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  1. Temperature and precipitation are known to affect Vibrio cholerae outbreaks. Despite this, the impact of drought on outbreaks has been largely understudied. Africa is both drought and cholera prone and more resea...

    Authors: Gina E. C. Charnley, Ilan Kelman, Nathan Green, Wes Hinsley, Katy A. M. Gaythorpe and Kris A. Murray
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1177
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Globally anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is one of the major challenges affecting control and prevention of tuberculosis. Kenya is ranked among 30 high burden TB countries globally. However, there is scanty ...

    Authors: Martin O. Ogwang, Mabel Imbuga, Caroline Ngugi, Lucy Mutharia, Gabriel Magoma and Lamec Diero
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1175
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. The COVID-19 vaccines provide renewed hope in the fight against the recent pandemic. To ensure widespread vaccination, it is crucial to analyze vaccine willingness and its determinants among physicians, key he...

    Authors: May Sirikalyanpaiboon, Krittin Ousirimaneechai, Jeerath Phannajit, Panyavee Pitisuttithum, Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Roongruedee Chaiteerakij and Leilani Paitoonpong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1174
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the number of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) is still increasing. The aim of our article is to estimate which of the conventional ICU mortality risk scor...

    Authors: Vaidas Vicka, Elija Januskeviciute, Sigute Miskinyte, Donata Ringaitiene, Mindaugas Serpytis, Andrius Klimasauskas, Ligita Jancoriene and Jurate Sipylaite
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Although a vaccination campaign has been conducted since 2004, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is still a public health problem in Guizhou, one of the provinces with the highest incidence of JE in China. The aim of...

    Authors: Suye Zhao, Yidan Li, Shihong Fu, Ming Liu, Fan Li, Chunting Liu, Jing Yu, Liping Rui, Dingming Wang and Huanyu Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1172
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. “Schistosomiasis” is a highly recurrent parasitic disease that affects a wide range of areas and a large number of people worldwide. In China, schistosomiasis has seriously affected the life and safety of the ...

    Authors: Fuju Wang, Xin Liu, Robert Bergquist, Xiao Lv, Yang Liu, Fenghua Gao, Chengming Li and Zhijie Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1171
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective...

    Authors: Cathrine Axfors, Perrine Janiaud, Andreas M. Schmitt, Janneke van’t Hooft, Emily R. Smith, Noah A. Haber, Akin Abayomi, Manal Abduljalil, Abdulkarim Abdulrahman, Yeny Acosta-Ampudia, Manuela Aguilar-Guisado, Farah Al-Beidh, Marissa M. Alejandria, Rachelle N. Alfonso, Mohammad Ali, Manaf AlQahtani…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. SARS-CoV-2 stability and infection persistence has been studied on different surfaces, but scarce data exist related to personal protective equipment (PPE), moreover using realist viral loads for infection. Du...

    Authors: Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús, Omar García-Pérez, Sara Cazorla-Rivero, Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón, José-Enrique Piñero, Bernardino Clavo and Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1169
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Intensive adherence counseling (IAC) is an intervention recommended by the World Health Organization to improve anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV on ART with unsuppressed vir...

    Authors: Zubair Lukyamuzi, Samuel Etajak, Thomas Katairo, David Mukunya, Moses Tetui, Aloysius Ssenyonjo and Rhoda K. Wanyenze
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1168
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Certain types of enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses, cause encephalitis, and other neurological complications. However, these pathogens rarely cause fatal infections, especially in immunocompetent infan...

    Authors: Tomonori Nagai, Nozomu Hanaoka, Harutaka Katano, Masami Konagaya, Keiko Tanaka-Taya, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Toshiji Mukai and Tsuguto Fujimoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1167
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a severely neglected disease affecting millions of people with high mortality if left untreated. In Ethiopia, the primary laboratory diagnosis of VL is by using an antigen from a...

    Authors: Dawit Gebreegziabiher Hagos, Henk D. F. H. Schallig, Yazezew K. Kiros, Mahmud Abdulkadir and Dawit Wolday
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1166
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in 98 countries, and 350 million people are at risk of the disease worldwide. In endemic areas, conducting educational interventions is necessary to change preventive be...

    Authors: Gholamreza Alizadeh, Hossein Shahnazi and Akbar Hassanzadeh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1164
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL), strongly related to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, is more prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, no such data are available for Pakista...

