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  1. Studies from developed countries have reported on host-related risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). However, similar studies from high-burden countries like Nepal are lacking. Therefore, we ca...

    Authors: Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Kishore V Panduru, Sharat C Verma, Hari S Joshi and Michael N Bates
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) is a frequently occurring healthcare-associated infection, which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality amongst elderly patients in healthcare fa...

    Authors: Katherine Roberts, Caroline F Smith, Anna M Snelling, Kevin G Kerr, Kathleen R Banfield, P Andrew Sleigh and Clive B Beggs
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Although resistance to isoniazid (INH) is the most common form of drug resistance seen among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, there have been few studies on the efficacy and optimal duration of treatment for ...

    Authors: Yee Hyung Kim, Gee Young Suh, Man Pyo Chung, Hojoong Kim, O Jung Kwon, Seong Yong Lim, Si Young Lim and Won-Jung Koh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Blood transfusion has always been an important route for Chagas Disease (CD) transmission. The high prevalence of CD in Latin America and its lifelong asymptomatic clinical picture pose a threat for the safety...

    Authors: Erich V De Paula, Neiva SL Goncales, Serge Xueref, Marcelo Addas-Carvalho, Simone CO Gilli, Rodrigo N Angerami and Fernando L Goncales Jr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Escherichia coli infections are common and often treated with fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance is of worldwide importance and is monitored by national and international surveillance networks. In this...

    Authors: Lauren Becnel Boyd, Robert L Atmar, Graham L Randall, Richard J Hamill, David Steffen and Lynn Zechiedrich
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. In the setting of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), plasma levels of human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV-1) rapidly decay to below the limit of detection of standard clinical assays. However, reacti...

    Authors: Ahmad R Sedaghat, Robert F Siliciano and Claus O Wilke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health problem that may lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Approximately 30% of the world's population has b...

    Authors: Zheng Zeng, Li Guan, Ping An, Shan Sun, Stephen J O'Brien and Cheryl A Winkler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8:1
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  9. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major world health problem. Around 2 billions of people are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of this disease. This fact accounts for a third of the total world ...

    Authors: Marcelo Fouad Rabahi, Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis, Michelle Cristina Guerreiro dos Reis, Walter Oelemann and Marcus Barreto Conde
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:148
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. In the central nervous system, HIV replication can occur relatively independent of systemic infection, and intrathecal replication of HIV-1 has been observed in patients with HIV-related and opportunistic neur...

    Authors: Paulo P Christo, Dirceu B Greco, Agdemir W Aleixo and Jose A Livramento
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can enter into a dormant state which has resulted in one third of the world's population being infected with latent tuberculosis making the study of latency and reactivation of utmost ...

    Authors: Sergey Biketov, Vasilii Potapov, Elena Ganina, Katrina Downing, Bavesh D Kana and Arseny Kaprelyants
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:146
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is prevalent and often causes hepatic fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis and cause liver cancer or liver failure. Study of fibrosis progression often relies on imputi...

    Authors: Peter Bacchetti, Phyllis C Tien, Eric C Seaberg, Thomas R O'Brien, Michael H Augenbraun, Alex H Kral, Michael P Busch and Brian R Edlin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The occurrence of, and risk factors for, HHV-8 infection have yet to be definitively determined, particularly among heterosexual individuals with at-risk behavior for sexually transmitted infections (STI). The...

    Authors: Massimo Giuliani, Paola Cordiali-Fei, Concetta Castilletti, Aldo Di Carlo, Guido Palamara, Stefano Boros and Giovanni Rezza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:143
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Among the surface antigens of Mycoplasma hominis, the P120' protein was previously shown to elicit a subtle antibody response and appears to be relatively conserved. To get better insight into the evolution of th...

    Authors: Boutheina Ben Abdelmoumen Mardassi, Hajer Ayari, Awatef Béjaoui-Khiari, Béhija Mlik, Imed Moalla and Faten Amouna
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) has collected clinical and virological data on influenza since 1996 in an increasing number of countries. The EISS dataset was used to characterise important e...

    Authors: John Paget, Richard Marquet, Adam Meijer and Koos van der Velden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The rate of development of parasite-specific immune responses can be studied by following their age profiles in exposed and infected hosts. This study determined the cytokine-age profiles of Zimbabweans reside...

    Authors: Francisca Mutapi, Georgina Winborn, Nicholas Midzi, Matthew Taylor, Takafira Mduluza and Rick M Maizels
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Quantitative real-time PCR assays, which are more rapid and practical than pp65 antigenemia determination, are progressively becoming the preferred method for monitoring Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivati...

