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  1. Due to the association between diabetes and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), diabetes may threaten the control of TB. In a prospective cohort study nested in a nutrition trial, we investigated the role of diabetes...

    Authors: Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen, Nyagosya Range, George Praygod, Jeremiah Kidola, Maria Faurholt-Jepsen, Martine Grosos Aabye, John Changalucha, Dirk Lund Christensen, Torben Martinussen, Henrik Krarup, Daniel Rinse Witte, Åse Bengård Andersen and Henrik Friis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Enteric fever is a major public health problem, causing an estimated 21million new cases and 216,000 or more deaths every year. Current diagnosis of the disease is inadequate. Blood culture only identifies 45 ...

    Authors: Liqing Zhou and Andrew J Pollard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. A broad spectrum of pathogens is causative for respiratory tract infections, but symptoms are mostly similar. Therefore, the identification of the causative viruses and bacteria is only feasible using multiple...

    Authors: Mareike Dabisch-Ruthe, Tanja Vollmer, Ortwin Adams, Cornelius Knabbe and Jens Dreier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Flexibility of vaccination schedule and lower antigen content can facilitate pandemic vaccine coverage. We assessed the immune response and safety of AS03-adjuvanted A/California/7/2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccine c...

    Authors: Xavier Duval, Adrian Caplanusi, Henri Laurichesse, Dominique Deplanque, Pierre Loulergue, Tejaswini Vaman, Odile Launay and Paul Gillard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Fusobacterium species are uncommon causes of osteomyelitis. These organisms are normal flora of the oral cavity. Therefore, they mostly cause osteomyelitis of the head and neck. Hematogenous osteomyelitis at dis...

    Authors: Min Ji Lee, Young Eun Ha, Hye Yon Park, Jun Hee Lee, Yoon Jung Lee, Ki Sun Sung, Cheol-In Kang, Doo Ryeon Chung, Jae-Hoon Song and Kyong Ran Peck
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:161
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  6. Despite screening blood donations with advanced technologies and improved donor screening, the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections persists. This risk is mainly due to blood donations collected during t...

    Authors: Moon Jung Kim, Quehn Park, Hyuk Ki Min and Hyun Ok Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Switch therapy is a management approach combining early discontinuation of intravenous (IV) antibiotics, switch to oral antibiotics, and early hospital discharge. This analysis compares switch therapy using ti...

    Authors: Julio A Ramirez, Angel C Cooper, Timothy Wiemken, David Gardiner and Timothy Babinchak
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:159
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children, and may cause serious illness and recurrent symptoms. However, obtaining a urine sample from young children in primary care is challenging and not feasible ...

    Authors: Harriet Downing, Emma Thomas-Jones, Micaela Gal, Cherry-Ann Waldron, Jonathan Sterne, William Hollingworth, Kerenza Hood, Brendan Delaney, Paul Little, Robin Howe, Mandy Wootton, Alastair Macgowan, Christopher C Butler and Alastair D Hay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:158
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  9. The purpose of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1), procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels for different...

    Authors: Longxiang Su, Bingchao Han, Changting Liu, Liling Liang, Zhaoxu Jiang, Jie Deng, Peng Yan, Yanhong Jia, Dan Feng and Lixin Xie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Dengue fever is an endemic illness in the tropics with early and post infectious complications affecting multiple systems. Though neurological sequelae including mononeuropathy, encephalopathy, transverse myel...

    Authors: Mitrakrishnan C Shivanthan, Eranda C Ratnayake, Bandula C Wijesiriwardena, Kalum C Somaratna and Lakmal KGK Gamagedara
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:156
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. The worldwide increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria is of great concern. One of the main causes is antibiotic use which is likely to be high but is poorly described in India. The aim was to analyze and com...

    Authors: Megha Sharma, Bo Eriksson, Gaetano Marrone, Suryaprakash Dhaneria and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:155
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent cause of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). Patients with MRSA require different empiric treatment than those with non-MRSA in...

