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  1. The goals of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of Japan include “implementing appropriate infection prevention and control” and “appropriate use of antimicrobials,” which are relevant ...

    Authors: Jung-ho Shin, Seiko Mizuno, Takuya Okuno, Hisashi Itoshima, Noriko Sasaki, Susumu Kunisawa, Mitsuo Kaku, Makiko Yoshida, Yoshiaki Gu, Daiichi Morii, Keigo Shibayama, Norio Ohmagari and Yuichi Imanaka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:234
  2. The risk of hepatitis B virus infection among medical waste handlers who undergo collection, transportation, and disposal of medical wastes in the health institutions is higher due to frequent exposure to cont...

    Authors: Degu Abate Mengiste, Abebe Tolera Dirbsa, Behailu Hawulte Ayele and Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:233
  3. Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a Gram-negative capnophilic rod and part of dogs/cats’ normal oral flora. It can be transmitted by bites, scratches, or even by contact of saliva with injured skin. Asplenic patients ...

    Authors: Simon A. Amacher, Kirstine K. Søgaard, Coralie Nkoulou, Raoul Sutter, Maja Weisser, Sandra S. Zingg, Adrian Egli, Alexa Hollinger and Martin Siegemund
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:231
  4. Family with sequence similarity 26, member F (FAM26F) is an important innate immunity modulator playing a significant role in diverse immune responses, however, the association of FAM26F expression with HBV in...

    Authors: Kehkshan Jabeen, Uzma Malik, Sajid Mansoor, Shaheen Shahzad, Saadia Zahid and Aneela Javed
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:228
  5. Past respiratory viral epidemics suggest that bacterial infections impact clinical outcomes. There is minimal information on potential co-pathogens in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the U...

    Authors: Laura Puzniak, Lyn Finelli, Kalvin C. Yu, Karri A. Bauer, Pamela Moise, Carisa De Anda, Latha Vankeepuram, Aryana Sepassi and Vikas Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:227
  6. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global threat to healthcare resulting in an increase in morbidity and mortality. Neonatal sepsis is ranked as the third highest cause of neonatal demise globally...

    Authors: Dharshni Pillay, Lerusha Naidoo, Khine Swe Swe-Han and Yesholata Mahabeer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:225
  7. The clinical profiles and outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis have been shown to vary depending on the underlying condition. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes in pa...

    Authors: Hang Li, Xiaojing Li, Lei Zhang, Wenjie Fang, Keming Zhang, Amir Arastehfar, Macit Ilkit, Dongying Hu, Xianzhen Chen, Huiwei Wang, Liyan Ling, Jianjun Lin, Bin Xu, Wanqing Liao, Weihua Pan and Qilong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:224
  8. Despite a dramatic reduction in HCV drug costs and simplified models of care, many countries lack important information on prevalence and risk factors to structure effective HCV services.

    Authors: Emily Lynch, Gregoire Falq, Chhorvy Sun, Pharm D Tek Bunchhoeung, Helena Huerga, Anne Loarec, Jean-Phillipe Dousset, Tonia Marquardt, Mickael Le Paih and David Maman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:223
  9. The objective of this study was to assess the durability of response of dolutegravir (DTG) as an antiretroviral core agent by comparing its efficacy and safety with other recommended or commonly used core agen...

    Authors: Katharina Nickel, Nicholas J. A. Halfpenny, Sonya J. Snedecor and Yogesh Suresh Punekar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:222

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:340

  10. Loss of smell and/or taste are cardinal symptoms of COVID-19. ‘Long-COVID’, persistence of symptoms, affects around one fifth of people. However, data regarding the clinical resolution of loss of smell and/or ...

    Authors: Janine Makaronidis, Chloe Firman, Cormac G. Magee, Jessica Mok, Nyaladzi Balogun, Matt Lechner, Alisia Carnemolla and Rachel L. Batterham
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:221
  11. To eliminate hepatitis C, Rwanda is conducting national mass screenings and providing to people with chronic hepatitis C free access to Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs). Until 2020, prescribers trained and auth...

    Authors: Innocent Kamali, Dale A. Barnhart, Françoise Nyirahabihirwe, Jean de la Paix Gakuru, Mariam Uwase, Esdras Nizeyumuremyi, Stephen Walker, Christian Mazimpaka, Jean de Dieu Gatete, Jean Damascene Makuza, Janvier Serumondo, Fredrick Kateera and Jean d’Amour Ndahimana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:220
  12. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically associated with the chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) Annexin A1 (AnxA1) ...

    Authors: Bárbara Brasil Santana, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira, Claudia Mendonça Rodrigues, Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras, Carlos Araújo da Costa, Maisa Silva de Sousa, Ricardo Ishak, Luiz Ricardo Goulart and Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:219
  13. People living with HIV (PLHIV) who reside in high tuberculosis burden settings remain at risk for tuberculosis disease despite treatment with anti-retroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). The...

