village. Documentation and Information of Preventive Medicine. 2000, 1: 3-4.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Zhang SY, Hou T, Wang DJ, Li SB, Liu XL, Zhao G: Investigation of hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Shijiazhuang City. Disease Surveillance. 1995, 10: 305-306. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  173. Sun YD, Zhao YL, Liu XL, Yan TB, Tian W, Liu HW, Qian XQ: Anti-hepatitis C virus screening to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors. Journal of Internal Medicine. 1995, 10: 696-699. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  174. Hu LY, Wang QY, Hu YZ: Preliminary analysis of anti-HCV detections and infectious factors 1128 blood donors. Journal of Henan Medical University. 1995, 30: 54-55. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  175. Geng CH, Cui WH: Anti-HCV detection of 2045 blood donors and 206 non-donors. Guard Army Medicine. 1994, 2: 115-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  176. Qiu PF, Hu SL, Ren SL, Chen HL, Guo TP, Wu QL, Shao WX: Risk facts of HCV infection among 500 blood donors analyzed. Journal of Shanghai Medical University. 1994, 21: 41-45. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  177. Xuan QS: Investigation of HCV infection in blood donors with A, B, O, or AB blood type. Preventive Medicine. 1994, 6: 357-358. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  178. Wen T, Chen SG, Liu YZ, Li WS: Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and serum markers. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 2003, 19: 375-376. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Wei W: Epidemiological analysis of HIV, HCV, HBV infection among blood donors of offering plasma in Xinyang. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2006, 6: 347-348. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  180. Ma HL, Su F: The hospital infection of viral hepatitis analyzed. Chinese Journal of Infection Control. 2003, 2: 315-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  181. Wang SP, Ding H, Zhang HQ, Ru YZ, Yang JC, Zhao QK, Geng HH, Zhu WF: The investigation report of hepatitis C virus among plasmapheresis donors. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994, 15: 71-73. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Guo BC, Wang QB: Analysis of hepatitis C antibody detection results among blood donors in Anyang. Shanghai Medical Laboratory Science. 1994, 2: 120-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  183. Wang SP, Zhu WF, Qi ZB, Gu JL, Li DY, Feng DY, Ding H: Comparison of HCV prevalence in plasma donors before and after the implementation of anti-HCV screening. China Public Health. 1996, 5: 203-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  184. Li QL, Fan FE, Ren LJ, Su B: Investigation of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Kaifeng. Medical Research in Kaifeng. 1994, 1: 65-67. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  185. Gao Q: Suvey of HCV infection among different populations in Xinxiang Railway Area. Journal of School Health. 1998, 6: 344-345. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  186. Wang B, Liu GF, Zhang Y: Epidemiological analysis of blood donors infected with HCV. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002, 1: 43-44. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  187. Li J, Cheng H, Qian X, Gao MY, Cao GH, Chen CK, Gao YN, Jiang QW: An epidemiological study on HBV and HCV infection among former paid blood donors in one village of Henan province. Journal of Fudan University (Medical Sciences). 2007, 1: 71-75. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  188. Feng XH, Li DS, Wang CX: The distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Henan Province analyzed. Journal of Public Health of China. 1995, 2: 87-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  189. Zhang CJ, Li JC: Investigation of anti-HCV prevalence in whole blood donors and plasma donors. Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2003, 43: 31-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  190. Wang Y, Zhang XR, Ma QS, Li J, Li W: Investigation of anti-HCV in 1180 cases of blood donors. Clinical Hepatology. 1995, 1: 29-30. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  191. Luo B: Epidemiology of blood donors and hepatitis C. Rural Medicine. 1998, 4: 38-39. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  192. Zhang BW, Xing PQ, Guo RH, Zhao R, Fang JH: Detection and significance of HCV core antigen among blood donors. Chinese Journal of Biologicals. 2002, 5: 286-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  193. Zhao J, Wen T: The relationship of increase of alanine aminotransferase and HCV infection among blood donors. Misdiagnosis. 