    Authors: Marya D Zilberberg, Paresh Chaudhari, Brian H Nathanson, Rebecca S Campbell, Matthew F Emons, Suzanne Fiske, Harlen D Hays and Andrew F Shorr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:154
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Optimal antibiotic treatment strategies of Haemophilus infections are still needed. Therefore, 30-day case fatality rate (CFR) of Haemophilus bacteremia and efficacy of various antibiotic treatment regimes were s...

    Authors: Sara Thønnings and Christian Østergaard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:153
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The clinical effects of varying pharmacokinetic exposures of antibiotics (antibacterials and antifungals) on outcome in infected critically ill patients are poorly described. A large-scale multi-centre study (...

    Authors: Jason A Roberts, Jan J De Waele, George Dimopoulos, Despoina Koulenti, Claude Martin, Philippe Montravers, Jordi Rello, Andrew Rhodes, Therese Starr, Steven C Wallis and Jeffrey Lipman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:152
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  15. Pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) often receive intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) as antifungal prophylaxis. There are no guidelines for antifun...

    Authors: Michaela Döring, Ulrike Hartmann, Annika Erbacher, Peter Lang, Rupert Handgretinger and Ingo Müller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:151
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The number of diagnosed cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection has been increasing in the past years in Norway although the testing rate has been relatively stable. The aim of this study was to measure the prev...

    Authors: Hilde Kløvstad, Andrej Grjibovski and Preben Aavitsland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has been increased not only in the hospital but also in the community worldwide. This study was aimed to characterize ESBL- produc...

    Authors: Sun Hee Park, Ji-Hyun Byun, Su-Mi Choi, Dong-Gun Lee, Si-Hyun Kim, Jae-Cheol Kwon, Chulmin Park, Jung-Hyun Choi and Jin-Hong Yoo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Changes in CD4 cell counts are poorly documented in individuals with low or moderate-level viremia while on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings. We assessed the impact of on-going HIV-R...

    Authors: Alexandra Calmy, Eric Balestre, Fabrice Bonnet, Andrew Boulle, Eduardo Sprinz, Robin Wood, Eric Delaporte, Eugène Messou, James McIntyre, Kamal Marhoum El Filali, Mauro Schechter, N Kumarasamy, David Bangsberg, Patrick McPhail, Stefaan Van Der Borght, Carlos Zala…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:147
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are usually treated with antibiotics as recommended by primary care guidelines. Antibiotic treatment supports clinical cure in individual patients but also leads to...

    Authors: Ildikó Gágyor, Eva Hummers-Pradier, Michael M Kochen, Guido Schmiemann, Karl Wegscheider and Jutta Bleidorn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:146
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection that may lead to development of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. The aim of the current study was to investigate socio-demographi...

    Authors: Esther Roura, Thomas Iftner, José Antonio Vidart, Susanne Krüger Kjaer, F Xavier Bosch, Nubia Muñoz, Santiago Palacios, Maria San Martin Rodriguez, Carmen Morillo, Laurence Serradell, Laurence Torcel-Pagnon, Javier Cortes and Xavier Castellsagué
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:145
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The purpose of this study was to investigate mediators of inflammation and haemostasis in patients with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), a locally, destructive process of the lung due to inv...

    Authors: Ernst Kristian Rødland, Thor Ueland, Stine Bjørnsen, Ellen Lund Sagen, Christen Peder Dahl, Anne Naalsund, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Frank R Brosstad, Fredrik Müller, Pål Aukrust and Stig S Frøland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:144
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Over the years, reports implicate improper anti-malarial use as a major contributor of morbidity and mortality amongst millions of residents in malaria endemic areas, Kenya included. However, there are limited...

    Authors: Elizabeth O Onyango, George Ayodo, Carren A Watsierah, Tom Were, Wilson Okumu, Samuel B Anyona, Evans Raballah, John M Okoth, Sussy Gumo, George O Orinda and Collins Ouma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:143
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has emerged as an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis worldwide. This study investigated the seroprevalence of anti-HEV in a Korean population and compared th...