    Authors: Elisabetta Cariani, Caterina P Pollara, Barbara Valloncini, Francesca Perandin, Carlo Bonfanti and Nino Manca
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:138
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Procalcitonin (PCT) is an inflammatory marker that has been used as indicator of severe bacterial infection. We evaluated the concentrations of PCT as a marker for systemic infection compared to C-reactive pro...

    Authors: Karin SR Massaro, Silvia F Costa, Claudio Leone and Dalton AF Chamone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:137
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) receptors play a key role in the early host response to viruses. In this work, we determined mRNA levels of two members of the Toll-like Receptors family, (TLR3 an...

    Authors: Rafael Atencia, Francisco J Bustamante, Andrés Valdivieso, Arantza Arrieta, Marta Riñón, Alvaro Prada and Natalia Maruri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:136
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. This paper describes the third large outbreak of Norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis reported in the Southern Italy region of Puglia.

    Authors: Caterina Rizzo, Ilaria Di Bartolo, Marilina Santantonio, Maria Francesca Coscia, Rosa Monno, Danila De Vito, Franco Maria Ruggeri and Giovanni Rizzo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. High blood levels of soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) are associated with poor outcomes in human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals. Research on the clinical value of suPAR...

    Authors: Uffe V Schneider, Rikke L Nielsen, Court Pedersen and Jesper Eugen-Olsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. No country is fully prepared for a 1918-like pandemic influenza. Averting a pandemic of H5N1 influenza virus depends on the successful control of its endemicity, outbreaks in poultry and occasional spillage in...

    Authors: Y Guan, H Chen, KS Li, S Riley, GM Leung, R Webster, JSM Peiris and KY Yuen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:132
    Content type: Hypothesis Published on:

  26. Infections can aggravate the course of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the anti-oxidant enzyme Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1, SOD1) are associat...

    Authors: Miriam Goos, Wolf-Dieter Zech, Manoj Kumar Jaiswal, Saju Balakrishnan, Sandra Ebert, Timothy Mitchell, Maria Teresa Carrì, Bernhard U Keller and Roland Nau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:131
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The Cuban HIV/AIDS epidemic has the lowest prevalence rate of the Caribbean region. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba and to explore the reasons for this low p...

    Authors: Héctor de Arazoza, Jose Joanes, Rachid Lounes, Camille Legeai, Stéphan Clémençon, Jorge Pérez and Bertran Auvert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:130
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Genital ureaplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum) and mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis) are potentially pathogenic species playing an etiologic role in both genital infec...

    Authors: Radhouane Gdoura, Wiem Kchaou, Chiraz Chaari, Abir Znazen, Leila Keskes, Tarek Rebai and Adnane Hammami
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:129
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), the etiology of which is still uncertain, increases the risk of preterm birth. Recent PCR-based studies suggested that BV is associated with complex vaginal bacterial communities, inc...

    Authors: Renuka Tamrakar, Takashi Yamada, Itsuko Furuta, Kazutoshi Cho, Mamoru Morikawa, Hideto Yamada, Noriaki Sakuragi and Hisanori Minakami
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:128
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Patients with advanced HIV infection at the time of diagnosis and patients not responding to antiretroviral therapy are at risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Earlier studies of patients with HIV infection ...

    Authors: Arne B Brantsaeter, Mona Holberg-Petersen, Stig Jeansson, Anne K Goplen and Johan N Bruun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:127
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Travellers' diarrhoea is the most common health problem among international travellers and much of the burden falls on general practitioners. We assessed whether sentinel surveillance based in primary care cou...

    Authors: Gemma Northey, Meirion R Evans, Tinnu S Sarvotham, Daniel R Thomas and Tony J Howard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:126
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease infecting a broad range of mammalian hosts, and is re-emerging globally. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have experienced recurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis sin...

    Authors: James O Lloyd-Smith, Denise J Greig, Sharon Hietala, George S Ghneim, Lauren Palmer, Judy St Leger, Bryan T Grenfell and Frances MD Gulland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:125
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Human parvovirus B19 is the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in children. It is also associated with other clinical manifestations in different target groups. Patients with chronic hemolytic anemia are ...

    Authors: Faouzi Regaya, Lassad Oussaief, Mohamed Bejaoui, Mongi Karoui, Mohamed Zili and Ridha Khelifa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:123
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. IFN-γ Release Assays (IGRAs) have been licensed for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Their performance may depend on assay format and may vary across populations and settings. ...