    Authors: Jill K. Gersh, Ruanne V. Barnabas, Daniel Matemo, John Kinuthia, Zachary Feldman, Sylvia M. Lacourse, Jerphason Mecha, Alex J. Warr, Maureen Kamene and David J. Horne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:218
  14. Describe the indications for surgical interventions in asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2. We are unaware of previous reports of an association between SARS-CoV-2 and acute appendicitis.

    Authors: Charlsea Prichard, Matthew Canning, Kindra McWilliam-Ross, John Birbari, William Parker, Lori Wasson and John W. Hollingsworth
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:217
  15. HIV-associated chronic lung disease (CLD) is common among children living with HIV (CLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa, including those on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the pathogenesis of CLD and its possib...

    Authors: Regina E. Abotsi, Mark P. Nicol, Grace McHugh, Victoria Simms, Andrea M. Rehman, Charmaine Barthus, Slindile Mbhele, Brewster W. Moyo, Lucky G. Ngwira, Hilda Mujuru, Beauty Makamure, Justin Mayini, Jon Ø. Odland, Rashida A. Ferrand and Felix S. Dube
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:216
  16. Public health is increasingly turning to non-traditional digital data to inform HIV prevention and control strategies. We demonstrate a parsimonious method using both traditional survey and internet search his...

    Authors: Derek C. Johnson, Alicia L. Nobles, Theodore L. Caputi, Michael Liu, Eric C. Leas, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Davey M. Smith and John W. Ayers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:215
  17. HIV-1C has been shown to have a greater risk of virological failure and reduced susceptibility towards boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs), a component of second-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) i...

    Authors: Adetayo Emmanuel Obasa, Anoop T. Ambikan, Soham Gupta, Ujjwal Neogi and Graeme Brendon Jacobs
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:214
  18. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are relevant in developing countries where frequencies can be at least 3 times higher than in developed countries. The purpose of this research was to describe the inter...

    Authors: Ladjane Santos Wolmer de Melo, Maria Verônica Monteiro de Abreu, Bernuarda Roberta de Oliveira Santos, Maria das Graças Washington Casimiro Carreteiro, Maria Fernanda Aparecida Moura de Souza, Maria Carolina Andrade Lins de Albuquerque, Claudia Fernanda de Lacerda Vidal and Heloisa Ramos Lacerda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:212

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2022 22:898

  19. Inconsistent hand hygiene puts people who inject drugs (PWID) at high risk of infectious diseases, in particular skin and soft tissue infections. In healthcare settings, handwashing with alcohol-based hand rub...

    Authors: Salim Mezaache, Laélia Briand-Madrid, Linda Rahni, Julien Poireau, Fiona Branchu, Khafil Moudachirou, Yourine Wendzinski, Patrizia Carrieri and Perrine Roux
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:211
  20. Pakistan ranks amongst the top 20 highest burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world. Approximately 369,548 cases of TB (all forms) were notified in 2018, with an estimated incidence of 265 per 100,000 pe...

    Authors: Mohsin F. Butt, Sidra Younis, Zhenqiang Wu, Syed H. Hadi, Abdullah Latif and Adrian R. Martineau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:210
  21. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is diagnosed combining urinary symptoms with demonstration of urine culture growth above a given threshold. Our aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Urine Flow Cytometry ...

    Authors: Christian Gehringer, Axel Regeniter, Katharina Rentsch, Sarah Tschudin-Sutter, Stefano Bassetti and Adrian Egli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:209
  22. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by human enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus, or echovirus, which is particularly common in preschool children. Severe HFMD is prone...

    Authors: Fengyun Wang, Xinhua Qiang, Suhua Jiang, Jingsong Shao, Bin Fang and Lixin Zhou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:208
  23. A large-scale global outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan, from China, occurred in January 2020. To examine the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in infected patients out of Wuhan, fro...

    Authors: Hua Zhang, Feng Du, Xiao-jun Cao, Xia-long Feng, He-ping Zhang, Zheng-xia Wu, Bao-Feng Wang, Hong-juan Zhang, Rui Liu, Jian-jun Yang, Bo Ning, Kai Chen and Zhen-peng Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:207
  24. There is limited information on the difference in epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of the initial outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan (the epicenter) and Sichuan (the per...

    Authors: Gang Wang, Feng Ming Luo, Dan Liu, Jia Sheng Liu, Ye Wang, Hong Chen, Pan Wen Tian, Tao Fan, Li Tang, He Yu, Lan Wang, Mei Feng, Zhong Ni, Bo Wang, Zhi Fang Song, Xiao Ling Wu…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:206
  25. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) from patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) or multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB; or resistant to rifampicin and isonia...