    Authors: Hyun Kyung Park, Sook-Hyang Jeong, Jin-Wook Kim, Byung-Hyun Woo, Dong Ho Lee, Hyun Young Kim and Soyeon Ahn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:142
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. This study was aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for the rapid diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in...

    Authors: Jung Ar Shin, Yoon Soo Chang, Tae Hoon Kim, Hyung Jung Kim, Chul Min Ahn and Min Kwang Byun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:141
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. In the Netherlands, infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is considered a benign common childhood illness and routine vaccination against VZV is not done. In 1995 it was estimated that 98-100% of the adu...

    Authors: Gini GC van Rijckevorsel, Marjolein Damen, Gerard J Sonder, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff and Anneke van den Hoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:140
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Asplenic individuals are susceptible for overwhelming infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, carrying a high mortality. Although Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 is considered the major receptor for Gram-positive bac...

    Authors: Adriana J J Lammers, Alexander P N A de Porto, Onno J de Boer, Sandrine Florquin and Tom van der Poll
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:139
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Pertussis is a reported vaccine-preventable respiratory disease in China. Because the routine laboratory methods for diagnosis are not in use, the reported cases are mainly in infants with classical paroxysmal...

    Authors: Qi Zhang, Huizhen Zheng, Meizhen Liu, Ke Han, Jun Shu, Chenggang Wu, Ning Xu, Qiushui He and Huiming Luo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:138
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Human papillomavirus (HPV) seroprevalence data have not previously been reported for different geographical regions of China. This study investigated the cross-sectional seroprevalence of antibodies to HPV 6, ...

    Authors: Jia Ji, Hai-Kui Sun, Jennifer S Smith, He Wang, Mark T Esser, Shangying Hu, Robert G Pretorius, Wen Chen, Jerome L Belinson and You-Lin Qiao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:137
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. The epidemic of encephalitis lethargica (EL), called classical EL, was rampant throughout the world during 1917–1926, affecting half a million persons. The acute phase was lethal for many victims. Post-encepha...

    Authors: Robert R Dourmashkin, Glynis Dunn, Victor Castano and Sherman A McCall
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:136
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The vast majority of research in the area of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been based on patients admitted to hospital. And yet, the majority of patients with CAP are treated on an ambulatory basis as...

    Authors: Dean T Eurich, Sumit R Majumdar and Thomas J Marrie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:135
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The etiologic profile of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for each age group could be similar among inpatients and outpatients. This fact brings up the link between etiology of CAP and its clinical evolution...

    Authors: Alberto Capelastegui, Pedro P España, Amaia Bilbao, Julio Gamazo, Federico Medel, Juan Salgado, Iñaki Gorostiaga, Maria Jose Lopez de Goicoechea, Inmaculada Gorordo, Cristobal Esteban, Lander Altube and Jose M Quintana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:134
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Daptomycin is a rapidly bactericidal agent with broad coverage against Gram-positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, the most frequent cause of osteomyelitis. The objective of this study was to descri...

    Authors: Jason C Gallagher, Jennifer A Huntington, Darren Culshaw, Scott A McConnell, Minjung Yoon and Elie Berbari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:133
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Dengue fever has been a major public health concern in China since it re-emerged in Guangdong province in 1978. This study aimed to explore spatiotemporal characteristics of dengue fever cases for both indigen...

    Authors: Zhongjie Li, Wenwu Yin, Archie Clements, Gail Williams, Shengjie Lai, Hang Zhou, Dan Zhao, Yansha Guo, Yonghui Zhang, Jinfeng Wang, Wenbiao Hu and Weizhong Yang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:132
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. HBeAg presence in childbearing-age women is a major determinant of perinatal hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. The risk of developing chronic HBV infection and liver disease is highest at young age. Our ai...

    Authors: Jördis J Ott, Gretchen A Stevens and Steven T Wiersma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:131
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was implemented in China since 2004. It was initiated in 8 pilot clinics and subsequently expanded to 738 clinics by the end of 2011. Numerous individual research studies ...

