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  1. Typhoid fever mainly occurs in (sub) tropical regions where sanitary conditions remain poor. In other regions it occurs mainly among returning travelers or their direct contacts. The aim of this study was to e...

    Authors: F. S. T. Suryapranata, M. Prins and G. J. B. Sonder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:731
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Mucormycosis is a rare but devastating fungal infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients such as those with hematological malignancy, bone marrow and solid organ transplantation, and patients wit...

    Authors: Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Hongbo Yang, Jinlin Song, Sneha S. Kelkar, Xi Yang, Nkechi Azie, Rachel Harrington, Alan Fan, Edward Lee and James R. Spalding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:730
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. In Sri Lanka pertussis continues to circulate in the community and cases among adolescents and adults have been reported despite 95% coverage of the four dose pertussis vaccination during early childhood. Wani...

    Authors: Shamithra Sigera, Jennifer Perera, Jeyanthakumar Rasarathinam, Dulani Samaranayake and Dileepa Ediriweera
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:729
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. HIV is the leading cause of death among adults in sub-Saharan Africa. However, mortality along the HIV care continuum is poorly described. We combine demographic, epidemiologic, and health services data to est...

    Authors: Eran Bendavid, David Stauffer, Eric Remera, Sabin Nsanzimana, Steve Kanters and Edward J. Mills
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:728
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Despite improvements in treatment success rates for tuberculosis (TB), current six-month regimen duration remains a challenge for many National TB Programmes, health systems, and patients. There is increasing ...

    Authors: G. B. Gomez, D. W. Dowdy, M. L. Bastos, A. Zwerling, S. Sweeney, N. Foster, A. Trajman, M. A. Islam, S. Kapiga, E. Sinanovic, G. M. Knight, R. G. White, W. A. Wells, F. G. Cobelens and A. Vassall
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:726
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are the most common healthcare-associated infections in childhood. Despite the international data available on healthcare-associated infections in se...

    Authors: Elisabetta Venturini, Carlotta Montagnani, Alessandra Benni, Sabrina Becciani, Klaus Peter Biermann, Salvatore De Masi, Elena Chiappini, Maurizio de Martino and Luisa Galli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:725
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Clonorchiasis remains an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction are not fully understood. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to be key r...

    Authors: Su Han, Qiaoran Tang, Xi Lu, Rui Chen, Yihong Li, Jing Shu, Xiaoli Zhang and Jianping Cao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:724
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. In order to control the spread of rubella and reduce the risk for congenital rubella syndrome, an additional rubella vaccination program was set up for all secondary school students since 2008 in Zhejiang, China.

    Authors: Hanqing He, Rui Yan, Xuewen Tang, Yang Zhou, Xuan Deng and Shuyun Xie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:723
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. TBM (Tuberculous meningitis) is severe form of tuberculosis causing death of one third of the affected individuals or leaving two-third of the survivors disabled. MMP-9 (Matrix metalloproteinase-9) is produced...

    Authors: S. Majeed, P. Singh, N. Sharma and S. Sharma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:722
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a leading cause for hospitalizations in the United States. Few studies have addressed the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy in the management of SSTIs without co...

    Authors: Thomas L. Walsh, Lynn Chan, Chelsea I. Konopka, Michael J. Burkitt, Matthew A. Moffa, Derek N. Bremmer, Monika A. Murillo, Courtney Watson and Noreen H. Chan-Tompkins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:721
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common pathogens isolated from blood cultures in Ghana; yet the epidemiology of blood infections in rural settings is poorly described. This study aims to investigate antim...

    Authors: Denise Dekker, Manuel Wolters, Eva Mertens, Kennedy Gyau Boahen, Ralf Krumkamp, Daniel Eibach, Norbert G. Schwarz, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Holger Rohde, Martin Christner, Florian Marks, Nimako Sarpong and Jürgen May
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:720
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. In areas where Mycobacterium tuberculosis is endemic, tuberculosis is known to be the most common cause of pericarditis. However, the difficulty in diagnosis may lead to late complications such as constrictive pe...