    Authors: Muslima Ejaz, Muhammad Mubarak, Tazeen Saeed Ali, Sören Andersson and Anna Mia Ekström
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1163
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Current assays for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rely on time consuming, costly and laboratory based methods for virus isolation, purification and removing inhibitor...

    Authors: Meng Yee Lai, Fatma Diyana Mohd Bukhari, Nur Zulaikha Zulkefli, Ilyiana Ismail, Nur Izati Mustapa, Tuan Suhaila Tuan Soh, Afifah Haji Hassan, Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy, Yee Leng Lee, Jeyanthi Suppiah, Ravindran Thayan and Yee Ling Lau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1162
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2023 23:755

  16. Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major public health problem in South Korea. Although TB notification rate in Korea is gradually decreasing, still highest among the member countries of the Organization for Economi...

    Authors: Eun Hye Lee, Nak-Hoon Son, Se Hyun Kwak, Ji Soo Choi, Min Chul Kim, Chang Hwan Seol, Sung-Ryeol Kim, Byung Hoon Park and Young Ae Kang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1161
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Characteristics of HPV infections, including the HPV genotype and duration of infection, determine a patient’s risk of high-grade lesi...

    Authors: Ruizhe Chen, Yunfeng Fu, Bingbing You, Ying Li, Yeli Yao, Xinyu Wang and Xiaodong Cheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1158
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Cryptococcal meningitis is mainly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii complex. We compared the clinical, biological, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of isolates from HIV-Infected Patients (HIVIP) w...

    Authors: Bive Zono, Michel Moutschen, Hippolyte Situakibanza, Rosalie Sacheli, Gaultier Muendele, Pius Kabututu, Adolphe Biakabuswa, Nicole Landu, Georges Mvumbi and Marie-Pierre Hayette
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1157
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major cause of bacterial meningitis, septicemia and pneumonia in children. Inappropriate choice of antibiotic can have important adverse consequences for both the ind...

    Authors: Tian-ming Chen, Wen-hui Li, Fang Wang, Kun Tan, Qing-xiong Zhu, Kai Zhou, Shi-hua Liu, Jing Liu, Jing Bi, Hui-ling Deng, Xue-xia Chen, Juan Li, Yu-min Wang, Qing Zhao, Liang Zhu, Hui-xuan Ma…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1156
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. In 2019, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended Dolutegravir (DTG) as the preferred first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) for all persons with HIV. ART regimen switches may affect HIV treatment ad...

    Authors: Adelline Twimukye, Miriam Laker, Eva Agnes Laker Odongpiny, Florence Ajok, Henry Onen, Ivan Kalule, Phoebe Kajubi, Kay Seden, Noela Owarwo, Agnes Kiragga, Mari Armstrong-Hough, Anne Katahoire, Andrew Mujugira, Mohammed Lamorde and Barbara Castelnuovo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1154
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) can limit the effectiveness of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of PDR among HIV-positive individuals that initiated antir...

    Authors: Xiaoshan Xu, Liuhong Luo, Chang Song, Jianjun Li, Huanhuan Chen, Qiuying Zhu, Guanghua Lan, Shujia Liang, Zhiyong Shen, Zhiqiang Cao, Yi Feng, Lingjie Liao, Hui Xing, Yiming Shao and Yuhua Ruan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1153
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends periodic gonorrhoea prevalence assessments in the general population or proxies thereof (including pregnant women, women attending family planning clinics, milita...

    Authors: Jane Whelan, Victoria Abbing-Karahagopian, Laura Serino and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1152
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Varicella is a highly contagious infection that typically occurs in childhood. While most cases have a generally benign outcome, infection results in a considerable healthcare burden and serious complications ...

    Authors: Jessica Vandenhaute, Elyonore Tsakeu, Pierre Chevalier, Manjiri Pawaskar, Goran Benčina and Jan Vertriest
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1150
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Digital adherence technologies (DATs) are recommended to support patient-centred, differentiated care to improve tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, but evidence that such technologies improve adherence is l...

    Authors: Amare W. Tadesse, Zemedu Mohammed, Nicola Foster, Matthew Quaife, Christopher Finn McQuaid, Jens Levy, Kristian van Kalmthout, Job van Rest, Degu Jerene, Tofik Abdurhman, Hiwot Yazew, Demekech G. Umeta, Demelash Assefa, Gedion T. Weldemichael, Ahmed Bedru, Taye Letta…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1149
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  29. Tuberculosis (TB) reactivation has been increasingly identified following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for cancer patients. However there has been no report on TB reactivation in the gastrointesti...