    Authors: Xun Zhuang, Yanxian Liang, Eric PF Chow, Yafei Wang, David P Wilson and Lei Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:130
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Rapid influenza diagnosis is important for early identification of outbreaks, effective management of high-risk contacts, appropriate antiviral use, decreased inappropriate antibiotic use and avoidance of unne...

    Authors: Tabitha Woolpert, Stephanie Brodine, Hector Lemus, Jill Waalen, Patrick Blair and Dennis Faix
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:129
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. We performed a case–control study to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) for prevention of hospitalization due to pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) and to identify risk factors for pH1N1 and acute respir...

    Authors: Wiebke Hellenbrand, Pernille Jorgensen, Brunhilde Schweiger, Gerhard Falkenhorst, Matthias Nachtnebel, Benedikt Greutélaers, Christian Traeder and Ole Wichmann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:127
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Although the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates in Japanese pediatric patients has increased rapidly, there have been no reports concerning macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae infectio...

    Authors: Naoyuki Miyashita, Yasuhiro Kawai, Hiroto Akaike, Kazunobu Ouchi, Toshikiyo Hayashi, Takeyuki Kurihara and Niro Okimoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:126
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are in the process of implementation in Latin America. Experience in developed countries has shown that they reduce the incidence of invasive and non-invasive disease. Ho...

    Authors: Elizabeth Castañeda, Clara Inés Agudelo, Rodrigo De Antonio, Diego Rosselli, Claudia Calderón, Eduardo Ortega-Barria and Rómulo E Colindres
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:124
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Benznidazole (Bz)-chemotherapy is recommended to prevent Chagas disease progression, despite its limited efficacy during chronic disease. However, the host mechanisms underlying these benefits still remain to ...

    Authors: Renato Sathler-Avelar, Danielle Marquete Vitelli-Avelar, Silvana Maria Elói-Santos, Eliane Dias Gontijo, Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho and Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:123
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Shigellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella, with a minimum infective dose as low as 10...

    Authors: Xiu Pei Koh, Chien Shun Chiou, Noni Ajam, Haruo Watanabe, Norazah Ahmad and Kwai Lin Thong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:122
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with a high mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, predictors and out...

    Authors: Wang Deng, Min Yu, Hilary Ma, Liang An Hu, Gang Chen, Yong Wang, Jia Deng, ChangYi Li, Jin Tong and Dao Xin Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:121
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Environmental surfaces play an important role in transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens. There is a need for new disinfection methods that are effective against Clostridium difficile spores, but also saf...

    Authors: Michelle M Nerandzic, Jennifer L Cadnum, Kevin E Eckart and Curtis J Donskey
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:120
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Childhood pneumonia and bronchiolitis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) as the main viral cause. RSV has been associated with annual res...

    Authors: Letícia Martins Lamarão, Francisco Luzio Ramos, Wyller Alencar Mello, Mirleide Cordeiro Santos, Luana Soares Barbagelata, Maria Cleonice Aguiar Justino, Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Ana Judith Pires Garcia Quaresma, Veronilce Borges da Silva, Rommel Rodríguez Burbano and Alexandre Costa Linhares
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:119
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization during Hajj and susceptibility and transmission may be exacerbated by extreme spatial and temporal crowding. We describe the number and temporal onset, co–morbid...

    Authors: Yasser Mandourah, Assim Al-Radi, Ali Harold Ocheltree, Sara Rashid Ocheltree and Robert A Fowler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:117
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infections are associated with delayed initiation of appropriate treatment, poor outcomes and increased hospital stay and expense. Although initia...

    Authors: Jérôme Fennell, Akke Vellinga, Belinda Hanahoe, Dearbhaile Morris, Fiona Boyle, Francis Higgins, Maura Lyons, Karina O’Connell, Deirbhile Keady and Martin Cormican
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2012 12:116
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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