    Authors: In Young Jung, Young Goo Song, Jun Yong Choi, Moo Hyun Kim, Woo Yong Jeong, Dong Hyun Oh, Yong Chan Kim, Je Eun Song, Eun Jin Kim, Ji Un Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Nam Su Ku and June Myung Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:719
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The preferred regimen for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is based mainly on safety and tolerability because it is given to immunocompetent people without HIV infection for a limited time (28 days). The fr...

    Authors: Nadia Valin, Laurent Fonquernie, Anne Daguenel, Pauline Campa, Theresita Anthony, Marguerite Guiguet, Pierre Marie Girard and Marie Caroline Meyohas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:718
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups worldwide. The NoVs circulating in Huzhou over the past 7 years were predominantly GII.4 genotypes. I...

    Authors: Peng Zhang, Liping Chen, Yun Fu, Lei Ji, Xiaofang Wu, Deshun Xu and Jiankang Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:717
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. A livestock-associated clonal lineage (ST398) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified causing colonization or infection in farm workers. The aim of the study was to analyze the p...

    Authors: Esteban Reynaga, Marian Navarro, Anna Vilamala, Pere Roure, Manuel Quintana, Marian Garcia-Nuñez, Raül Figueras, Carmen Torres, Gianni Lucchetti and Miquel Sabrià
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:716
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Secondary dengue causes more severe disease than the primary. Early on, it is important to differentiate the two. We tried to find important clinical and laboratory differences between the two for the purpose ...

    Authors: Khalid Hamid Changal, Ab Hameed Raina, Adnan Raina, Manzoor Raina, Rehana Bashir, Muzamil Latief, Tanveer Mir and Qayum Hamid Changal
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:715
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Although Drug resistance tuberculosis is not a new phenomenon, Mali remains one of the “blank” countries without systematic data.

    Authors: B. Diarra, D. Goita, S. Tounkara, M. Sanogo, B. Baya, A. C. G. Togo, M. Maiga, Y. S. Sarro, A. Kone, B. Kone, O. M’Baye, N. Coulibaly, H. Kassambara, A. Cisse, M. Belson, M. A. Polis…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:714
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival for people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Non-AIDS comorbidities have replaced opportunistic infections as leading causes of mortality and morb...

    Authors: Andreas Ronit, Judith Haissman, Ditte Marie Kirkegaard-Klitbo, Thomas Skårup Kristensen, Anne-Mette Lebech, Thomas Benfield, Jan Gerstoft, Henrik Ullum, Lars Køber, Andreas Kjær, Klaus Kofoed, Jørgen Vestbo, Børge Nordestgaard, Jens Lundgren and Susanne Dam Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:713
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  19. Individuals who test positive for active tuberculosis (TB) but do not initiate treatment present a challenge to TB programmes because they contribute to ongoing transmission within communities. To better under...

    Authors: Donald Skinner and Mareli Claassens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:712
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. In many industrialized countries routine vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23) is recommended to prevent pneumococcal disease in the elderly. However, vaccine-induced imm...

    Authors: Cornelius Remschmidt, Thomas Harder, Ole Wichmann, Christian Bogdan and Gerhard Falkenhorst
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:711
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Fluoroquinolones are a guideline-recommended therapy for complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. Elevated drug concentrations of fluoroquinolones in the urine and therapy with high-dose...

    Authors: Eliana S. Armstrong, Janelle A. Mikulca, Daniel J. Cloutier, Caleb A. Bliss and Judith N. Steenbergen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:710
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Swedish studies on antibiotic use in primary care have been based on one-week registrations of infections. In order to study adherence to guidelines, analyses based on large databases that provide information ...

    Authors: Mia Tyrstrup, Anders Beckman, Sigvard Mölstad, Sven Engström, Christina Lannering, Eva Melander and Katarina Hedin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:709
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24–100%. In addition, ...

    Authors: Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Randi Krontveit, Benjamin Mayer, Frank N. Mwiine, Julius Lutwama and Eystein Skjerve
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:708
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of wate...

    Authors: Ashish C. Shrestha, Robert L. P. Flower, Clive R. Seed, Manita Rajkarnikar, Shrawan K. Shrestha, Uru Thapa, Veronica C. Hoad and Helen M. Faddy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:707
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. To compare the related factors or manifestations of the two most common isolates of post-operative endophthalmitis, which were Enterococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in South Korea.

