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  1. The majority of Salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern United States, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat illness; however, little is known in non-endemic ...

    Authors: Yi-Chien Lee, Miao-Chiu Hung, Sheng-Che Hung, Hung-Ping Wang, Hui-Ling Cho, Mei-Chu Lai and Jann-Tay Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:746
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Amoebic liver abscess is the most common extra intestinal manifestation of amoebiasis in tropical countries. It usually presents with right hypochondrial pain, fever and anorexia. Amoebic liver abscess has gai...

    Authors: Vithiya Ratnasamy, Kumanan Thirunavukarasu, Kannathasan Selvam and Murugananthan Arumugam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:741
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  3. Malaysia still faces challenges optimizing resources to effectively eliminate measles through high immunization and herd immunity, with sporadic outbreaks of measles as evidence. The objective of this study is...

    Authors: Y. Hazlina, M. A. Marlindawati and K. Shamsuddin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:740
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Although early presentation to HIV-care is essential to ensure timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy, recent studies have shown that especially migrants present to HIV-care at a later stage of HIV-infect...

    Authors: Nadine Zeitlmann, Barbara Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer, Claudia Santos-Hövener, Christian Kollan and Matthias an der Heiden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:739
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Timely and enduring access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by HIV-infected individuals has been shown to substantially reduce HIV transmission risk, HIV-related morbidity and mortality. However, there is evide...

    Authors: Augustine Ankomah, John Kuumuori Ganle, Margaret Yaa Lartey, Awewura Kwara, Priscilla Awo Nortey, Michael Perry Kweku Okyerefo and Amos Kankponang Laar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:738
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Bacteria that produce Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) are resistant to broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. The objective of this study was to phenotypically and genotypically characterize the antibio...

    Authors: Patricia Cristina Saldanha Ribeiro, Andrea Souza Monteiro, Sirlei Garcia Marques, Sílvio Gomes Monteiro, Valério Monteiro-Neto, Martina Márcia Melo Coqueiro, Ana Cláudia Garcia Marques, Rosimary de Jesus Gomes Turri, Simone Gonçalves Santos and Maria Rosa Quaresma Bomfim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:737
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis due to Klebsiella pneumoniae has mainly been described in Southeast Asia and has a poor prognosis. Severe invasive infections caused by K. pneumoniae, including meningitis,...

    Authors: Bénédicte Melot, Sylvain Brisse, Sébastien Breurec, Virginie Passet, Edith Malpote, Isabelle Lamaury, Guillaume Thiery and Bruno Hoen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:736
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  8. To the best of our knowledge, no study has compared gram-negative bacillary hematogenous pyogenic spondylodiscitis (GNB-HPS) with gram-positive coccal hematogenous pyogenic spondylodiscitis (GPC-HPS) regarding...

    Authors: Ching-Yu Lee, Meng-Huang Wu, Chin-Chang Cheng, Tsung-Jen Huang, Tsung-Yu Huang, Chien-Yin Lee, Jou-Chen Huang and Yen-Yao Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:735
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. H7N9 human cases were first detected in mainland China in March 2013. Circulation of this virus has continued each year shifting to typical winter months. We compared the clinical and epidemiologic characteris...

    Authors: Nijuan Xiang, A. Danielle Iuliano, Yanping Zhang, Ruiqi Ren, Xingyi Geng, Bili Ye, Wenxiao Tu, Ch ao Li, Yong Lv, Ming Yang, Jian Zhao, Yali Wang, Fuqiang Yang, Lei Zhou, Bo Liu, Yuelong Shu…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:734
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Systematic reviews suggest that the incidence of diagnosed tuberculosis is two- to- three times higher in those with diabetes mellitus than in those without. Few studies have previously reported the associatio...

    Authors: Sarah Lou Bailey, Helen Ayles, Nulda Beyers, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, Monde Muyoyeta, Elizabeth du Toit, John S. Yudkin and Sian Floyd
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:733
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. While the global burden of typhoid fever has been often brought up for attention, the detailed surveillance information has only been available for the limited number of countries. As more efficacious vaccines...

    Authors: Jung-Seok Lee, Vijayalaxmi V. Mogasale, Vittal Mogasale and Kangsung Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:732
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Typhoid fever mainly occurs in (sub) tropical regions where sanitary conditions remain poor. In other regions it occurs mainly among returning travelers or their direct contacts. The aim of this study was to e...