    Authors: Anne-Marie Demers, Soyeon Kim, Sara McCallum, Kathleen Eisenach, Michael Hughes, Linda Naini, Alberto Mendoza-Ticona, Neeta Pradhan, Kim Narunsky, Selvamuthu Poongulali, Sharlaa Badal-Faesen, Caryn Upton, Elizabeth Smith, N. Sarita Shah, Gavin Churchyard, Amita Gupta…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:205
  26. Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In Mexico, the disease is rarely diagnosed in humans and there is no evidence of simultaneous environmental isolation of the pathogen. Her...

    Authors: Gerardo Alvarez-Hernandez, Denica Cruz-Loustaunau, J. Antonio Ibarra, Adela Rascon-Alcantar, Jesús Contreras-Soto, Georgina Meza-Radilla, Alfredo G. Torres and Paulina Estrada-de los Santos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:204
  27. Quality of life (QOL) is one of the major factors to assessing the health and wellbeing of People living with HIV (PLWH). Likewise, improved QOL is among the prominent goals of patient treatment. This study wa...

    Authors: Nahid Khademi, Alireza Zanganeh, Shahram Saeidi, Raziyeh Teimouri, Mehdi Khezeli, Babak Jamshidi, Tan Yigitcanlar, Yahya Salimi, Ali Almasi and Kobra Gholami Kiaee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:203
  28. In Mozambique, infection by intestinal parasites is reported all over the country. However, infection in children with diarrhoea is mostly focused in the southern region of Mozambique. This work aims to determ...

    Authors: Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer, Idalécia Laurinda Carlos Cossa-Moiane, Selma Domingos Amadeu Marques, Esperança Lourenço Alberto Mabandane Guimarães, Benilde António Munlela, Elda Muianga Anapakala, Jorfélia José Chiláule, Marta Cassocera, Jerónimo Souzinho Langa, Assucênio Chissaque, Júlia Assiat Monteiro Sambo, Lena Vânia Manhique-Coutinho, Diocreciano Matias Bero, Timothy Allen Kellogg, Luzia Augusta Pires Gonçalves and Nilsa de Deus
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:201
  29. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease characterized by cough, fever, and fatigue and 20% of cases will develop into severe conditions resulting from acute lung injury with the manifestat...

    Authors: Tingxuan Yin, Yuanjun Li, Ying Ying and Zhijun Luo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:200
  30. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the Netherlands it was noticed that very few blood cultures from COVID-19 patients turned positive with clinically relevant bacteria. This was particu...

    Authors: Julinha M. Thelen, A. G. ( Noud) Buenen, Marjan van Apeldoorn, Heiman F. Wertheim, Mirjam H. A. Hermans and Peter C. Wever
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:199
  31. Elderly people in nursing homes are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to their age, the presence of comorbidities, and community living. On March 14, 2020, at the beginning of the first epidemic wave of ...

    Authors: A. Bernadou, S. Bouges, M. Catroux, J. C. Rigaux, C. Laland, N. Levêque, U. Noury, S. Larrieu, S. Acef, D. Habold, F. Cazenave-Roblot and L. Filleul
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:198
  32. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasing worldwide, making them an international public health problem. Surgical management is often indicated for localized infectious disease; however, mo...

    Authors: Yutaka Shishido, Hiroshi Hamakawa, Kazuhiro Minami, Shigeo Hara and Yutaka Takahashi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:196
  33. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Filippo Pieralli, Vieri Vannucchi, Carlo Nozzoli, Giuseppe Augello, Francesco Dentali, Giulia De Marzi, Generoso Uomo, Filippo Risaliti, Laura Morbidoni, Antonino Mazzone, Claudio Santini, Daniela Tirotta, Francesco Corradi, Riccardo Gerloni, Paola Gnerre, Gualberto Gussoni…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:195

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:116

  34. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are currently the primary method of malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa and have contributed to a significant reduction in malaria burden over the past 15 years. Howeve...

    Authors: Manfred Accrombessi, Jackie Cook, Corine Ngufor, Arthur Sovi, Edouard Dangbenon, Boulais Yovogan, Hilaire Akpovi, Aurore Hounto, Charles Thickstun, Gil G. Padonou, Filemon Tokponnon, Louisa A. Messenger, Immo Kleinschmidt, Mark Rowland, Martin C. Akogbeto and Natacha Protopopoff
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:194
  35. Scrub typhus is a largely ignored tropical disease and a leading cause of undifferentiated febrile illness in the areas of tsutsugamushi triangle caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is frequently diagnosed in So...

    Authors: Meghnath Dhimal, Shyam Prakash Dumre, Guna Nidhi Sharma, Pratik Khanal, Kamal Ranabhat, Lalan Prasad Shah, Bibek Kumar Lal, Runa Jha, Bishnu Prasad Upadhyaya, Bhim Acharya, Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha, Silas A. Davidson, Piyada Charoensinphon and Khem B. Karki
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:193
  36. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic that has raised worldwide concern. This study aims to investigate the correlation between the extent of lung infection and relevant clinical lab...