    Authors: Ki Yup Nam, Hyun Wong Kim, Woo Jin Jeung, Jung Min Park, Jong Moon Park, In Young Chung, Yong Seop Han, Bu Sup Oum, Ji Eun Lee, Ik Soo Byon, Il Han Yun, Joo Eun Lee, Hee Sung Yoon, Dong Park, Byeng Chul Yu and Sang Joon Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:706
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world, causing significant morbidity and economic impact. In Colombia, dengue is a major public health problem. Departments of La Guajira, Cesar...

    Authors: Ruth Aralí Martínez-Vega, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Yalil Tomás Bracho-Churio, Mirley Enith Castro-Salas, Fredy Galvis-Ovallos, Ronald Giovanny Díaz-Quijano, María Lucrecia Luna-González, Jaime E. Castellanos, José Ramos-Castañeda and Fredi Alexander Diaz-Quijano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:705
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  27. China’s Ministry of Health (MOH) has established a policy about the antimicrobial stewardship. To date, the effects of this policy on multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) in critically ill patients are unknown.

    Authors: Xudong Ma, Jianfeng Xie, Yi Yang, Fengmei Guo, Zhiwei Gao, Hua Shao, Yingzi Huang, Congshan Yang and Haibo Qiu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:704
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Parasitic infections are still a significant health problem in rural areas in developing countries including Iran. There is no recent population-based data about the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in...

    Authors: Bahador Sarkari, Ghasem Hosseini, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Mohammad Fararouei and Abdolali Moshfe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:703
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. In China canine rabies poses a serious public health problem in that human mortality ranks the second highest globally. While rabies health education interventions are advocated by WHO to be critical component...

    Authors: Hairong Wu, Jiao Chen, Lianbin Zou, Liefeng Zheng, Weichao Zhang, Zhenmu Meng, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Youming Wang, Jingli Kang and Xiangdong Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:701
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of neonatal candidemia are poorly understood in western China. The aim of our study was to evaluate the epidemiological features of neonatal candidemia in the Liuzho...

    Authors: Jichang Chen, Yongjiang Jiang, Ba Wei, Yanling Ding, Shaolin Xu, Peixu Qin and Jinjian Fu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:700
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing as primary screening for cervical cancer is currently being implemented in Norway in a randomized controlled fashion, involving three laboratories. As part of the quality ass...

    Authors: Birgit Engesæter, Bianca van Diermen Hidle, Mona Hansen, Pia Moltu, Kjersti Mangseth Staby, Siri Borchgrevink-Persen, Olav K. Vintermyr, Stefan Lönnberg, Mari Nygård, Emiel A. M. Janssen, Philip E. Castle and Irene Kraus Christiansen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:698
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Kingdom of Swaziland is extremely high. How healthcare workers (HCWs) in Swaziland perceive infection control (IC) measures for preventing TB transmission is unclear. ...

    Authors: Yi-Hao Weng, Patience Thulile Bhembe, Hung-Yi Chiou, Chun-Yuh Yang and Ya-Wen Chiu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:697
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. West Nile fever virus is a zoonotic arboviral infection maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. It is one the arboviruses whose geographical range is expanding because of climate a...

    Authors: Doris Nyamwaya, Virginia Wang’ondu, Joshua Amimo, George Michuki, Moses Ogugo, Enoch Ontiri, Rosemary Sang, Johanna Lindahl, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:696
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The instability faced by refugees may place them at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection. Nakivale Refugee Settlement in southwestern Uganda hosts 68,000 refugees from 11 countries, many with high HIV p...

    Authors: Kelli N. O’Laughlin, Dustin J. Rabideau, Julius Kasozi, Robert A. Parker, Nirma D. Bustamante, Zikama M. Faustin, Kelsy E. Greenwald, Rochelle P. Walensky and Ingrid V. Bassett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:695
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Dengue is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and has a presentation similar to other febrile illnesses. Since laboratory confirmation is frequently delayed, the majority of den...