    Authors: F. S. T. Suryapranata, M. Prins and G. J. B. Sonder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:731
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Mucormycosis is a rare but devastating fungal infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients such as those with hematological malignancy, bone marrow and solid organ transplantation, and patients wit...

    Authors: Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Hongbo Yang, Jinlin Song, Sneha S. Kelkar, Xi Yang, Nkechi Azie, Rachel Harrington, Alan Fan, Edward Lee and James R. Spalding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:730
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. In Sri Lanka pertussis continues to circulate in the community and cases among adolescents and adults have been reported despite 95% coverage of the four dose pertussis vaccination during early childhood. Wani...

    Authors: Shamithra Sigera, Jennifer Perera, Jeyanthakumar Rasarathinam, Dulani Samaranayake and Dileepa Ediriweera
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:729
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. HIV is the leading cause of death among adults in sub-Saharan Africa. However, mortality along the HIV care continuum is poorly described. We combine demographic, epidemiologic, and health services data to est...

    Authors: Eran Bendavid, David Stauffer, Eric Remera, Sabin Nsanzimana, Steve Kanters and Edward J. Mills
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:728
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (LUTI) are very common, and presumably around 200,000 female patients are treated for this annually in Denmark. The current Danish national clinical practice guidel...

    Authors: Filip Jansåker, Niels Frimodt-Møller, Lars Bjerrum and Jenny Dahl Knudsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:727
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  17. Despite improvements in treatment success rates for tuberculosis (TB), current six-month regimen duration remains a challenge for many National TB Programmes, health systems, and patients. There is increasing ...

    Authors: G. B. Gomez, D. W. Dowdy, M. L. Bastos, A. Zwerling, S. Sweeney, N. Foster, A. Trajman, M. A. Islam, S. Kapiga, E. Sinanovic, G. M. Knight, R. G. White, W. A. Wells, F. G. Cobelens and A. Vassall
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:726
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The central-line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are the most common healthcare-associated infections in childhood. Despite the international data available on healthcare-associated infections in se...

    Authors: Elisabetta Venturini, Carlotta Montagnani, Alessandra Benni, Sabrina Becciani, Klaus Peter Biermann, Salvatore De Masi, Elena Chiappini, Maurizio de Martino and Luisa Galli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:725
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Clonorchiasis remains an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction are not fully understood. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to be key r...

    Authors: Su Han, Qiaoran Tang, Xi Lu, Rui Chen, Yihong Li, Jing Shu, Xiaoli Zhang and Jianping Cao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:724
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. In order to control the spread of rubella and reduce the risk for congenital rubella syndrome, an additional rubella vaccination program was set up for all secondary school students since 2008 in Zhejiang, China.

    Authors: Hanqing He, Rui Yan, Xuewen Tang, Yang Zhou, Xuan Deng and Shuyun Xie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:723
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. TBM (Tuberculous meningitis) is severe form of tuberculosis causing death of one third of the affected individuals or leaving two-third of the survivors disabled. MMP-9 (Matrix metalloproteinase-9) is produced...

    Authors: S. Majeed, P. Singh, N. Sharma and S. Sharma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:722
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a leading cause for hospitalizations in the United States. Few studies have addressed the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy in the management of SSTIs without co...

    Authors: Thomas L. Walsh, Lynn Chan, Chelsea I. Konopka, Michael J. Burkitt, Matthew A. Moffa, Derek N. Bremmer, Monika A. Murillo, Courtney Watson and Noreen H. Chan-Tompkins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:721
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common pathogens isolated from blood cultures in Ghana; yet the epidemiology of blood infections in rural settings is poorly described. This study aims to investigate antim...

    Authors: Denise Dekker, Manuel Wolters, Eva Mertens, Kennedy Gyau Boahen, Ralf Krumkamp, Daniel Eibach, Norbert G. Schwarz, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Holger Rohde, Martin Christner, Florian Marks, Nimako Sarpong and Jürgen May
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:720
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. In areas where Mycobacterium tuberculosis is endemic, tuberculosis is known to be the most common cause of pericarditis. However, the difficulty in diagnosis may lead to late complications such as constrictive pe...

    Authors: In Young Jung, Young Goo Song, Jun Yong Choi, Moo Hyun Kim, Woo Yong Jeong, Dong Hyun Oh, Yong Chan Kim, Je Eun Song, Eun Jin Kim, Ji Un Lee, Su Jin Jeong, Nam Su Ku and June Myung Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:719
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The preferred regimen for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is based mainly on safety and tolerability because it is given to immunocompetent people without HIV infection for a limited time (28 days). The fr...