    Authors: Xingrui Wang, Qinglin Che, Xiaoxiao Ji, Xinyi Meng, Lang Zhang, Rongrong Jia, Hairong Lyu, Weixian Bai, Lingjie Tan and Yanjun Gao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:192
  37. Developing disease risk maps for priority endemic and episodic diseases is becoming increasingly important for more effective disease management, particularly in resource limited countries. For endemic and eas...

    Authors: Leonard M. Nderitu, John Gachohi, Frederick Otieno, Eddy G. Mogoa, Mathew Muturi, Athman Mwatondo, Eric M. Osoro, Isaac Ngere, Peninah M. Munyua, Harry Oyas, Obadiah Njagi, Eric Lofgren, Thomas Marsh, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Bernard Bett and M. Kariuki Njenga
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:191
  38. PCRs targeting 16S ribosomal DNA (16S PCR) followed by Sanger’s sequencing can identify bacteria from normally sterile sites and complement standard analyzes, but they are expensive. We conducted a retrospecti...

    Authors: Axel Ursenbach, Frédéric Schramm, François Séverac, Yves Hansmann, Nicolas Lefebvre, Yvon Ruch and Xavier Argemi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:190

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:276

  39. Upper urinary tract infection (UTI) or pyelonephritis may increase the pathogenesis rate and risk of severe complications in children due to kidney atrophy.

    Authors: Daryoosh Fahimi, Leila Khedmat, Azadeh Afshin, Zahra Noparast, Maryam Jafaripor, Effat Hosseinali Beigi, Maryam Ghodsi, Anahita Izadi and Sayed Yousef Mojtahedi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:189
  40. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects cats as definitive hosts and other warm-blooded animals including humans as intermediate hosts. It forms infectious cysts in the brain, muscle and other tiss...

    Authors: Andrey I. Egorov, Reagan R. Converse, Shannon M. Griffin, Jennifer N. Styles, Elizabeth Sams, Edward Hudgens and Timothy J. Wade
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:188
  41. Thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays have typically been determined using samples from symptomatic, often hospitalised, patients. In this setting the sensitivity and specificity of the best performing ass...

    Authors: David W. Eyre, Sheila F. Lumley, Denise O’Donnell, Nicole E. Stoesser, Philippa C. Matthews, Alison Howarth, Stephanie B. Hatch, Brian D. Marsden, Stuart Cox, Tim James, Richard J. Cornall, David I. Stuart, Gavin Screaton, Daniel Ebner, Derrick W. Crook, Christopher P. Conlon…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:187
  42. Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) was first described in Tanzania in 1952. Several epidemics including East Africa have occurred, but there are no descriptions of longitudinal surveillance of endemic disease. Here, we...

    Authors: Doris K. Nyamwaya, Mark Otiende, Donwilliams O. Omuoyo, George Githinji, Henry K. Karanja, John N. Gitonga, Zaydah R. de Laurent, James R. Otieno, Rosemary Sang, Everlyn Kamau, Stanley Cheruiyot, Edward Otieno, Charles N. Agoti, Philip Bejon, Samuel M. Thumbi and George M. Warimwe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:186
  43. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Ling Xu, Wenxiu Peng, Xiaojing Song, Yanling Li, Yang Han, Ting Zhu, Qiang Fu, Xiaoli Du, Wei Cao and Taisheng Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:185

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:112

  44. Recent studies showed that plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA seems to be associated with worse COVID-19 outcome. However, whether specific population can be at higher risk of viremia are to date unexplored.

    Authors: Luna Colagrossi, Maria Antonello, Silvia Renica, Marco Merli, Elisa Matarazzo, Giovanna Travi, Marta Vecchi, Jacopo Colombo, Antonio Muscatello, Giacomo Grasselli, Silvia Nerini Molteni, Vittorio Scaravilli, Emanuele Cattaneo, Diana Fanti, Chiara Vismara, Alessandra Bandera…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:184
  45. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are unsatisfied to treat, pressing more effective and innovative treatment regimens. New efficient regimens for MDR-TB have obtained high treatment success rates. Howe...

    Authors: Taoping Weng, Feng Sun, Yang Li, Jiazhen Chen, Xinchang Chen, Rong Li, Shijia Ge, Yanlin Zhao and Wenhong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:183
  46. The association between blood culture status and mortality among sepsis patients remains controversial hence we conducted a tri-center retrospective cohort study to compare the early and late mortality of cult...

    Authors: Aibo Liu, Chia-Hung Yo, Lu Nie, Hua Yu, Kuihai Wu, Hoi Sin Tong, Tzu-Chun Hsu, Wan-Ting Hsu and Chien-Chang Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:182

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