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  1. Only 5% of the estimated global multidrug resistant TB (MDRTB) load is currently detected. Endemic Mumbai with increasing MDR would benefit from the introduction of molecular methods to detect resistance.

    Authors: Monica Prem Tolani, Desiree Therese Blossom D'souza and Nerges Furdoon Mistry
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Buruli ulcer (BU), a neglected tropical skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been reported in over 30 countries worldwide and is highly endemic in rural West and Central Africa. The mode of transmis...

    Authors: Dziedzom K de Souza, Charles Quaye, Lydia Mosi, Phyllis Addo and Daniel A Boakye
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Refugees are at risk for poor outcomes from acute respiratory infections (ARI) because of overcrowding, suboptimal living conditions, and malnutrition. We implemented surveillance for respiratory viruses in Da...

    Authors: Jamal A Ahmed, Mark A Katz, Eric Auko, M Kariuki Njenga, Michelle Weinberg, Bryan K Kapella, Heather Burke, Raymond Nyoka, Anthony Gichangi, Lilian W Waiboci, Abdirahman Mahamud, Mohamed Qassim, Babu Swai, Burton Wagacha, David Mutonga, Margaret Nguhi…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Placental malaria (PM) is associated with prenatal malaise, but many PM+ infants are born without symptoms. As malaria has powerful immunomodulatory effects, we tested the hypothesis that PM predicts reduced T...

    Authors: Brigitte Walther, David JC Miles, Pauline Waight, Melba S Palmero, Olubukola Ojuola, Ebrima S Touray, Hilton Whittle, Marianne van der Sande, Sarah Crozier and Katie L Flanagan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8 are important in single-stranded viral RNA recognition and may play a role in HIV infection and disease progression. We analyzed TLR7/8 expression and signaling in monocytes f...

    Authors: Hua Nian, Wen-Qing Geng, Hua-Lu Cui, Ming-jia Bao, Zi-ning Zhang, Min Zhang, Ying Pan, Qing-Hai Hu and Hong Shang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Leptospirosis has a varied clinical presentation with complications like myocarditis and acute renal failure. There are many predictors of severity and mortality including clinical and laboratory parameters. E...

    Authors: Dinesh LB Dassanayake, Harith Wimalaratna, Damith Nandadewa, Asanka Nugaliyadda, Champa N Ratnatunga and Suneth B Agampodi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. In many Asian countries, Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is the second pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia. Yet, very little is known about KP etiology in ALRI in Cambodia, a country that has one of ...

    Authors: Blandine Rammaert, Sophie Goyet, Julien Beauté, Sopheak Hem, Vantha Te, Patrich Lorn Try, Charles Mayaud, Laurence Borand, Philippe Buchy, Bertrand Guillard and Sirenda Vong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt is characterised by seasonality, localised epidemics and epidemic waves. To facilitate research and surveillance, we aimed to develop...

    Authors: Haoua Tall, Stéphane Hugonnet, Philippe Donnen, Michèle Dramaix-Wilmet, Ludovic Kambou, Frank Drabo and Judith E Mueller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The human malaria parasite remains a burden in developing nations. It is responsible for up to one million deaths a year, a number that could rise due to increasing multi-drug resistance to all antimalarial dr...

    Authors: Serena Cervantes, Paige E Stout, Jacques Prudhomme, Sebastian Engel, Matthew Bruton, Michael Cervantes, David Carter, Young Tae-Chang, Mark E Hay, William Aalbersberg, Julia Kubanek and Karine G Le Roch
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Cardiac tuberculosis is rare and usually manifests as tuberculous pericarditis. Involvement of other part of the heart is unusual and descriptions in the pediatric literature are confined to few case reports r...

    Authors: Cantinotti M, De Gaudio M, de Martino M, Assanta N, Moschetti R, Veneruso G, Crocetti M, Murzi B, Chiappini E and Galli L
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:359
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. Immunocompromised patients, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sufferers have an increased risk of mortality, following influenza infection. In the recent pandemic, influenza A H1NI virus caused 18449 ...

    Authors: Konstantinos Tselios, Ritsa Tsioka, Alexandros Sarantopoulos, Eleni Mouloudi and Panagiota Boura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:358
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is infamous for its high case-fatality proportion (CFP) and the ease with which it spreads among contacts of the diseased. We describe the course of the EHF outbreak in Masindi, ...