2003, 10: 1513-1514. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  194. Li JZ, Chen L, Lv PL: Investigation of hepatitis C virus among 2642 professional blood donors. People Medicine. 1994, 2: 17-18. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  195. Huang ZJ, Zhu XY: Investigation of HIV/HCV infection rate among paid blood donors in Yudong county. Medical Informatics. 2009, 10: 2090-2093. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  196. Li FH, Yang DL, Huang YC, Wang HK: Satus of HCV infection in blood donors and recipients who have recivecd anti-HCV positive blood. Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995, 4: 6-9. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  197. Li G: Different groups of HCV infection and HCV genotype in Zhengzhou. Misdiagnosis. 2004, 3: 343-345. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  198. Yang BX, Li WS, Liu YZ: The survey of anti-HCV positive rate among unpaid blood donors in Zhengzhou. Occupation and Health. 2005, 21: 1523-1524. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  199. Zhang WZ: Investigation of anti-HCV in 2903 female blood donors. Preventive Medicine. 1998, 2: 86-92. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  200. Wang CX: Preliminary detection of 645 cases of hepatitis C among blood donors. Journal of Wenzhou Medical College. 1993, 79-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  201. Wang FC, Shi ZY, Cai J, Su J: Evaluation on the use of detection of hepatitis C core antigen for screening blood donors. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Virology. 2007, 4: 389-390. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  202. Yin HF, Hou JY: Strictly detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV among blood donors to prevent post-transfusion hepatitis. Journal of Youjiang Medical College. 1998, 3: 184-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  203. Huang QY: Unpaid blood donors blood-borne infectious disease monitoring and analysis in Jiaxing. PLA Preventive Medicine. 2005, 2: 111-112. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  204. Meng ZH, Xuan W, Han JJ: Investigation of HBV, HCV Infection of bank blood. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1994, 40-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  205. Wang WH, Hu KY, Wang H: Retrospective analysis of blood detection results among unpaid blood donors in Kaihua 2001-2005. Transfusion Medicine. 2007, 20: 400-401. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  206. He LJ, Zheng CH, Lin YL: Unpaid blood donors infected with hepatitis C virus and syphilis analyzed. Chinese Health Detection Journal. 2007, 17: 938-939. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  207. He TL, Qu SD, Huang JX, Zhou X, Dong XH: Investigation on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among blood donors in Haiyan. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1994, 4: 12-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  208. Zhang YQ, Zhu RC, Zhou LP: Hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors analyzed. Ningbo Medicine. 1997, 9: 81-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  209. Xu ZG, Xu ZP, Ceng YL, Ye XH, Chen Z, Chen MH: Investigation of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors (37 cases). Journal of Medicine. 1994, 6: 55-56. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  210. Jin ZL, Chen SQ, Shi ZY, Fang L, Chen IP, Cai J, Ji CL, Wang FC: Epidemiological study of hepatitis C virus infection in plasmapheresis and blood donors. Journal of Epidemiology. 1995, 4: 234-236. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  211. Tang SX, Ma XK: Seroepidemiological studies on HCV infection in some area of China. Journal of Epidemiology. 1993, 14: 271-274. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Jin HC, Zhou XC: Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis C virus among blood donors. Hubei Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998, 9: 26-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  213. Zhang YY: Study of HCV antibody with immunoenzymatic and recombinant immuno-blot method among healthy blood donors in China. Journal of Tongji Medical University. 1992, 1: 55-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  214. Yu CY, Liang M, Shu ZJ, Yao ZM: Blood donors and hepatitis C virus infection and the relationship between post-transfusion hepatitis. Traditional and Western Medicine on Liver Diseases. 1994, 1: 26-27. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  215. Zhang XF, Tang H, Luo XG, Chen HP: Study on the Serological states of HCV and HBV among HIV blood donors. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD. 2002, 4: 229-230. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  216. Peng L, Tian HQ: Investigation on coinfection of sphilis and HCV. Chinese Medicine. 2007, 16: 108-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  217. Hao LJ, Guo LS, Zhang YC, Theilmann L, Yang ZC, Takada: Investigation on serum HCV infection among different population inWuhan. Journal of Tongji Medical University. 1992, 3: 145-149. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  218. Wu XG, Xu CM: Survey on anti-HCV among certain groups of Shashi. Journal of Epidemiology. 1993, 14: 331-333. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Zhang FL, Xie B, Xu SH, Deng LQ: Hepatitis C virus antibody among 994 blood donors investigated in Yunmeng, Anlu, and Xiaogan area of Hubei Province. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994, 1: 62-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  220. Li FH, Yang DL, Yu ZQ, Wang YK, Xu XL, Dai F, Hao LJ: Dynamic study of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in different parts of Hubei Province. Wuhan Medical Journal. 1996, 20: 146-147. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  221. Hu GQ: Serum detection of anti-HCV and HCV RNA screening of HCV infection among blood donors in research. Chinese Journal of Ecology. 1999, 2: 55-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  222. Li CZ, Hu GL, Zhang Z, Tan DM, Wu LF, Tang DX: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection among high-risk populations. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1996, 3: 132-133. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  223. Wan YS, Zhou XY: Profiles of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Zhuzhou. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1998, 4: 437-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  224. LV YF, Yin P, Liu TY: Analysis on quality control of blood in blood banks in a five-year program in Human province. Journal of Epidemiology. 2003, 7: 42-44. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  225. Zhou XH: Analasis of ungraded blood samples among voluntary blood donors in Xiangtan City. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2008, 4: 1100-1101. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  226. Chen JM, Deng N, Liu WP: HCV antibody among blood donors in Xiangtan City analyzed. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1996, 4: 195-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  227. Chen X, He JM, Wu HQ, Wang ZX, Huang YM, Wang GQ, Cheng YD: A seroepidemiological and behavior factors study of HIV, HCV, HBV, and syphilis among commercial blood donors. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1999, 3: 17-19. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  228. Zeng JG, Liu LH, Zhu ZH, Zhu SY: HCV antibody among blood donors in research in two cities (districts) of Yiyang. Practical Prevention Medicine. 1998, 5: 151-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  229. Li XQ, Chen BY, Tan MK: Investigation of HBV and HCV infection among junior college students and technical students in Chenzhou. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2001, 6: 422-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  230. Liao K, Luo J, Zou MX: A suvey of the prevalence of HCV blood donors in Changsha. Practical Prevention Medicine. 2008, 3: 730-732. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  231. Yang LF: Analysis of HCV infection among 2210 outpatients. Qinghai Medical Journal. 2001, 31: 40-41. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wang YN, Du GJ, Jiang SW: HCV infection among volunary blood donors in research in Lanzhou. Northwest National Defense Medical Journal. 2008, 29: 148-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  233. Guo ZH, Zhen BD, Xie C: Hepatitis A, B, C, and D virus infection among professional blood donors in research in Lanzhou. Journal of Lanzhou Medical College. 1996, 1: 70-71. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  234. Zhen BD, Yang YL, Guo ZH: A study of HCV infection among part of the blood donors and recipients in Lanzhou. Journal of Lanzhou Medical College. 1996, 2: 63-64. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  235. Sheng XM, Wang J, Chen BZ: Report of anti-HCV detection in blood donors. Microbiology and Immunology. 1996, 3: 15-16. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  236. Du GJ, Wang YN, Liu XP, Cao MY: A preliminary investigation on HCV infection among voluntary blood donors in four districts of Gansu. Northwest National Defense Medical Journal. 