    Authors: Kin-Sang Lau, Ben Man-Fei Cheung, Ka-On Lam, Sum-Yin Chan, Ka-Ming Lam, Chun-Fai Yeung, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Dora Lai-Wan Kwong, Chi-Chung Tong, To-Wai Leung, Mai-Yee Luk, Anne Wing-Mui Lee, Kwok-Keung Yuen and Victor Ho-Fun Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1148
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  30. Dengue, chikungunya and zika infections occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. We describe the utilization of an in-house nucleic acid test (NAT) targeting all three viruses for febrile return...

    Authors: Saugata Choudhury, Raymond Tellier, Kevin Fonseca and Byron M. Berenger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Residual malaria is probably an important source for the re-emergence of malaria infection in the elimination era. Assessment to identify the factors influencing residual malaria in high-risk groups is needed ...

    Authors: Myat Htut Nyunt, Khin Myo Aye, Shine Thura Naing, Aye Su Mon, Mi Mi Htwe, Su Mon Win, Wai Myat Thwe, Ni Ni Zaw, Myat Phone Kyaw and Aung Thi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The global spread of the novel coronavirus pneumonia is still continuing, and a new round of more serious outbreaks has even begun in some countries. In this context, this paper studies the dynamics of a type ...

    Authors: Cheng-Cheng Zhu and Jiang Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1145
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2022 22:32

  33. Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the concept of medicine. This work aims to analyze the use of antibiotics in patients admitted to the hospital due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

    Authors: Alejandro David Bendala Estrada, Jorge Calderón Parra, Eduardo Fernández Carracedo, Antonio Muiño Míguez, Antonio Ramos Martínez, Elena Muñez Rubio, Manuel Rubio-Rivas, Paloma Agudo, Francisco Arnalich Fernández, Vicente Estrada Perez, María Luisa Taboada Martínez, Anxela Crestelo Vieitez, Paula Maria Pesqueira Fontan, Marta Bustamante, Santiago J. Freire, Isabel Oriol-Bermúdez…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1144
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics is characterized by a high variability in drug exposure. Usually, monitoring of ganciclovir exposure is performed by measuring trough concentration. However, due to the specificity...

    Authors: Xavier Duval, Florian Lemaitre, Sophie Pertuisel, Jamie Probert, Virginie Gandemer, Marie-Clémence Verdier and Camille Tron
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1143
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  35. Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) is found among the normal vaginal flora in a considerable proportion of asymptomatic women; however, adult central nervous system (CNS) infection of UU is extremely rare. Good's syndro...

    Authors: Ting Zhang, Haiyan Li, Shuping Hou, Huanxin Yu and Wei Yue
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1142
    Content type: Case report Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1176

  36. In areas where Lyme disease is endemic, bites from ticks are common, but no vaccine is currently available against Lyme disease for humans. Therefore, the feasibility of using antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent...

    Authors: Guozhong Zhou, Xin Xu, Yu Zhang, Peng Yue, Shiqi Luo, Yuxin Fan, Jingjing Chen, Meixiao Liu, Yan Dong, Bingxue Li, Jing Kong, Shiyuan Wen, Aihua Liu and Fukai Bao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1141
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is k...

    Authors: Md. Nasir Uddin, Sucharit Basu Neogi, Sk Shaheenur Islam, Jannatul Ferdous, Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan, Shinji Yamasaki and S. M. Lutful Kabir
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1139
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available in Spain since 2006 but are not included in the National Immunization Program. RV vaccination has reached an intermediate vaccination coverage rate (VCR) but with substant...

    Authors: J. Ruiz-Contreras, S. Alfayate-Miguelez, B. Carazo-Gallego, E. Onís, L. Díaz-Munilla, M. Mendizabal, M. Méndez Hernández, B. Ferrer-Lorente, M. Unsaín-Mancisidor, J. T. Ramos-Amador, B. Croche-Santander, F. Centeno Malfaz, J. Rodríguez-Suárez, M. Cotarelo, M. San-Martín and J. Arístegui
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1138
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Liposuction is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures. Toxic shock syndrome(TSS) is a rare, life-threatening complication. The incidence rate of TSS is very low in the plastic surgery field, e...

    Authors: Zhiwan Liu, Wenjun Zhang, Boyu Zhang, Linhao Ma, Feng Zhou, Zheyuan Hu, Xiang Jie, Hong Gao and Xiaohai Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1137
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  41. The impact of biometric covariates on risk for adverse outcomes of COVID-19 disease was assessed by numerous observational studies on unstratified cohorts, which show great heterogeneity. However, multilevel e...