    Authors: Matthias Borchert, Imaam Mutyaba, Maria D Van Kerkhove, Julius Lutwama, Henry Luwaga, Geoffrey Bisoborwa, John Turyagaruka, Patricia Pirard, Nestor Ndayimirije, Paul Roddy and Patrick Van Der Stuyft
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:357
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  13. A substantial prevalence of mild neurocognitive disorders has been reported in HIV, also in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This includes a new disorder that has been termed asymp...

    Authors: Magnus Gisslén, Richard W Price and Staffan Nilsson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:356
    Content type: Debate Published on:

  14. During the initial containment phase of influenza A/H1N1 2009, close contacts of cases were traced to provide antiviral prophylaxis within 48 h after exposure and to alert them on signs of disease for early di...

    Authors: Corien M Swaan, Rolf Appels, Mirjam EE Kretzschmar and Jim E van Steenbergen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:355
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Influenza A virus has been detected in the blood of some infected individuals, and may pose a safety concern for collection, handling and transport of specimens for epidemiological and public health investigat...

    Authors: Xue Wang, Olga Zoueva, Jiangqin Zhao, Zhiping Ye and Indira Hewlett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:354
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. A new DNA line probe assay (Speed-oligo Mycobacteria, Vircell) has been launched for rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium spp. from cultures. Compared to other line-probe assays, Speed-oligo Mycobacteria covers...

    Authors: Sabine Hofmann-Thiel, Laziz Turaev, Tarig Alnour, Lore Drath, Maria Müllerova and Harald Hoffmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:353
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Concomitant treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) presents a series of challenges for treatment compliance for both providers and patients. We carried out this study t...

    Authors: Magda Maruza, Maria FP Militão Albuquerque, Isabella Coimbra, Líbia V Moura, Ulisses R Montarroyos, Demócrito B Miranda Filho, Heloísa R Lacerda, Laura C Rodrigues and Ricardo AA Ximenes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:351
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. In temperate zones, all-cause mortality exhibits a marked seasonality, and one of the main causes of winter excess mortality is influenza. There is a tradition of using statistical models based on mortality fr...

    Authors: Jens Nielsen, Anne Mazick, Steffen Glismann and Kåre Mølbak
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:350
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Deficient serum vitamin D levels have been associated with incidence of tuberculosis (TB), and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, to our knowledge, no studies on vitamin D status and tuberculin ski...

    Authors: Alberto Arnedo-Pena, José Vicente Juan-Cerdán, Angeles Romeu-Garcia, Daniel Garcia-Ferrer, Rita Holguín-Gómez, Jesús Iborra-Millet, Concepción Herrero-Carot, María Jesús Sanchis Piñana, Juan Bellido-Blasco, José Antonio Ferrero-Vega, Lourdes Safont Adsuara, Esther Silvestre Silvestre, Noemi Meseguer Ferrer and Vicenta Rodrigo Bartual
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:349
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Despite three decades of prenatal screening program for toxoplasmosis in Austria, population-based estimates for the incidence of maternal infections with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy are lacking. We studie...

    Authors: Ulrich Sagel, Alexander Krämer and Rafael T Mikolajczyk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:348
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Although Tim-3 & PD-L1 signaling pathways play important roles in negatively regulating immune responses, their roles in chlamydial infection have not been evaluated.

    Authors: Bo Peng, Chunxue Lu, Lingli Tang, I-Tien Yeh, Zhimin He, Yimou Wu and Guangming Zhong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:347
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. In 2010, an outbreak of coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Taiwan and some patients presented with onychomadesis and desquamation following HFMD. Therefore, we performed an...

    Authors: Sung-Hsi Wei, Yuan-Pin Huang, Ming-Chih Liu, Tsung-Pei Tsou, Hui-Chen Lin, Tsuey-Li Lin, Chen-Yen Tsai, Yen-Nan Chao, Luan-Yin Chang and Chun-Ming Hsu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:346
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus associated with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) and gastrointestinal illness. Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positi...

    Authors: Wen-Kuan Liu, De-Hui Chen, Qian Liu, Huan-Xi Liang, Zi-Feng Yang, Sheng Qin and Rong Zhou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:345
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination is the most effective measure for preventing JE disease. The live attenuated JE vaccine, which has shown good efficacy and safety, has been widely used in China.

