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  1. Malaria and schistosomiasis present considerable disease burden in tropical and sub-tropical areas and severity is worsened by co-infections in areas where both diseases are endemic. Although pathogenesis of t...

    Authors: Edwin Kamau, Adam Yates, Risper Maisiba, Valentine Singoei, Benjamin Opot, Rose Adeny, Cornel O. Arima, Victor Otieno, Catherine S. Sumbi, Raphael O. Okoth, Farid Abdi, Maurine Mwalo, Jew Ochola, June Otieno, Julie Ake, Michelle Imbach…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:937
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Refugees are at increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) soon after resettlement. Targeting high-risk populations for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening and treatment is an important measure ...

    Authors: R. K. Lim, R. Talavlikar, O. Chiazor, J. Bietz, H. Gardiner and D. Fisher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:936
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an emerging cause of significant morbidity and mortality in severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical profile and outcome of BSIs...

    Authors: Naveenraj Palanisamy, Nakka Vihari, Durga Shankar Meena, Deepak Kumar, Naresh Midha, Vibhor Tak, Ankur Sharma, Gopal Krishana Bohra, Nikhil Kothari, Naveen Dutt, Pradeep Kumar Bhatia, Mahendra Kumar Garg and Sanjeev Misra
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:933
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. To characterise the longitudinal dynamics of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Procalcitonin (PCT) in a cohort of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and support antimicrobial decision-making.

    Authors: Damien K. Ming, Ashleigh C. Myall, Bernard Hernandez, Andrea Y. Weiße, Robert L. Peach, Mauricio Barahona, Timothy M. Rawson and Alison H. Holmes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:932
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:988

  8. Empowering female sex workers (FSWs) through women controlled HIV prevention option has been in focus globally. FSWs are important target for oral pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A multi-centric qualitative s...

    Authors: Seema Sahay, Archana Verma, Suhas Shewale, Sampada Bangar, Athokpam Bijeshkumar, Mubashir Angolkar, Thilakavathi Subramanian and Nomita Chandhiok
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:930
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Remote Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have potential to be severely impacted by COVID-19, with multiple factors predisposing to increased transmission and disease severity. Our mo...

    Authors: Ben B. Hui, Damien Brown, Rebecca H. Chisholm, Nicholas Geard, Jodie McVernon and David G. Regan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:929
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. South Africa implemented rapid and strict physical distancing regulations to minimize SARS-CoV-2 epidemic spread. Evidence on the impact of such measures on interpersonal contact in rural and lower-income sett...

    Authors: Nicky McCreesh, Vuyiswa Dlamini, Anita Edwards, Stephen Olivier, Njabulo Dayi, Keabetswe Dikgale, Siyabonga Nxumalo, Jaco Dreyer, Kathy Baisley, Mark J. Siedner, Richard G. White, Kobus Herbst, Alison D. Grant and Guy Harling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:928
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is among the most concerning cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and high mortality. In the era of th...

    Authors: Alireza Abdollahi, Amir Aliramezani, Mohammadreza Salehi, Mahsa Norouzi Shadehi, Sedighe Ghourchian and Masoumeh Douraghi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:927
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires the availability of accurate and rapid diagnostic tests, especially in such clinical settings as emergency and intensive care units. The objective of this study was to ...

    Authors: Vanessa De Pace, Patrizia Caligiuri, Valentina Ricucci, Nicola Nigro, Barbara Galano, Valeria Visconti, Giorgio Da Rin and Bianca Bruzzone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:926
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. In the 2nd year of the COVID-19 pandemic, knowledge about the dynamics of the infection in the general population is still limited. Such information is essential for health planners, as many of those infected ...

    Authors: Katja Radon, Abhishek Bakuli, Peter Pütz, Ronan Le Gleut, Jessica Michelle Guggenbuehl Noller, Laura Olbrich, Elmar Saathoff, Mercè Garí, Yannik Schälte, Turid Frahnow, Roman Wölfel, Michael Pritsch, Camilla Rothe, Michel Pletschette, Raquel Rubio-Acero, Jessica Beyerl…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:925
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14.  Several immunisation candidates against RSV are in late-stage clinical trials. To evaluate the benefits of a potential vaccination programme, both economic and health benefits will be needed. Health benefits ...

    Authors: Eva Díez-Gandía, Carla Gómez-Álvarez, Mónica López-Lacort, Cintia Muñoz-Quiles, Isabel Úbeda-Sansano, Javier Díez-Domingo and Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:924
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Knowledge regarding factors predicting the SARS-COV-2 reinfection risk is scarce and it has major implications in public health policies. We aimed to identify factors associated with the risk of symptomatic SA...