    Authors: Ifedayo MO Adetifa, Moses D Lugos, Abdulrahman Hammond, David Jeffries, Simon Donkor, Richard A Adegbola and Philip C Hill
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:122
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Cost-sharing schemes incorporating modest targeted subsidies have promoted insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention in the Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania, since 1996. Here we evaluate result...

    Authors: GF Killeen, A Tami, J Kihonda, FO Okumu, ME Kotas, H Grundmann, N Kasigudi, H Ngonyani, V Mayagaya, R Nathan, S Abdulla, JD Charlwood, TA Smith and C Lengeler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:121
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Seroconversion rates reported after Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination globally ranges from 85–90%. Health care workers (HCWs) are at high risk of acquiring HBV and non responders' rates after HBV vaccination...

    Authors: Mohammad Zeeshan, Kauser Jabeen, Anita Nausheen Akbar Ali, Ailia Wilayat Ali, Saadia Z Farooqui, Vikram Mehraj and Afia Zafar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for use in HIV-infected adults in Brazil but there is uncertainty about its effectiveness in this patient population.

    Authors: Maria Amelia SM Veras, Wayne TA Enanoria, Euclides A Castilho and Arthur L Reingold
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:119
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Maternal antibody is the major form of protection against disease in early life; however, its presence interferes with active immunization of offspring. In order to overcome the immunosuppression caused by mat...

    Authors: Jianjun Chen, Fenghua Zhang, Fang Fang, Haiyan Chang and Ze Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:118
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Despite the increasing promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs and the worldwide use of ethanol-based hand rubs in hospitals only few studies have specifically addressed the issue of ethanol absorption when repea...

    Authors: Axel Kramer, Harald Below, Nora Bieber, Guenter Kampf, Cyril D Toma, Nils-Olaf Huebner and Ojan Assadian
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Calorimetry is a nonspecific technique which allows direct measurement of heat generated by biological processes in the living cell. We evaluated the potential of calorimetry for rapid detection of bacterial g...

    Authors: Andrej Trampuz, Andrea Steinhuber, Matthias Wittwer and Stephen L Leib
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Eight genotypes of Hepatitis B virus designated A-H, have been known but in Pakistan, no such data is available on the prevalent HBV genotypes. Therefore, the subject study was conducted to determine HBV genot...

    Authors: Muhammad Masroor Alam, Sohail Zahoor Zaidi, Salman Akbar Malik, Shahzad Shaukat, Asif Naeem, Salmaan Sharif, Mehar Angez and Javed Aslam Butt
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:115
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Young women receiving family planning services are at risk for both unintended pregnancy and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection.

    Authors: Nicholas J Moss, Cynthia C Harper, Katherine Ahrens, Katherine Scott, Susan Kao, Nancy Padian, Tina Raine and Jeffrey D Klausner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Sternal wound infection (SWI) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of cardiac surgery. Predisposing factors for SWI are multiple with varied frequencies in different studies. The purpos...

    Authors: Abbas Salehi Omran, Abbasali Karimi, S Hossein Ahmadi, Setareh Davoodi, Mehrab Marzban, Namvar Movahedi, Kyomars Abbasi, Mohammad Ali Boroumand, Saeed Davoodi and Naghmeh Moshtaghi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an increasingly common cause of nosocomial infections, causing severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, and accounting in some hospitals for more than 50% of...

    Authors: Lorenzo Drago, Elena De Vecchi, Lucia Nicola and Maria Rita Gismondo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:111
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The tick-borne intracellular pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis after infection of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The human Sp110 gene is a ...

    Authors: José de la Fuente, Raúl Manzano-Roman, Edmour F Blouin, Victoria Naranjo and Katherine M Kocan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Studies show that tuberculosis notification declines with increasing altitude. This can be due to declining incidence or declining case detection. In Vietnam notification rates of new smear-positive tuberculos...

    Authors: M Vree, NB Hoa, DN Sy, NV Co, FGJ Cobelens and MW Borgdorff
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:109
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Several studies have investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes associated with sepsis and septic shock with conflicting results. Only few studies have combined the analysis of mult...

    Authors: Kristine Marie Jessen, Sarah Bjerre Lindboe, Anncatrine Luisa Petersen, Jesper Eugen-Olsen and Thomas Benfield
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:108
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. During and shortly after birth, newborn infants are colonized with enterococci. This study analyzes predictors for early enterococcal colonization of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit and describes ris...

    Authors: Markus Hufnagel, Cathrin Liese, Claudia Loescher, Mirjam Kunze, Heinrich Proempeler, Reinhard Berner and Marcus Krueger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2007 7:107
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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