    Authors: Na Jia, Qiu-Min Zhao, Xiao-Fang Guo, Jing-Xia Cheng, Chao Wu, Shu-Qing Zuo, Pei-Fang Dai, Jun-Ying Zhao and Jiu-Song Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:344
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  26. Rhodococcus equi (R.equi) is an acid fast, GRAM + coccobacillus, which is widespread in the soil and causes pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in immunocompromised people. In the context of HIV infection, R...

    Authors: Francesca Ferretti, Antonio Boschini, Cristiana Iabichino, Simonetta Gerevini, Paola De Nardi, Monica Guffanti, Giuseppe Balconi, Adriano Lazzarin and Paola Cinque
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:343
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. Environmental factors have been associated with transmission and survival of influenza viruses but no studies have ever explored the role of environmental factors on severity of influenza infection.

    Authors: Lin Yang, Ping Yan Chen, Jian Feng He, King Pan Chan, Chun Quan Ou, Ai Ping Deng, JS Malik Peiris and Chit Ming Wong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:342
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The optimal therapeutic strategies for patients presenting with advanced disease at HIV-1 diagnosis are as yet incompletely defined.

    Authors: Antonella Esposito, Marco Floridia, Gabriella d'Ettorre, Daniele Pastori, Alessandra Fantauzzi, Paola Massetti, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Camilla Ajassa, Vincenzo Vullo and Ivano Mezzaroma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:341
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Cryptococcus species usually affect the central nervous system and lungs in immunocompromised hosts. Although the adrenal glands can be involved in disseminated cryptococcosis, primary adrenal insufficiency caus...

    Authors: Yayoi Matsuda, Hisaya Kawate, Yuka Okishige, Ichiro Abe, Masahiro Adachi, Keizo Ohnaka, Naoichi Satoh, Junichi Inokuchi, Katsunori Tatsugami, Seiji Naito, Masatoshi Nomura and Ryoichi Takayanagi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:340
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  30. Caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML), leprosy presents a strong immune-inflammatory component, whose status dictates both the clinical form of the disease and the occurrence of reactional episodes. Evidence has sh...

    Authors: Luciana Silva Rodrigues, Mariana Andrea Hacker, Ximena Illarramendi, Maria Fernanda Miguens Castelar Pinheiro, José Augusto da Costa Nery, Euzenir Nunes Sarno and Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:339
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. present in the blood of patients with leptospirosis during the first week of symptoms can be detected using culture or PCR. A proportion of patients who are positive by PCR are negative...

    Authors: Siriphan Boonsilp, Janjira Thaipadungpanit, Premjit Amornchai, Vanaporn Wuthiekanun, Wirongrong Chierakul, Direk Limmathurotsakul, Nicholas P Day and Sharon J Peacock
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:338
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. To provide a clear picture of the current hepatitis B situation, the authors performed a systematic review to estimate the age- and region-specific prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Turkey.

    Authors: Mehlika Toy, Fatih Oguz Önder, Tanja Wörmann, A Mithat Bozdayi, Solko W Schalm, Gerard J Borsboom, Joost van Rosmalen, Jan Hendrik Richardus and Cihan Yurdaydin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:337
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are often resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. The research objectives of this systematic review were to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of polymera...

    Authors: Julie Polisena, Stella Chen, Karen Cimon, Sarah McGill, Kevin Forward and Michael Gardam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:336
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia remains a challenge. The emergence of MRSA strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility complicates treatment.

    Authors: Hitoshi Honda, Christopher D Doern, Wm Michael-Dunne Jr and David K Warren
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:335
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Men having sex with men (MSM) accounts for 33.6% of all reported cases of HIV-1 infection in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of HIV-1 infection among MSM in gay saunas in Taiwan.

    Authors: Yen-Ju Chen, Yu-Ting Lin, Marcelo Chen, Szu-Wei Huang, Su-Fen Lai, Wing-Wai Wong, Hung-Chin Tsai, Yu-Huei Lin, Hsin-Fu Liu, Shu-Yu Lyu and Yi-Ming A Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:334
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The prevalence, incidence and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in sub-Saharan Africa are not well established. The objectives of the current study are to describe (predictors of) the epidemiolog...

