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  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is reported to infect about a third of the world’s population but only 10 % are thought to develop active tuberculosis (TB) disease. Host immunity regulated by human leukocyte ant...

    Authors: Dan Wamala, Helen Koyokoyo Buteme, Samuel Kirimunda, Gunilla Kallenius and Moses Joloba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Although male predominance was documented in previous studies on cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM), there has been no statistical study about female CM patients despite recently noticeable increase in fema...

    Authors: Hui Zheng, Mingyue Li, Dongmei Wang, Jia ling Yang, Qiong Chen, Xiaomei Zhang, Yang Man, Junying Lao, Ningfen Chen and Suyue Pan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Scabies impairs the health of humans and animals and causes heavy economic losses. Traditional diagnostic methods for scabies are inefficient and ineffective, and so far there is no commercial immunodiagnostic...

    Authors: Yu Zheng, Ran He, Manli He, Xiaobin Gu, Tao Wang, Weimin Lai, Xuerong Peng and Guangyou Yang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. In Zimbabwe, sputum smear microscopy (SSM) is the routinely used TB diagnostic tool in hospitalised HIV-infected patients. However, SSM has poor sensitivity in HIV-infected patients. We compared performance of...

    Authors: Lynn Sodai Zijenah, Gerard Kadzirange, Tsitsi Bandason, Maria Mary Chipiti, Bevel Gwambiwa, Forget Makoga, Pauline Chungu, Philip Kaguru and Keertan Dheda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a very rare complication of disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. So far it is mainly described for immunocompromised patients.

    Authors: Niklas F. Müller, Matthias Schampera, Gerhard Jahn, Nisar P. Malek, Christoph P. Berg and Klaus Hamprecht
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:19
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  6. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in developing countries, particularly among children and HIV-infected persons. Pneumococcal oropharyngeal (OP) or nasopharyngeal (NP...

    Authors: Laura M. Conklin, Godfrey Bigogo, Geofrey Jagero, Lee Hampton, Muthoni Junghae, Maria da Gloria Carvalho, Fabiana Pimenta, Bernard Beall, Thomas Taylor, Brian Plikaytis, Kayla F. Laserson, John Vulule, Chris Van Beneden, Cynthia G. Whitney, Robert F. Breiman and Daniel R. Feikin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The discovery of autochthonous hepatitis E in industrialized countries has changed the understanding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in these regions, now known to be mainly due to zoonotic transmission o...

    Authors: João R. Mesquita, Mette Myrmel, Kathrine Stene-Johansen, Joakim Øverbø and Maria S. J. Nascimento
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:17
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  8. An outbreak of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in the Darwin region of the Northern Territory (NT) in 2014. We aimed to determine the source and risk factors associated with the outbreak and describe the cli...

    Authors: Sarah L. McGuinness, Rowena Boyd, Sarah Kidd, Charlie McLeod, Vicki L. Krause and Anna P. Ralph
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. In Canada both bivalent (bHPV) vaccine and quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) are authorized for use. In Alberta, while both vaccines are available for private purchase, only qHPV is publicly funded for school gi...

    Authors: Xianfang C. Liu, Christopher A. Bell, Kimberley A. Simmonds, Margaret L. Russell and Lawrence W. Svenson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The global burden of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV co-infection is enormous. The risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer is associated with HBV DNA levels. The main objective of the study was ...

    Authors: Timothy N. A. Archampong, Margaret Lartey, Kwamena W. Sagoe, Adjoa Obo-Akwa, Ernest Kenu, Fizza S. Gillani, Hongmei Yang, Isaac Boamah, Timothy Flanigan and Awewura Kwara
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Fast breathing pneumonia is characterized by tachypnoea in the absence of danger signs and is mostly viral in etiology. Current guidelines recommend antibiotic therapy for all children with fast breathing pneu...

    Authors: Fyezah Jehan, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Salima Kerai, Nick Brown, Benazir Balouch, Zulfiqar Hyder, Gwen Ambler, Amy Sarah Ginsburg and Anita K. M. Zaidi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:13
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  12. The main aim of this study was to evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in a group of school-aged children and adolescents with asthma because these results might indicate the theoretical risk of invasive pn...