    Authors: Nadia Valin, Laurent Fonquernie, Anne Daguenel, Pauline Campa, Theresita Anthony, Marguerite Guiguet, Pierre Marie Girard and Marie Caroline Meyohas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:718
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups worldwide. The NoVs circulating in Huzhou over the past 7 years were predominantly GII.4 genotypes. I...

    Authors: Peng Zhang, Liping Chen, Yun Fu, Lei Ji, Xiaofang Wu, Deshun Xu and Jiankang Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:717
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. A livestock-associated clonal lineage (ST398) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified causing colonization or infection in farm workers. The aim of the study was to analyze the p...

    Authors: Esteban Reynaga, Marian Navarro, Anna Vilamala, Pere Roure, Manuel Quintana, Marian Garcia-Nuñez, Raül Figueras, Carmen Torres, Gianni Lucchetti and Miquel Sabrià
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:716
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Secondary dengue causes more severe disease than the primary. Early on, it is important to differentiate the two. We tried to find important clinical and laboratory differences between the two for the purpose ...

    Authors: Khalid Hamid Changal, Ab Hameed Raina, Adnan Raina, Manzoor Raina, Rehana Bashir, Muzamil Latief, Tanveer Mir and Qayum Hamid Changal
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:715
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Although Drug resistance tuberculosis is not a new phenomenon, Mali remains one of the “blank” countries without systematic data.

    Authors: B. Diarra, D. Goita, S. Tounkara, M. Sanogo, B. Baya, A. C. G. Togo, M. Maiga, Y. S. Sarro, A. Kone, B. Kone, O. M’Baye, N. Coulibaly, H. Kassambara, A. Cisse, M. Belson, M. A. Polis…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:714
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival for people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Non-AIDS comorbidities have replaced opportunistic infections as leading causes of mortality and morb...

    Authors: Andreas Ronit, Judith Haissman, Ditte Marie Kirkegaard-Klitbo, Thomas Skårup Kristensen, Anne-Mette Lebech, Thomas Benfield, Jan Gerstoft, Henrik Ullum, Lars Køber, Andreas Kjær, Klaus Kofoed, Jørgen Vestbo, Børge Nordestgaard, Jens Lundgren and Susanne Dam Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:713
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  31. Individuals who test positive for active tuberculosis (TB) but do not initiate treatment present a challenge to TB programmes because they contribute to ongoing transmission within communities. To better under...

    Authors: Donald Skinner and Mareli Claassens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:712
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. In many industrialized countries routine vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23) is recommended to prevent pneumococcal disease in the elderly. However, vaccine-induced imm...

    Authors: Cornelius Remschmidt, Thomas Harder, Ole Wichmann, Christian Bogdan and Gerhard Falkenhorst
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:711
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Fluoroquinolones are a guideline-recommended therapy for complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. Elevated drug concentrations of fluoroquinolones in the urine and therapy with high-dose...

    Authors: Eliana S. Armstrong, Janelle A. Mikulca, Daniel J. Cloutier, Caleb A. Bliss and Judith N. Steenbergen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:710
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Swedish studies on antibiotic use in primary care have been based on one-week registrations of infections. In order to study adherence to guidelines, analyses based on large databases that provide information ...

    Authors: Mia Tyrstrup, Anders Beckman, Sigvard Mölstad, Sven Engström, Christina Lannering, Eva Melander and Katarina Hedin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:709
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Ebola and Marburg virus diseases are said to occur at a low prevalence, but are very severe diseases with high lethalities. The fatality rates reported in different outbreaks ranged from 24–100%. In addition, ...

    Authors: Luke Nyakarahuka, Clovice Kankya, Randi Krontveit, Benjamin Mayer, Frank N. Mwiine, Julius Lutwama and Eystein Skjerve
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:708
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of wate...

    Authors: Ashish C. Shrestha, Robert L. P. Flower, Clive R. Seed, Manita Rajkarnikar, Shrawan K. Shrestha, Uru Thapa, Veronica C. Hoad and Helen M. Faddy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:707
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. To compare the related factors or manifestations of the two most common isolates of post-operative endophthalmitis, which were Enterococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in South Korea.

