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  1. Brain abscesses caused by Nocardia farcinica are rare, and mostly occur in immunocompromised individuals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of nocardiosis is challenging. Due to the inadequate performance of conventio...

    Authors: Chaojun Zhou, Kai Wang, Hanrong Li and Xiaobo Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:380
  2. The Integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), Dolutegravir (DTG), has been given the green light to form part of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) by the World Health Organization (W...

    Authors: Sello Given Mikasi, Darren Isaacs, Rumbidzai Chitongo, George Mondide Ikomey, Graeme Brendon Jacobs and Ruben Cloete
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:379
  3. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Syphilis have continued a significant public health problem, especially ...

    Authors: Milkias Abebe, Setegn Eshetie and Belay Tessema
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:378
  4. Migrants are known to be predominantly poor population which are predisposing to social and health problems, particularly infectious diseases including tuberculosis (TB). TB itself and effect of treatment may ...

    Authors: Myo Minn Oo, Naris Boonathapat, Htet Ko Ko Aung, Petchawan Pungrassami and Tippawan Liabsuetrakul
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:377
  5. The manifestation of Talaromyces marneffei infection in some HIV-infected patients may be atypical. Cases with gastrointestinal involvement have rarely been reported. It is hard to make a diagnosis when patients ...

    Authors: Ying Zhou, Yongfeng Liu and Ying Wen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:376
  6. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common HIV-associated opportunistic-infection worldwide. Existing literature focusses on hospital-based outcomes of induction treatment. This paper reviews outpatient manageme...

    Authors: Clare E. Warrell, Catriona Macrae, Alistair R. D. McLean, Edmund Wilkins, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Frank Smithuis and Ni Ni Tun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:375
  7. The emerging threat of antibiotic resistance is growing exponentially and antibiotic stewardship programs are cornerstone to fight against this global threat. The study aimed to explore the knowledge, perspect...

    Authors: Muhammad Atif, Beenish Ihsan, Iram Malik, Nafees Ahmad, Zikria Saleem, Azka Sehar and Zaheer-ud-Din Babar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:374
  8. Aberrant microbiota composition has been linked to disease development at numerous anatomical sites. Microbiota changes in reaction to viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), have been investigat...

    Authors: Heidi Tuominen, Jaana Rautava, Katja Kero, Stina Syrjänen, Maria Carmen Collado and Samuli Rautava
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:373
  9. Some Staphylococcus aureus strains produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a bi-component pore-forming toxin, which causes leukocyte lysis and tissue necrosis. Currently, there is very limited information on t...

    Authors: Zahra Najafi olya, Shahin Najar-Peerayeh, Abbas Yadegar and Bita Bakhshi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:372
  10. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors for mortality in severe and critical COVID-19 patients.

    Authors: Liulin Wang, Xiaobin Cheng, Qiufen Dong, Chenliang Zhou, Yeming Wang, Bin Song, Weinan Li, Min Wang, Rui Qin, Qi Long, Juan Liu, Jing Li, Dan Li, Gang Li and Yuanming Ba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:371
  11. Native valves infective endocarditis due to Escherichia coli is still a rare disease and a particular virulence of some E.coli isolate may be suspected.

    Authors: Marie-Françoise Leonard, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos, Nadia Boisen, Flemming Scheutz, Pierre-François Laterre and Philippe Hantson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:370
  12. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is severe and potentially fatal. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest endemicity for the disease in the world. The reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes, B cells activation and h...

    Authors: Renata Caetano Kuschnir, Leonardo Soares Pereira, Maria Rita Teixeira Dutra, Ludmila de Paula, Maria Luciana Silva-Freitas, Gabriela Corrêa-Castro, Simone da Costa Cruz Silva, Glaucia Cota, Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira and Alda Maria Da-Cruz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:369
  13. Kawasaki disease (KD) as an acute, systemic vasculitis is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children under the age of 5 years.

    Authors: Payman Sadeghi, Anahita Izadi, Sayed Yousef Mojtahedi, Leila Khedmat, Mohsen Jafari, Azadeh Afshin, Pourya Yarahmadi and Effat Hosseinali Beigi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:368
  14. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, clinical data from various parts of the world have been reported. Up till now, there has been no clinical data with regards to COVID-19 from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H...