    Authors: Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Xóchitl Trujillo, Miguel Huerta, Mónica Ríos-Silva, Felipe Aguilar-Sollano and Oliver Mendoza-Cano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:923
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Postpartum alanine transaminase (ALT) flares occur frequently in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected mothers with antepartum antiviral therapy (AVT). We aimed to characterize the T cell immunity in HBV-in...

    Authors: Meiting Huang, Yunfei Gao, Xueru Yin, Xuelian Zhang, Yaohua Hao, Jing Hu and Zhihua Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:922
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Most infants infected with Toxoplasma gondii are completely asymptomatic at birth, yet they may develop ocular and neurological sequelae in the first few months of life. Cases of congenital toxoplasmosis with sev...

    Authors: Jiao Li, Jing Zhao, Xiaoyan Yang, Yang Wen, Liang Huang, Dan Ma and Jing Shi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:920
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  19. Late-onset sepsis (LOS) is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome in neonates, and the molecular mechanism of LOS is incompletely characterized. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential value ...

    Authors: Chuchu Gao, Zongtai Feng, Lixia Wang, Xingxing Zhao, Kai Fu, Shurong Ma, Zuming Yang, Sannan Wang and Shenglin Yu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:919
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of the virus in tear and conjunctival secretions of clinically-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia patients.

    Authors: Yunus Karabela, Semsi Nur Karabela, Mehmet Ozbas, Havva Kasikci and Kadriye Kart Yasar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:918
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. HIV incidence can be estimated with cross-sectional studies using clinical, serological, and molecular data. Worldwide, HIV incidence data in only men who have sex with men (MSM) are scarce and principally foc...

    Authors: D. N. Vergara-Ortega, H. López-Gatell, S. Bautista-Arredondo, A. Colchero, S. G. Sosa-Rubí, M. Morales-Vazquez, A. Herrera-Ortiz, M. Olamendi-Portugal, S. García-Cisneros, E. E. Sevilla-Reyes, M. Hernández-Avila and M. A. Sánchez-Alemán
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:917
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Leprosy is a treatable disease; however, the release from treatment after completion of multidrug therapy (MDT) often does not equal absence of health problems. Consequently, sequelae interfere with the patien...

    Authors: Aleksandra Rosendo dos Santos, Pãmela Rodrigues de Souza Silva, Letícia Gomes Costa, Peter Steinmann and Eliane Ignotti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:916
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The aims of this study are to determine (i) SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive employees in Austrian trauma hospitals and rehabilitation facilities, (ii) number of active virus carriers (symptomatic and asymptomatic...

    Authors: Iris Leister, Elisabeth Ponocny-Seliger, Herwig Kollaritsch, Peter Dungel, Barbara Holzer, Johannes Grillari, Heinz Redl, Ivo Ponocny, Claudia Wilfing, Ludwig Aigner, Markus Exner, Michaela Stainer, Matthias Hackl, Thomas Hausner, Rainer Mittermayr and Wolfgang Schaden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:915
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to global public health. Many medical curricula have limited clinical cases and materials focused on AMR, yet enhanced AMR education and training are need...

    Authors: Eneyi E. Kpokiri, Randall John, Dan Wu, Noah Fongwen, Jehan Z. Budak, Christina C. Chang, Jason J. Ong and Joseph D. Tucker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:914
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. While miliary tuberculosis (TB) in pregnancy is rare after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), it poses a serious threat to the health of pregnant women and their fetuses. The present study ai...

    Authors: Xiaoyan Gai, Hongbin Chi, Wenli Cao, Lin Zeng, Lixue Chen, Weixia Zhang, Donghong Song, Ying Wang, Ping Liu, Rong Li and Yongchang Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:913
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Entecavir (ETV) is recommended as a first-line anti-HBV treatment. However, many chronic hepatitis B patients initiate anti-HBV treatment such as lamivudine and telbivudine with low genetic barriers in China, ...

    Authors: Jin Shang, Juan Zhou, Huan Liu, Rili M. Ise, You Tu, Jinqiu Ran, Lang Bai and Hong Tang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:912
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The potential shift of major causes of febrile illnesses from malaria to non-malarial febrile illnesses, including arboviral diseases such as chikungunya and dengue, is of concern. The last outbreaks of these ...