    Authors: Susanna Esposito, Leonardo Terranova, Maria Francesca Patria, Gian Luigi Marseglia, Michele Miraglia del Giudice, Alessandro Bodini, Alberto Martelli, Eugenio Baraldi, Oscar Mazzina, Claudia Tagliabue, Amelia Licari, Valentina Ierardi, Mara Lelii and Nicola Principi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Despite the progress in the Prevention of the Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), the paediatric HIV epidemic remains worrying in Cameroon. HIV prevalence rate for the population of pregnant women was...

    Authors: Hermine L. Nguena Nguefack, Henri Gwet, Sophie Desmonde, Odile Ouwe Missi Oukem-Boyer, Céline Nkenfou, Mathurin Téjiokem, Patrice Tchendjou, Irénée Domkam, Valériane Leroy and Ahmadou Alioum
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. About one third of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also have chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV therapy with simeprevir, pegylated interferon alfa (PegIFNα) and rib...

    Authors: Frank Andersohn, Anne-Kathrin Claes, Werner Kulp, Jörg Mahlich and Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are a major public health concern in HIV/AIDS patients particularly in resource-limited settings of Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies investigating the relationship between inte...

    Authors: Dickson Shey Nsagha, Anna Longdoh Njunda, Nguedia Jules Clement Assob, Charlotte Wenze Ayima, Elvis Asangbeng Tanue, Odette Dzemo kibu and Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Human parvovirus B19 (B19V), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) may cause intrauterine infections with potentially severe consequences to the fetus. Current serodiagnosis of these infections ...

    Authors: Yilin Wang, Lea Hedman, Maria F. Perdomo, Amal Elfaitouri, Agnes Bölin-Wiener, Arun Kumar, Maija Lappalainen, Maria Söderlund-Venermo, Jonas Blomberg and Klaus Hedman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:8
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  17. Understanding physicians’ antibiotic-prescribing behaviour is fundamental when it comes to improving antibiotic use and tackling the growing rates of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the study was to devel...

    Authors: António Teixeira Rodrigues, Mónica Ferreira, Fátima Roque, Amílcar Falcão, Elmano Ramalheira, Adolfo Figueiras and Maria Teresa Herdeiro
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Influenza is a major public health issue worldwide. It is characterized by episodes of infection that involve hundreds of millions of people each year. Since that in the seasons 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 the cir...

    Authors: Livia Mancinelli, Manuela Onori, Carlo Concato, Roberto Sorge, Stefano Chiavelli, Luana Coltella, Umberto Raucci, Antonio Reale, Donato Menichella and Cristina Russo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The rapid determination of pathogenic agent is very important to clinician for guiding their clinical medication. However, current diagnostic methods are of limitation in many aspects, such as detecting range,...

    Authors: Mingzhi Ye, Wei Wei, Zhikai Yang, Yingzhen Li, Shaomin Cheng, Kang Wang, Tianliangwen Zhou, Jingmeng Sun, Sha Liu, Na Ni, Hui Jiang and Hua Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:5
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  20. Tuberculosis (TB) patients with multiple episodes of anti-TB treatment represent an important source of TB transmission, as well as a serious threat to the control of drug resistant TB, due to the high risk of...

    Authors: Yi Hu, Qi Zhao, Jim Werngren, Sven Hoffner, Vinod K. Diwan and Biao Xu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The 1980’s economic boom has been associated with a rapid expansion of China’s sex industry over the past three decades. Consequently, the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and hepatitis infecti...

    Authors: Shu Su, Eric P. F. Chow, Kathryn E. Muessig, Lei Yuan, Joseph D. Tucker, Xiaohu Zhang, Jiehui Ren, Christopher K. Fairley, Jun Jing and Lei Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. To develop content validity of a comprehensive patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure following current best scientific methodology to standardize assessment of influenza (flu) symptoms in clinical research.

    Authors: John H. Powers, M. Lourdes Guerrero, Nancy Kline Leidy, Mary P. Fairchok, Alice Rosenberg, Andrés Hernández, Sonja Stringer, Christina Schofield, Patricia Rodríguez-Zulueta, Katherine Kim, Patrick J. Danaher, Hilda Ortega-Gallegos, Elizabeth Dansie Bacci, Nathaniel Stepp, Arturo Galindo-Fraga, Kristina St. Clair…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The spatial-temporal dynamics of Bordetella pertussis remains as a highly interesting case in infectious disease epidemiology. Despite large-scale vaccination programs in place for over 50 years around the world,...