2002, 23: 379-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  237. Pan C, Wang JX, Zhu Q, Li QG: A preliminary investigation on Hepatitis C virus among various liver diseases and blood donors in Fujian province. Fujian Medical Journal. 1993, 3: 51-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  238. Xu YC, Xu NF: A serological survey on hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Gutian. Documentation and Information of Preventive Medicine. 1998, 1: 13-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  239. Ye C, Xu MS, Ma MZ: Analysis on serological anti-HCV detection among blood donors in Fuzhou. Fujian Medical Journal. 1994, 3: 107-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  240. Hu GD, Lin JH: A report on 62 cases of hepatitis C virus infection in Putian City. International Medicine. 1995, 6: 164-165. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  241. Huang ZH, Wang GZ: Anti-HCV detection results in 178 blood donors analyzed. Journal of Qiannan National Medical College. 1996, 9: 11-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  242. Wang CY: Analysis of HBV and HCV infection among medical staff and non-medical personnel blood donors. Journal of Qiannan National Medical College. 2001, 3: 171-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  243. Jing BN, Ding JJ, Tian M, Bao LY, Jiang HG, Shen RG: Investigation on HCV infection among hematologic disorder patients after the implementation of anti-HCV screening. Guizhou Medicine. 1998, 1: 33-35. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  244. Dong JM, Zhang YD, Teng M, Li LC, Tang WK: Anti-HCV detection results in 3110 blood (plasma) donors analyzed. Guizhou Medicine. 1996, 4: 209-211. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  245. Xu CF, Jiang JN: Hpatitis virus infection and screening measures among blood donors in Carey ethnic region. Journal of Qiannan National Medical College. 1999, 2: 104-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  246. Gu Y, Li SQ: Hpatitis C virus infection in bood donors. Journal of Zunyi Medical College. 1994, 3: 244-245. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  247. Ding JJ, Qian JY: Investigation on serologic HCV antibody among sexual promiscuity in Guiyang. Journal of Epidemiology. 1993, 14: 231-233. [in Chinese]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Qiu SH, Lu R: Epidemiology of syphilis infection among blood donors in Guiyang. Modern Medicine and Sanitation. 2004, 20: 1698-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  249. Zhou DG, Jiang WL, Fang YR, Chen MD, Peng XZ: Investigation on serological hepatitis C antibody among blood donors in Qiandongnan. Journal of Zunyi Medical College. 1997, 20: 28-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  250. Bai LJ, Li C, Bi T: 312 cases of blood donors detected by ELISA and RT-PCR and a comparative study of anti-HCV and HCV RNA. Journal of Shenyang Medical College. 1997, 1: 48-49. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  251. Li HX: HCV infection among some people of Dandong in research. Modern Medicine and Sanitation. 2006, 11: 1751-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  252. Gu B, LV ZZ, Liu W, Liu YM, Chen YN, Wu TY, Han J, Cui CL, Zhou JZ, Wang Q, Zhen M, He ZQ: Investigation on hepatitis C virus infection among 469 blood donors in Dalian. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 298-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  253. Li B, lin WC, Yang M: Serological anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-HIV detection reports among 1166 blood plasma) donors analyzed. Journal of Third Military Medical University. 1995, 6: 548-549. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  254. Hu J, Lin WC, Li B, Liu J, Chen Y, Peng J, Xia ZR: Detection results of anti-HCV, anti-HIV, anti-TP and HBsAg of 42397 blood donors. Chongqing Medicine. 2006, 12: 1068-1069. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  255. Zhang XQ, Hu DR, Li MD: HBV and HCV infection in professional plasmapheresis dornors. Chongqing Medicine. 1993, 3: 196-198. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  256. Feng ZW: Survey on HCV antibody among voluntary blood donors in Yongchuan. Modern Medicine and Sanitation. 2004, 20: 268-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  257. Wu HY, Yang XH, Lu P: Anti-HCV detection results in 105 blood donors analyzed. Shanxi Medical Laboratory. 1994, 9: 29-31. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  258. Wang QH, Zhang HD: HBV and HCV infection in 294 blood donors with normal physical examination observed. Clinical Laboratory Science. 1994, 12: 96-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  259. Lei YF, Wang YQ, Xu HL, Yang C, Jiang WD, Li HH: A report of hepatitis C virus infection in Hanzhong region. Shanxi Medical Journal. 