    Authors: Alma Trnacevic, Amer Mujkanovic, Noura Al-Salloum, Amra Sakusic, Emir Trnacevic, Emir Jusufovic, Fatima Hukic, Rahima Jahic and Richard Stratton
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:367
  15. Over the past decades, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) infections have been increasing and affected immunocompromised patients nosocomially and communally, with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producti...

    Authors: Yang Liu, Yecheng Liu, Jiayuan Dai, Anlei Liu, Yi Li, Jun Xu, Xuezhong Yu, Jihai Liu and Huadong Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:366
  16. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share similar symptoms with influenza A (IA), but it is more worthwhile to understand the disparities of the two infections regarding their clinical characteristics on admis...

    Authors: Feng Liang, Xianfeng Wang, Jianbo Shao, Jun Chen, Lei Liu, Hui Li, Yi Xu, Liya He, Huiying Liang, Kuanrong Li, Sitang Gong and Huimin Xia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:365
  17. Parvimonas micra (P. micra) is a gram-positive anaerobic coccus that is detected widely on the skin, in the oral mucosa and in the gastrointestinal tract. In certain circumstances, P. micra can cause abdominal ab...

    Authors: Qing Yu, Lingling Sun, Zuqing Xu, Lumei Fan and Yunbo Du
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:364
  18. The association between the frequency of surgeries and the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) has been reported for various surgeries. However, no previous study has explored this association among v...

    Authors: Toshiki Kajihara, Koji Yahara, Aki Hirabayashi, Hitomi Kurosu, Motoyuki Sugai and Keigo Shibayama
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:363
  19. The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer development, and the most common types were included in the last approved nonavalent vaccine (9vHPV). Geographical, so...

    Authors: Lays Paula Bondi Volpini, Jerusa Araújo Dias, Luciana Bueno de Freitas, Maria Carmen Lopes Ferreira Silva, Angélica Espinosa Miranda and Liliana Cruz Spano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:362
  20. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infectious diseases which causes considerable morbidity and costly health problems. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common pathoge...

    Authors: Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi, Mahsa Mirzarazi and Mansour Salehi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:361
  21. The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, widely known as COVID-19, has affected millions of people around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended vigorous testing to differentiate S...

    Authors: Sally A. Mahmoud, Esra Ibrahim, Bhagyashree Thakre, Juliet G. Teddy, Preety Raheja, Subhashini Ganesan and Walid A. Zaher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:360
  22. The epidemiology of human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, is not well known in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Within a multicenter eti...

    Authors: Deby Mukendi, Jean-Roger Lilo Kalo, Pascal Lutumba, Barbara Barbé, Jan Jacobs, Cedric P. Yansouni, Sarah Gabriël, Pierre Dorny, François Chappuis, Marleen Boelaert, Andrea S. Winkler, Kristien Verdonck and Emmanuel Bottieau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:359
  23. Online respondent-driven detection (RDD) is a novel method of case finding that can enhance contact tracing (CT). However, the advantages and challenges of RDD for CT have not yet been investigated from the pe...

    Authors: Yannick B. Helms, Nora Hamdiui, Renske Eilers, Christian Hoebe, Nicole Dukers-Muijrers, Hans van den Kerkhof, Aura Timen and Mart L. Stein
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:358
  24. In 2020, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, quickly spread worldwide within a few months. Although coronaviruses typically infect the upper or lower respiratory tract, the virus RNA can be detected in plasma. The ...

    Authors: Changzhong Jin, Bin Yu, Jie Zhang, Hao Wu, Xipeng Zhou, Hangping Yao, Fumin Liu, Xiangyun Lu, Linfang Cheng, Miao Jiang and Nanping Wu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:357

    The Retraction Note to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:672

  25. COVID-19 pandemic has forced physicians to quickly determine the patient’s condition and choose treatment strategies. This study aimed to build and validate a simple tool that can quickly predict the deteriora...

    Authors: Zhiyong Zeng, Chaohui Wu, Zhenlv Lin, Yong Ye, Shaodan Feng, Yingying Fang, Yanmei Huang, Minhua Li, Debing Du, Gongping Chen and Dezhi Kang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:356
  26. To prevent antimicrobial resistance, both antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and antifungal stewardship (AFS) in inpatient settings are needed in small/middle-sized hospitals as well as large hospitals.

    Authors: Yuki Moriyama , Masahiro Ishikane, Yoshiki Kusama, Nobuaki Matsunaga, Taichi Tajima, Kayoko Hayakawa and Norio Ohmagari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:355
  27. COVID-19 pandemic led to wide-spread use of face-masks, respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers. Various symptoms attributed to the use of PPE are believed to be, at lea...