    Authors: Mauricio Lima, Sergio A. Estay, Rodrigo Fuentes, Paola Rubilar, Hélène Broutin and Gerardo Chowell-Puente
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:590
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Over 20 000 people die from rabies each year in India. At least 95 % of people contract rabies from an infected dog. Annual vaccination of over 70 % of the dog population has eliminated both canine and human r...

    Authors: Andrew D. Gibson, Praveen Ohal, Kate Shervell, Ian G. Handel, Barend M. Bronsvoort, Richard J. Mellanby and Luke Gamble
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:589
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Despite high vaccination coverage, infection with Bordetella pertussis is a current public health concern in the Netherlands and other European Union member states. Because surveillance data are subject to extens...

    Authors: Scott A. McDonald, Peter Teunis, Nicoline van der Maas, Sabine de Greeff, Hester de Melker and Mirjam E. Kretzschmar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:588
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Measures of population-level influenza severity are important for public health planning, but estimates are often based on case-fatality and case-hospitalization risks, which require multiple data sources, are...

    Authors: Elizabeth C. Lee, Cécile Viboud, Lone Simonsen, Farid Khan and Shweta Bansal
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:587
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  28. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a major cause of sickness absenteeism among health care workers (HCWs) and contribute significantly to overall productivity loss particularly during influenza epidemics. ...

    Authors: Dennis K. M. Ip, Eric H. Y. Lau, Yat Hung Tam, Hau Chi So, Benjamin J. Cowling and Henry K. H. Kwok
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:586
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The availability of new vaccines can prompt policy makers to consider changes to the routine childhood immunisation programme in the UK. Alterations to one aspect of the schedule may have implications for othe...

    Authors: Sonya Crowe, Martin Utley, Guy Walker, Jasmina Panovska-Griffiths, Peter Grove and Christina Pagel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:585
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients experience an increased risk for invasive fungal diseases (IFDs).

    Authors: Nicole Harrison, Margit Mitterbauer, Selma Tobudic, Peter Kalhs, Werner Rabitsch, Hildegard Greinix, Heinz Burgmann, Birgit Willinger, Elisabeth Presterl and Christina Forstner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:584
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Pandoraea spp. are recently discovered bacteria, mainly recovered from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but their epidemiology and clinical significance are not well known. We describe a...

    Authors: Nicolas Degand, Romain Lotte, Célia Decondé Le Butor, Christine Segonds, Michelle Thouverez, Agnès Ferroni, Christine Vallier, Laurent Mély and Jacqueline Carrère
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:583
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), the major limiting factor for long-term survival after heart transplantation (HTx). The purpose of this study...

    Authors: Inger Johansson, Rune Andersson, Vanda Friman, Nedim Selimovic, Lars Hanzen, Salmir Nasic, Ulla Nyström and Vilborg Sigurdardottir
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:582
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. During October 2011 several residents and staff members at a long-term care facility (LTCF) for elderly fell ill with respiratory symptoms. Several of the residents required hospitalization and one died. Non-t...

    Authors: Madelen Andersson, Fredrik Resman, Rickard Eitrem, Peter Drobni, Kristian Riesbeck, Gunnar Kahlmeter and Martin Sundqvist
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:581
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (MDA) are required, and determining ...

    Authors: Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo, Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga, Jean Bopda, Julie Akame, Ann Tarini and Joseph Kamgno
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:579
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Human fascioliasis (HF) is a zoonotic disease that has been identified in many countries worldwide. This report concerns the identification and clinical management of cases of human fascioliasis in the suburbs...

    Authors: Abdul-Hamid Settenda Lukambagire, Deborah N. Mchaile and Mramba Nyindo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:578
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Multi-slice computed tomography enterography (MSCTE) is now widely used to diagnose and monitor intestinal disease. Preliminary studies suggest that MSCTE may be useful in detecting intestinal tuberculosis (IT...