1994, 10: 636-637. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  260. Yang SM, Yang ZL, Xie H, Hong BY: Hepatitis C virus infection and plasmapherdsis donors. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 277-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  261. Li LL, Zhang XQ, Mu SJ, Li CY, Chen C: Coinfection of HGV with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus of blood donors in Xi'an area. Journal of Fourth Military Medical University. 2000, 2: 146-147. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  262. Yao MJ, Li YN, Yang LY: Analysis of the results of blood screening unqualified and hepatitis epidemiology in unpaid blood donations in Xi'an city. Clinical Transfusion and Laboratory Medicine. 2007, 1: 25-27. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  263. Gao XH, Lu TS: 2000 detection results of blood donors. Qinghai Medical Journal. 1997, 27: 27-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  264. Qi Z: Anti-HCV detection among blood donors of Qinghai in research. Qinghai Medical Journal. 1997, 11: 34-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  265. Li XG: HBV and HCV infection detections among 864 Tibetans in Qinghai Province. Qinghai Medical Journal. 2005, 2: 59-60. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  266. Sun YQ, Zhang P, Zhang C, Wei GK, Dan M: Hepatitis C virus detection results among 16,769 cases of blood donors analyzed. Harbin Medicine. 1995, 3: 19-20. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  267. Yin SH, Sun DM, Xiao Y, Wang YX: A investigation on anti-HCV in professional blood donors. Chinese Primary Health Care. 1999, 6: 107-108. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  268. Di Z, Zhang SJ, Pan HW: HIV infection monitoring results among blood donors analyzed in Jiamusi City. Disease Surveillance. 1998, 11: 24-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  269. Bu SF, Qu M, Shi JL, Zhang YT: Survey of hepatitis C infection in Qiqihar. Practical Preventive Medicine. 1998, 1: 10-11. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  270. Yang DL, Zhao XP, Tang ZY, Li FH, Yu ZQ, Wang YK, Hao LJ: Investigation on transmission of HCV infection among different groups. Shanghai of Preventive Medicine. 1995, 7: 451-453. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  271. Zhen HJ, Xing WG, Zhuang H, Zhao BH: Viral hepatitis detection reports in more than 90 hospitals and blood banks all over the country. China Public Health. 1995, 3: 126-[in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  272. The Editorial board: Investigation on anti-HCV positive rate among blood donors in some districts of China. Transfusion Medicine. 1994, 7: 98-99. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  273. Han S, Shen X: A survey of hepatitis C virus antibody among blood donors and outpatients with liver disease in Shanghai. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992, 10: 37-38. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  274. Fu Y, Xia W, Wang Y, Tian L, Pybus OG, Lu L, Nelson K: The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among 559,890 first-time volunteer blood donors in China reflects regional heterogeneity in HCV prevalence and changes in blood donor recruitment models. Transfusion. 2010, 50: 1505-11. 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02616.x.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  275. Dai ZC, Qi GM: Viral hepatitis in China: serological surveys (volume 1). 1997, Beijing: Science Press, 60-71. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  276. Jin SY, Wang XJ: Occult hepatitis C virus and post-transfusion hepatitis C related. Liver. 2008, 13: 236-237. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Mega-project of Science Research (2008ZX10002-013 and 2009ZX1004-904). We appreciate Katie Reilly for revising the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Rongbin Yu or Ning Wang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

XFG, QC, XS, JS and RBY were involved in the design, literature searching, assessment of study quality, and drafted the manuscript. JS and RBY revised critically the manuscript. XFG, QC and ZHP performed statistical analysis and critically revised the manuscript. KQD, NL and XC constructed the maps. LW and NW critically revised original study design and the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Xiaofei Gao, Qian Cui, Xiang Shi contributed equally to this work.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gao, X., Cui, Q., Shi, X. et al. Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 11, 88 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-88

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-88

Keywords