    Authors: Michelle S. M. Rhee, Carin D. Lindquist, Matthew T. Silvestrini, Amanda C. Chan, Jonathan J. Y. Ong and Vijay K. Sharma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:354
  28. The primary objective of the study is to describe the cellular characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation; the secondary outcome is to...

    Authors: Chiara Dentone, Antonio Vena, Maurizio Loconte, Federica Grillo, Iole Brunetti, Emanuela Barisione, Elisabetta Tedone, Sara Mora, Antonio Di Biagio, Andrea Orsi, Andrea De Maria, Laura Nicolini, Lorenzo Ball, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Laura Magnasco, Emanuele Delfino…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:353
  29. Identifying the causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is challenging due to the disease’s complex etiology and the limitations of traditional microbiological diagnostic methods. Recent advances in next ...

    Authors: Fei Xie, Zhimei Duan, Weiqi Zeng, Shumei Xie, Mingzhou Xie, Han Fu, Qing Ye, Teng Xu and Lixin Xie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:352
  30. Human Norovirus (HuNoV) has recently been identified as a major cause of diarrhea among kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Data regarding risk factors associated with the occurrence of HuNoV infection, and it...

    Authors: Julien Gras, Moustafa Abdel-Nabey, Axelle Dupont, Jérôme Le Goff, Jean-Michel Molina and Marie Noëlle Peraldi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:351
  31. The SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged as a rapidly spreading infection. Today it is relatively easy to isolate Covid-19 symptomatic cases, while remains problematic to control the disease spread by infected but...

    Authors: Valeria Caturano, Barbara Manti, Fortunata Carbone, Vito Alessandro Lasorsa, Roberta Colicchio, Mario Capasso, Antonio Leonardi, Giuseppe Matarese, Tommaso Russo and Paola Salvatore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:350
  32. Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in deve...

    Authors: Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara and Sahar A. Musa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:349
  33. Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with the exacerbation and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Studies have not investigated the colonisation dynamics of S. aureus lineages in African toddlers with AD. W...

    Authors: Gillian O. N. Ndhlovu, Regina E. Abotsi, Adebayo O. Shittu, Shima M. Abdulgader, Dorota Jamrozy, Christopher L. Dupont, Avumile Mankahla, Mark P. Nicol, Carol Hlela, Michael E. Levin, Nonhlanhla Lunjani and Felix S. Dube
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:348
  34. Recently developed immunosuppressive drugs, especially TNF antagonists, may enhance the risk of granulomatous infections, including leprosy. We aimed to evaluate the leprosy detection rate in patients under im...

    Authors: Daniel Holanda Barroso, Jurema Guerrieri Brandão, Elaine Silva Nascimento Andrade, Ana Clara Banhatto Correia, Danielle Costa Aquino, Ana Carolina Rios Chen, Sebastian Vernal, Wildo Navegantes de Araújo, Lícia Maria Henrique da Mota, Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio, Patrícia Shu Kurizky and Ciro Martins Gomes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:347
  35. The laboratory plays a critical role in tuberculosis (TB) control by providing testing for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and surveillance at each level of the health care system. Weak accessibility to TB di...

    Authors: Riccardo Alagna, Adjima Combary, Elisa Tagliani, Léon Tinnoga Sawadogo, Tandaogo Saouadogo, Souba Diandé, Francis Ouedraogo and Daniela Maria Cirillo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:346
  36. To guide decision-making on immunisation programmes for ageing adults in Europe, one of the aims of the Vaccines and InfecTious diseases in the Ageing popuLation (IMI2-VITAL) project is to assess the burden of...

    Authors: Estelle Méroc, Janeri Fröberg, Timea Almasi, Brita Askeland Winje, Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez, Anneke Steens, Scott A. McDonald, Kaatje Bollaerts and Mirjam J. Knol
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:345
  37. Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a cutaneous infectious disease characterized by eschar-like skin ulcers typically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we report a case of relapsing EG in a patient who had returned...

    Authors: Gabriela M. Wiedemann, Jochen Schneider, Mareike Verbeek, Björn Konukiewitz, Christoph D. Spinner, Henrik Einwächter, Roland M. Schmid and Kathrin Rothe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:344
  38. The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world’s population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharash...