    Authors: Eduardo Fernández, Marek Smieja, Stephen D. Walter and Mark Loeb
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:694
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the outcome and natural disease progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While the majority of HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected su...

    Authors: Yue Chen, Chengli Shen, Debjani Guha, Ming Ding, Scott Kulich, Aiymkul Ashimkhanova, Charles Rinaldo, Eric Seaberg, Joseph B. Margolick, Valentina Stosor, Otoniel Martínez-Maza and Phalguni Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:693
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Campylobacter species are gram negative and flagellated bacteria under the genus Campylobacter, family Campylobacteriaceae. These pathogens cause zoonotic infections among human and animal populations. This study...

    Authors: Idrissa S. Chuma, Hezron E. Nonga, Robinson H. Mdegela and Rudovick. R. Kazwala
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:692
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has circulated in China and caused yearly outbreak. To understand the transmission of the disease and to assess the spatial variation in cases reported, we examined age-spec...

    Authors: Jijun Zhao, Fachun Jiang, Lianfa Zhong, Jianping Sun and Junhang Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:691
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The protracted war between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda (1996–2006) resulted in widespread atrocities, destruction of health infrastructure and services, weakening...

    Authors: Samuel S. Malamba, Herbert Muyinda, Patricia M. Spittal, John P. Ekwaru, Noah Kiwanuka, Martin D. Ogwang, Patrick Odong, Paul K. Kitandwe, Achilles Katamba, Kate Jongbloed, Nelson K. Sewankambo, Eugene Kinyanda, Alden Blair and Martin T. Schechter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:690
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The burden of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major public health concern worldwide; however the overall epidemiology of multidrug resistant strains is neither coordinated nor harmonized, particu...

    Authors: Setegn Eshetie, Fentahun Tarekegn, Feleke Moges, Anteneh Amsalu, Wubet Birhan and Kahsay Huruy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:689
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Melioidiosis, infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an important but frequently under-recognised cause of morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the tropics. Data on the epidemiology of p...

    Authors: Paul Turner, Sabine Kloprogge, Thyl Miliya, Sona Soeng, Pisey Tan, Poda Sar, Pagnarith Yos, Catrin E. Moore, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Claudia Turner, Nicholas P. J. Day and David A. B. Dance
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:688
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The population structure and drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates in Ethiopian prisons and some communities is still unknown.

    Authors: Solomon Ali, Patrick Beckert, Abraham Haileamlak, Andreas Wieser, Michael Pritsch, Norbert Heinrich, Thomas Löscher, Michael Hoelscher, Stefan Niemann and Andrea Rachow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:687
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The availability of safe food improves health of the people that contributes to productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. On the other hand, unsafe food handling ...

    Authors: Mohammedaman Mama and Getaneh Alemu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:686
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella is a significant public health problem in developing countries such as China. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern of...

    Authors: Zhaorui Chang, Jing Zhang, Lu Ran, Junling Sun, Fengfeng Liu, Li Luo, Lingjia Zeng, Liping Wang, Zhongjie Li, Hongjie Yu and Qiaohong Liao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:685
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is one of the most common causes of skin and soft tissue infections in the United States, and a variety of genetic host factors are suspe...

    Authors: Kathryn L. Jackson, Michael Mbagwu, Jennifer A. Pacheco, Abigail S. Baldridge, Daniel J. Viox, James G. Linneman, Sanjay K. Shukla, Peggy L. Peissig, Kenneth M. Borthwick, David A. Carrell, Suzette J. Bielinski, Jacqueline C. Kirby, Joshua C. Denny, Frank D. Mentch, Lyam M. Vazquez, Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:684
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Prior studies have demonstrated an increase in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence in the United States (U.S.) in recent years, but trends among different age groups have not been evaluated. This stud...

    Authors: Ashley Pechal, Kevin Lin, Stefan Allen and Kelly Reveles
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:682
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The World Health Organization’s and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition of Zika infection are symptoms of fever, rash, joint pain, myalgia, headache and conjunctivitis. The diagnosis of Zik...

    Authors: Bang Yu Xu, Sher Guan Low, Richard Tiong Heng Tan and Farhad Fakhrudin Vasanwala
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:681
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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