    Authors: Konstantin Sharafutdinov, Sebastian Johannes Fritsch, Gernot Marx, Johannes Bickenbach and Andreas Schuppert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1136
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 patients mostly present with respiratory symptoms; however, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations can also be seen either alone or along with respiratory symptoms. We aimed to...

    Authors: Ghazal Zoghi, Seyed Hamid Moosavy, Sadegh Yavarian, Mehdi HasaniAzad, Farid Khorrami, Masoud Sharegi Brojeni and Masoumeh Kheirandish
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which affects people living in low- and middle-income countries and has intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. To date, knowledge on coro...

    Authors: Andrea L. Maricuto, Viledy L. Velásquez, Jacinto Pineda, David M. Flora-Noda, Isaac Rodríguez, Crismar A. Rodríguez-Inés, Óscar O. Noya-González, Rosa Contreras, Óscar D. Omaña-Ávila, Iván A. Escalante-Pérez, Natasha A. Camejo-Ávila, Nicolle A. Kuffaty-Akkou, Fhabián S. Carrión-Nessi, Martín Carballo, María E. Landaeta and David A. Forero-Peña
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1134
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  44. Genetic changes may induce dysregulated cytokine production and affect the progression of the chronic disease caused by the hepacivirus C (HCV) because the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines deter...

    Authors: Angélica Menezes Santiago, Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Simone Regina Souza da Silva Conde, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto, Ricardo Ishak and Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1133
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Despite being an uncommon cause of meningoencephalitis, West Nile virus (WNV) recently provoked significant outbreaks throughout Europe. West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is associated with significant mo...

    Authors: Camilla Falcinella, Marina Allegrini, Lidia Gazzola, Giovanni Mulè, Daniele Tomasoni, Ottavia Viganò, Antonella d’Arminio Monforte, Giulia Marchetti and Camilla Tincati
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1132
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  46. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and spread throughout the world due to its rapid transmission. The exposure rate in the healthy population is unknown, mainly in resource-limited countries. Herein, we estimated the...

    Authors: Cruz S. Sebastião, Manuela Galangue, Celestina Gaston, Rui Van-Dunen, Joltim Quivinja, Emiliana Lunbungululo, Domingos Alfredo, Alberto Sozinho, Alice Teixeira, Eunice Manico, Deodete Machado, António Mateus, Zinga David, Joana Paixão, Zoraima Neto, Jocelyne Neto de Vasconcelos…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1131
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the healthcare professionals (HCPs) including physicians and nurses regarding dengue transmission, diagnosis and clinical classification using the warn...

    Authors: Hoang Thi Nam Giang, Ahmed M. Sayed, Thao Dang, Somia Iqtadar, Nguyen Minh Tuan, Nguyen Tuan Khiem, Do Chau Viet, Tran Thi Kim Van, Nguyen Thanh Phuoc, Tran Thi Kim Dung, Esraa Ahmed Elhalwagy, Le Huu Linh Vien, Nguyen Minh Triet, Nguyen Thanh Tong, Do Hong Son, Lieu Chi Hung…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1130
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. We describe the serotype distribution of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) carriage isolates from women in labor and among GBS isolates causing invasive infections during the same period to see if the distribution o...

    Authors: Hans-Christian Slotved, Jens Kjølseth Møller, Mohammad Rohi Khalil and Stine Yde Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1129
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Tocilizumab is an IgG1 class recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that directly inhibits the IL-6 receptor. Several randomized clinical trials have evaluated its safety and efficacy in patients with coron...

    Authors: Ohoud Aljuhani, Khalid Al Sulaiman, Adel Alshabasy, Khalid Eljaaly, Abdulrahman I. Al Shaya, Haytham Noureldeen, Mohammed Aboudeif, Bodoor Al Dosari, Amina Alkhalaf, Ghazwa B. Korayem, Muneera M. Aleissa, Hisham A. Badreldin, Shmeylan Al Harbi, Abdullah Alhammad and Ramesh Vishwakarma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1127
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Blastocystis spp. are considered pathogenic or commensal organisms, although the majority of researchers suggest that these are neglected pathogens. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and ...

    Authors: Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Małgorzata Lepczyńska, Karolina Kot, Małgorzata Szkup, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Ewa Dzika and Elżbieta Grochans
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1125
    Content type: Research Published on:

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