    Authors: Guru Vasishtha, Sanjay K. Mohanty, Udaya S. Mishra, Manisha Dubey and Umakanta Sahoo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:343
  39. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged public health agencies globally. In order to effectively target government responses, it is critical to identify the individuals most...

    Authors: M. Flook, C. Jackson, E. Vasileiou, C. R. Simpson, M. D. Muckian, U. Agrawal, C. McCowan, Y. Jia, J. L. K. Murray, L. D. Ritchie, C. Robertson, S. J. Stock, X. Wang, M. E. J. Woolhouse, A. Sheikh and H. R. Stagg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:342
  40. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that rapidly spreads worldwide and co-infection of COVID-19 and influenza may occur in some cases. We aimed to describe clinical features a...

    Authors: Xunliang Tong, Xiaomao Xu, Guoyue Lv, He Wang, Anqi Cheng, Dingyi Wang, Guohui Fan, Yue Zhang and Yanming Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:341
  41. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Katharina Nickel, Nicholas J. A. Halfpenny, Sonya J. Snedecor and Yogesh Suresh Punekar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:340

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:222

  42. In China, there were few studies to estimate antibiotic use for children with upper respiratory infections at the national level. The aim of this study was to describe the antibiotic prescribing practice for c...

    Authors: Fengxia Xue, Baoping Xu, Adong Shen and Kunling Shen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:339
  43. As COVID-19 vaccine distribution efforts continue, public health workers can strategize about vaccine promotion in an effort to increase willingness among those who may be hesitant.

    Authors: Bridget J. Kelly, Brian G. Southwell, Lauren A. McCormack, Carla M. Bann, Pia D. M. MacDonald, Alicia M. Frasier, Christine A. Bevc, Noel T. Brewer and Linda B. Squiers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:338

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:383

  44. Although almost a year has passed since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and promising reports of vaccines have been presented, we still have a long way until these measures are available for a...

    Authors: Keivan Ranjbar, Mohsen Moghadami, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Mohammad Javad Fallahi, Vahid Khaloo, Reza Shahriarirad, Amirhossein Erfani, Zohre Khodamoradi and Mohammad Hasan Gholampoor Saadi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:337

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:436

  45. Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). An estimated 1.7 billion people worldwide are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI) during the incubation pe...

    Authors: Xun-Jie Cao, Ya-Ping Li, Jia-Ying Wang, Jie Zhou and Xu-Guang Guo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:336
  46. Unusually high snowfall in western Washington State in February 2019 led to widespread school and workplace closures. We assessed the impact of social distancing caused by this extreme weather event on the tra...

    Authors: Michael L. Jackson, Gregory R. Hart, Denise J. McCulloch, Amanda Adler, Elisabeth Brandstetter, Kairsten Fay, Peter Han, Kirsten Lacombe, Jover Lee, Thomas R. Sibley, Deborah A. Nickerson, Mark J. Rieder, Lea Starita, Janet A. Englund, Trevor Bedford, Helen Chu…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:335
  47. Existing evidence showed that Human Immunodeficiency Virus counselling and testing uptake among Ethiopian youths is low, and factors contributing to it are not well studied. Therefore, this study aims to asses...

    Authors: Mamo Nigatu, Teshome Kabeta, Abonesh Taye and Merga Belina
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:334
  48. The clinical and imaging features of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections that progressed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been explored in numerous ...

    Authors: Yan Rong, Fei Wang, Jinfei Tian, Xinhua Liang, Jing Wang, Xiaoli Li, Dandan Zhang, Jing Liu, Huadong Zeng, Yang Zhou and Yi Shi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:333
  49. Malaria and helminths diseases are co-endemic in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Immune responses from each of these pathogens interact, and these interactions may have implications on vaccines. The GMZ2 mal...

    Authors: Benjamin Amoani, Ben Gyan, Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Samuel Victor Nuvor, Precious Barnes, Tracy Sarkodie-Addo, Benjamin Ahenkorah, Christian Sewor, Duah Dwomoh, Michael Theisen, Michael Cappello, Michael D. Wilson and Bright Adu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:332
  50. To explore the drug susceptibility of levofloxacin (LFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), bedaquiline (BDQ), linezolid (LZD), clofazimine (CFZ) and delamanid (DLM) against multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolate...

    Authors: Huiwen Zheng, Wencong He, Weiwei Jiao, Hui Xia, Lin Sun, Shengfen Wang, Jing Xiao, Xichao Ou, Yanlin Zhao and Adong Shen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:330

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