    Authors: Ki Yup Nam, Hyun Wong Kim, Woo Jin Jeung, Jung Min Park, Jong Moon Park, In Young Chung, Yong Seop Han, Bu Sup Oum, Ji Eun Lee, Ik Soo Byon, Il Han Yun, Joo Eun Lee, Hee Sung Yoon, Dong Park, Byeng Chul Yu and Sang Joon Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:706
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world, causing significant morbidity and economic impact. In Colombia, dengue is a major public health problem. Departments of La Guajira, Cesar...

    Authors: Ruth Aralí Martínez-Vega, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Yalil Tomás Bracho-Churio, Mirley Enith Castro-Salas, Fredy Galvis-Ovallos, Ronald Giovanny Díaz-Quijano, María Lucrecia Luna-González, Jaime E. Castellanos, José Ramos-Castañeda and Fredi Alexander Diaz-Quijano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:705
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  39. China’s Ministry of Health (MOH) has established a policy about the antimicrobial stewardship. To date, the effects of this policy on multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) in critically ill patients are unknown.

    Authors: Xudong Ma, Jianfeng Xie, Yi Yang, Fengmei Guo, Zhiwei Gao, Hua Shao, Yingzi Huang, Congshan Yang and Haibo Qiu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:704
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Parasitic infections are still a significant health problem in rural areas in developing countries including Iran. There is no recent population-based data about the prevalence of human intestinal parasites in...

    Authors: Bahador Sarkari, Ghasem Hosseini, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Mohammad Fararouei and Abdolali Moshfe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:703
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. In China canine rabies poses a serious public health problem in that human mortality ranks the second highest globally. While rabies health education interventions are advocated by WHO to be critical component...

    Authors: Hairong Wu, Jiao Chen, Lianbin Zou, Liefeng Zheng, Weichao Zhang, Zhenmu Meng, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Youming Wang, Jingli Kang and Xiangdong Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:701
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of neonatal candidemia are poorly understood in western China. The aim of our study was to evaluate the epidemiological features of neonatal candidemia in the Liuzho...

    Authors: Jichang Chen, Yongjiang Jiang, Ba Wei, Yanling Ding, Shaolin Xu, Peixu Qin and Jinjian Fu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:700
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing as primary screening for cervical cancer is currently being implemented in Norway in a randomized controlled fashion, involving three laboratories. As part of the quality ass...

    Authors: Birgit Engesæter, Bianca van Diermen Hidle, Mona Hansen, Pia Moltu, Kjersti Mangseth Staby, Siri Borchgrevink-Persen, Olav K. Vintermyr, Stefan Lönnberg, Mari Nygård, Emiel A. M. Janssen, Philip E. Castle and Irene Kraus Christiansen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:698
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Kingdom of Swaziland is extremely high. How healthcare workers (HCWs) in Swaziland perceive infection control (IC) measures for preventing TB transmission is unclear. ...

    Authors: Yi-Hao Weng, Patience Thulile Bhembe, Hung-Yi Chiou, Chun-Yuh Yang and Ya-Wen Chiu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:697
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. West Nile fever virus is a zoonotic arboviral infection maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. It is one the arboviruses whose geographical range is expanding because of climate a...

    Authors: Doris Nyamwaya, Virginia Wang’ondu, Joshua Amimo, George Michuki, Moses Ogugo, Enoch Ontiri, Rosemary Sang, Johanna Lindahl, Delia Grace and Bernard Bett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:696
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The instability faced by refugees may place them at increased risk of exposure to HIV infection. Nakivale Refugee Settlement in southwestern Uganda hosts 68,000 refugees from 11 countries, many with high HIV p...

    Authors: Kelli N. O’Laughlin, Dustin J. Rabideau, Julius Kasozi, Robert A. Parker, Nirma D. Bustamante, Zikama M. Faustin, Kelsy E. Greenwald, Rochelle P. Walensky and Ingrid V. Bassett
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:695
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Dengue is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and has a presentation similar to other febrile illnesses. Since laboratory confirmation is frequently delayed, the majority of den...

    Authors: Eduardo Fernández, Marek Smieja, Stephen D. Walter and Mark Loeb
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:694
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the outcome and natural disease progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While the majority of HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected su...

    Authors: Yue Chen, Chengli Shen, Debjani Guha, Ming Ding, Scott Kulich, Aiymkul Ashimkhanova, Charles Rinaldo, Eric Seaberg, Joseph B. Margolick, Valentina Stosor, Otoniel Martínez-Maza and Phalguni Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:693
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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