    Authors: Nienke J Veldhuijzen, Sarah L Braunstein, Joseph Vyankandondera, Chantal Ingabire, Justin Ntirushwa, Evelyne Kestelyn, Coosje Tuijn, Ferdinand W Wit, Aline Umutoni, Mireille Uwineza, Tania Crucitti and Janneke HHM van de Wijgert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:333
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. In order to compare the transmissibility of the 2009 pH1N1 pandemic during successive waves of infections in summer and fall/winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and to assess the temporal changes during the cou...

    Authors: Ying-Hen Hsieh, Kuang-Fu Cheng, Trong-Neng Wu, Tsai-Chung Li, Chiu-Ying Chen, Jin-Hua Chen and Mei-Hui Lin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:332
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an important infectious disease caused by different species of hantaviruses. As a rodent-borne disease with a seasonal distribution, external environmental facto...

    Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Baofa Jiang, Weidong Gu and Qiyong Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:331
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing challenge for health care services worldwide. While up to 90% of antibiotics are being prescribed in the outpatient sector recommendations for the treatment of community-...

    Authors: Kathryn Hoffmann, Gernot Wagner, Petra Apfalter and Manfred Maier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:330
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality in HIV-infected African children. Microbiologic diagnosis relies predominantly on silver or immunofluorescent staining of a lower re...

    Authors: Catherine M Samuel, Andrew Whitelaw, Craig Corcoran, Brenda Morrow, Nei-Yuan Hsiao, Marco Zampoli and Heather J Zar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:329
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Rickettsioses are emerging infections in Sri Lanka as shown by the increase in the number of clinically diagnosed rickettsial patients being reported to the Epidemiology Unit, Sri Lanka. However, mapping the d...

    Authors: Veranja Chathurani Liyanapathirana and Vasanthi Thevanesam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:328
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. AIDS-related CMV retinitis is a common clinical problem in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS in China and Southeast Asia. The disease is causing blindness, and current clinical management, commonly characterized...

    Authors: David Heiden and Peter Saranchuk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:327
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  43. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a common AIDS-associated illness, leading to blindness in up to 30% of patients. This study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical management of the cytomegalovirus retinit...

    Authors: Ying Shi, Hongzhou Lu, Taiwen He, Yalin Yang, Li Liu, Renfang Zhang, Yufang Zheng, Yinzhong Shen, Yunzhi Zhang and Zhiyong Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:326
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections that facilitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition by over two fold or more. The development of HSV-2 c...

    Authors: Dipankar Biswas, Biswajyoti Borkakoty, Jagadish Mahanta, Kamini Walia, Lahari Saikia, Brogen S Akoijam, Lobsang Jampa, Alia Kharkongar and Eric Zomawia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:325
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) among adult patients with hematological malignancies have rarely been investigated.

    Authors: Chien-Yuan Chen, Wang-Huei Sheng, Aristine Cheng, Woei Tsay, Shang-Yi Huang, Jih-Luh Tang, Yee-Chun Chen, Jaun-Yuan Wang, Hwei-Fang Tien and Shan-Chwen Chang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:324
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Prior to the availability of generic third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins were widely used for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in developing countries despite concerns about rising levels of penic...

    Authors: Edilane L Gouveia, Joice N Reis, Brendan Flannery, Soraia M Cordeiro, Josilene BT Lima, Ricardo M Pinheiro, Kátia Salgado, Ana Veronica Mascarenhas, M Gloria Carvalho, Bernard W Beall, Mitermayer G Reis and Albert I Ko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:323
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Apoptosis of lymphocytes is considered a late sequelum in the sepsis cascade. The role of apoptosis of lymphocytes as a driver of final outcome was investigated.

    Authors: Stefanos Atmatzidis, Ioannis M Koutelidakis, Grigorios Chatzimavroudis, Antigone Kotsaki, Konstantinos Louis, Aikaterini Pistiki, Athina Savva, Anastasia Antonopoulou, Konstantinos Atmatzidis and Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:321
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Varicella is a common childhood disease. Only 5% of first varicella-zoster-virus infections occur asymptomatically. Most data on the burden of varicella stem from health service databases. This study aims to p...

    Authors: Judith H Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch, Anouk M Speets, Hans C Rümke, Pearl D Gumbs and Sander C Fortanier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:320
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Infection with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. This study an...

    Authors: Paloma Martín, Linah Kilany, Diego García, Ana M López-García, Mª José Martín-Azaña, Victor Abraira and Carmen Bellas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2011 11:316
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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