    Authors: Jing Zhao, Min-Yi Cui, Tao Chan, Ren Mao, Yanji Luo, Indira Barua, Minhu Chen, Zi-Ping Li and Shi-Ting Feng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:577
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. To improve antibiotic use globally, we must deepen our understanding of the public’s knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) concerning antibiotics. Children are frequent users of antibiotics, and their careg...

    Authors: Lilu Ding, Qiang Sun, Weishuai Sun, Yihui Du, Yue Li, Xuefeng Bian, Guiqin He, Huidong Bai and Oliver J. Dyar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:576
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. HPV infects multiple sites in the epithelium, including the genitals and oral cavity. The relation between genital and oral infections and serum antibodies can help explain the natural history and epidemiology...

    Authors: Andrew F. Brouwer, Marisa C. Eisenberg, Thomas E. Carey and Rafael Meza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:575
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  40. Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Increased NoV activity was observed in Beijing, China during winter 2014–2015; therefore, we examined the epid...

    Authors: Zhiyong Gao, Baiwei Liu, Da Huo, Hanqiu Yan, Lei Jia, Yiwei Du, Haikun Qian, Yang Yang, Xiaoli Wang, Jie Li and Quanyi Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:574
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Previous influenza surveillance at paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Germany indicated increased incidence of PICU admissions for the pandemic influenza subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. We investigated incidence...

    Authors: Andrea Streng, Christiane Prifert, Benedikt Weissbrich and Johannes G. Liese
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:573
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The prevalence and impact of antimicrobial “allergy” labels and Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) on antibiotic usage and antimicrobial stewardship initiatives is ill defined. We sought to examine the rate of anti...

    Authors: Jason A. Trubiano, Kelly A. Cairns, Jacqui A. Evans, Amally Ding, Tuan Nguyen, Michael J. Dooley and Allen C. Cheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:572
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorroheae (PPNG) was first isolated in 1976. PPNG strains carrying bla TEM-1 and bla TEM-135 gene have been described in d...

    Authors: Ricardo Gianecini, Claudia Oviedo, Cristina Guantay, Laura Piccoli, Graciela Stafforini and Patricia Galarza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:571
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is crucial to achieve HIV viral suppression and reduce transmission. HIV-infected Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) were less likely to initiate ART than oth...

    Authors: Yu Liu, Yuhua Ruan, Sten H. Vermund, Chandra Y. Osborn, Pingsheng Wu, Yujiang Jia, Yiming Shao and Han-Zhu Qian
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:570
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is associated with maternal morbidity and occasionally mortality during the first trimester. A history of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and pelvic inflammatory disease have been i...

    Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Ashshi, Sarah Abdullah Batwa, Seham Yahia Kutbi, Faizah Ahmed Malibary, Mohamed Batwa and Bassem Refaat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:569
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Infectious disease (ID) consultations have been shown to increase adherence to guidelines and decrease mortality for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). Here, we assessed the impact of a mandato...

    Authors: Leslie Martin, Miriam Tova Harris, Annie Brooks, Cheryl Main and Dominik Mertz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:568
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Escherichia coli is a rare cause of community-acquired meningitis in adults unless predisposing factors are present (e.g., previous penetrating cranio-cerebral injury or neurosurgery, ...

    Authors: Rebekka Kohlmann, Andrey Nefedev, Martin Kaase and Sören G. Gatermann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:567
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  48. This study aims at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a 2-dose schedule human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme of HPV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve 12-year-old girls, in addition to ...

    Authors: Xiao Li, Martinus P. Stander, Georges Van Kriekinge and Nadia Demarteau
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:566
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) represent up to 50 % of all infections among patients admitted from the community. The current review intends to provide a systematic review on the microbiological profi...

    Authors: Teresa Cardoso, Mónica Almeida, Jordi Carratalà, Irene Aragão, Altamiro Costa-Pereira, António E. Sarmento and Luís Azevedo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:565
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The West-African (WA) Zaire Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak was characterized by an exceptionally high number of cases and deaths as compared with the Eastern-Central African (ECA) outbreaks. Despite the Zai...

    Authors: Stefano Petti, Giuseppe Alessio Messano, Enzo Maria Vingolo, Luigi Tonino Marsella and Crispian Scully
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:564
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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