    Authors: Haliya S. Shauri, Esther Ngadaya, Mbazi Senkoro, Joram J. Buza and Sayoki Mfinanga
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:911
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. As cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of non-AIDS related death in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viral load, we evaluated lipid profile, weight gain and calculated cardiovascula...

    Authors: Pierre-Emmanuel Plum, Nathalie Maes, Anne-Sophie Sauvage, Frédéric Frippiat, Christelle Meuris, Françoise Uurlings, Marianne Lecomte, Philippe Léonard, Nicolas Paquot, Karine Fombellida, Dolores Vaira, Michel Moutschen and Gilles Darcis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:910
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. How to early distinguish the severity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a worldwide concern in clinical practice. We therefore conducted this study to assess the relationship between levels of serum inf...

    Authors: Mengyao Li, Ying Chen, Huihan Li, Dehua Yang, Yunlian Zhou, Zhimin Chen and Yuanyuan Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:909
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Pre-existing comorbidities have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection but evidence is sparse on the importance and pattern of multimorbidity (2 or more conditions) and severity of infection indicated by hospital...

    Authors: Yogini V. Chudasama, Francesco Zaccardi, Clare L. Gillies, Cameron Razieh, Thomas Yates, David E. Kloecker, Alex V. Rowlands, Melanie J. Davies, Nazrul Islam, Samuel Seidu, Nita G. Forouhi and Kamlesh Khunti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:908
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Viral load (VL) testing is key in monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and documenting HIV treatment response. As per HIV treatment guidelines in Uganda, the first VL test is recommended 6 mont...

    Authors: Grace Gabagaya, Gordon Rukundo, Alexander Amone, Priscilla Wavamunno, Joyce Namale-Matovu, Irene Lubega, Clemensia Nakabiito, Zikulah Namukwaya, Monica Nolan, Samuel S. Malamba, Rachel King, Jaco Homsy, Mary Glenn Fowler and Philippa Musoke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:907
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. COVID-19 disease may be associated with a wide range of bacterial and fungal infections. We report a patient with COVID-19 infection who developed rhino-facial mucormycosis during treatment with corticosteroids.

    Authors: Faezeh Mohammadi, Milad Badri, Shapoor Safari and Nima Hemmat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:906
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  33. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is one of the most virulent forms of mediastinitis. The main causes of high mortality in DNM are believed to stem from difficulty and delay in the diagnosis. Fast and...

    Authors: Jing Duan, Chuncheng Zhang, Xiaoshuang Che, Juanjuan Fu, Feng Pang, Qigang Zhao and Zhiqing You
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:905
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  34. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) cause encephalitis/encephalopathy, but few reports were available. We aimed to investigate the incidence of encephalitis/encephalopathy in SFTS patients and t...

    Authors: Ying Xu, Mingran Shao, Ning Liu, Danjiang Dong, Jian Tang and Qin Gu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:904
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared as a global pandemic in 2020. With the spread of the disease, a better understanding of patient outcomes associated with their symptoms in diverse geographi...

    Authors: Jamil Sadeghifar, Habib Jalilian, Khalil Momeni, Hamed Delam, Tadesse Sheleme, Ayoub Rashidi, Fariba Hemmati, Shahab Falahi and Morteza Arab-Zozani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:903
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Airway malacia is an important cause of noisy breathing, recurrent wheezing and respiratory infections, chronic coughing, and episodes of respiratory distress in young children. As the clinical manifestations ...

    Authors: Ting Wang, Qiuyan Xu, Ge Dai, Yu Hong, Zhengrong Chen, Min Lu, Yongdong Yan and Wujun Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:902
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is challenging, particularly in post-mortem human tissues. However, there is increasing evidence for viral SARS-CoV-2 manifestation i...

    Authors: Jana Ihlow, Alexander Seelhoff, Victor M. Corman, Achim D. Gruber, Simon Dökel, Jenny Meinhardt, Helena Radbruch, Ernst Späth-Schwalbe, Sefer Elezkurtaj, David Horst and Hermann Herbst
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:901
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  38. Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. There is an emergence of Typhoid fever caused by extensively drug-resistant...

    Authors: Saba Shahid, Marvi Mahesar, Nida Ghouri and Saba Noreen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:900
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Without an adequate immune response, SARS-CoV2 virus can simply spread throughout the body of the host. Two of the well-known immunonutrients are selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). Se and Zn deficiency might lead to...

    Authors: Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi, Hedieh Moradi Tabriz, Mansoureh Togha, Shadi Ariyanfar, Zeinab Ghorbani, Sima Naeeni, Samaneh Haghighi, Aboozar Jazayeri, Mahnaz Montazeri, Mohammad Talebpour, Haleh Ashraf, Mehdi Ebrahimi, Azita Hekmatdoost and Elham Jafari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:899
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Maternal immunization confers passive immunity to the fetus by transplacental antibody transfer. Infants may be better protected against pertussis if the mother received a diphtheriae, tetanus and acellular pe...

    Authors: Maarten M. Immink, Mireille N. Bekker, Hester E. de Melker, Nynke Y. Rots, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders and Nicoline A. T. van der Maas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:897
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  41. The world has high hopes of vaccination against COVID-19 to protect the population, boost economies and return to normal life. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out in high income countries, but the pand...

    Authors: Isidore Tiandiogo Traoré, Samiratou Ouedraogo, Dramane Kania, Firmin Nongodo Kaboré, Blahima Konaté, Rachel Médah, Hermann Badolo, Nathalie de Rekeneire, Ariane Mamguem Kamga, Armel Poda, Arnaud Eric Diendere, Boukary Ouédraogo, Esperance Ouédraogo, Oumar Billa, Halidou Tinto and Tienhan Sandrine Dabakuyo-Yonli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:896
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. In China, men who have sex with men (MSM) face a high risk of HIV infection. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common in this population and leads to various adverse consequences, including risky sexual behav...

    Authors: Yang Zhu, Fengsu Hou, Chun Chen, Dannuo Wei, Liping Peng, Xinyi You, Jing Gu, Chun Hao, Yuantao Hao and Jinghua Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:895
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Primary care and frontline healthcare providers are often the first point of contact for patients experiencing tick-borne disease (TBD) but face challenges when recognizing and diagnosing these diseases. The s...

    Authors: Stephanie Mattoon, Caitlin Baumhart, Ana C. Barsallo Cochez, Douglas MacQueen, Jeffrey Snedeker, Caroline B. Yancey, Melissa Gatch and Emily M. Mader
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:894
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Several studies have reported a significant association of knowledge, attitude and preventive practice (KAP) regarding dengue infection among community’s resident in endemic areas. In this study we aimed to as...

    Authors: Rhanye Mac Guad, Ernest Mangantig, Wah Yun Low, Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson, Meram Azzani, Shamala Devi Sekaran, Maw Shin Sim and Nornazirah Azizan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:893
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Several coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines have already been authorized and distributed in different countries all over the world, including Bangladesh. Understanding public acceptance of such a novel vac...

    Authors: Rajon Banik, Md. Saiful Islam, Mamun Ur Rashid Pranta, Quazi Maksudur Rahman, Mahmudur Rahman, Shahina Pardhan, Robin Driscoll, Sahadat Hossain and Md. Tajuddin Sikder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:892
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Determining factors affecting the transmission of rifampicin (RR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains under standardized tuberculosis (TB) treatment is key to control TB and p...

    Authors: Matthias Merker, Nkongho F. Egbe, Yannick R. Ngangue, Comfort Vuchas, Thomas A. Kohl, Viola Dreyer, Christopher Kuaban, Jürgen Noeske, Stefan Niemann and Melissa S. Sander
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:891
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. Hepatitis A is one of the most common infectious causes of acute hepatitis, and currently, a neglected global public health problem necessitating an urgent response in Somalia. Hepatitis A infection and its ra...

    Authors: Esra Keles, Mohamed A. Hassan-Kadle, Marian Muse Osman, Hasan Huseyin Eker, Zeynep Abusoglu, Kursad Nuri Baydili and Aamir Muse Osman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:890
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. In a previous retrospective observational study, a 3-day regimen of oseltamivir as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for preventing transmission of influenza in wards was shown to be comparable to 7- to 10-day r...

    Authors: Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Yoichi M. Ito, Sumio Iwasaki, Miki Nagao, Hideki Kawamura, Shinichiro Kanai, Yoko Nukui, Koichi Tokuda, Takayuki Miyara, Hidetoshi Igari, Koichi Yamada, Hiroki Chikumi, Chiaki Sano, Ryuji Koike, Tetsuya Yagi and Nobuo Murakami
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:887
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  50. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed an enormous threat to public health. The use of antiviral drugs in patients with this disease have triggered people’s attentions. Whether interferon al...

    Authors: Jingyuan Liu, Chunjing Du, Lin Pu, Pan Xiang, Haofeng Xiong, Wen Xie, Zhihai Chen and Ang Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:885
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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BMC Infectious Diseases

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