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  1. The World Health Organization (WHO) has ranked dengue as one of the top ten threats to Global health in 2019. Sri Lanka faced a massive dengue epidemic in 2017, the largest outbreak in the country during the l...

    Authors: K. P. Jayawickreme, D. K. Jayaweera, S. Weerasinghe, D. Warapitiya and S. Subasinghe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:981
  2. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, from pancreatic infections to bloodstream infections, influence the mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) on the condition of limited antib...

    Authors: Di Wu, Junjie Ding, Yan Jia, Huanmiao Liu, Jie Xiao and Jie Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:977
  3. Shanghai, as a pilot city of China to achieve the goal of eliminating hepatitis C, its strategy of allocating medical resources is a pressing problem to be solved. This study aims to infer the time-spatial clu...

    Authors: Ling-Xiao Qu, Yang Shi, Kai-Yun Chen, Yi-Han Lu and Hong Ren
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:974
  4. Limited data suggest that personal lubricants may damage the vaginal mucosal epithelium, alter the vaginal microbiota, and increase inflammation. We compared vaginal cytokine profiles and microbiota before and...

    Authors: Susan Tuddenham, Christina A. Stennett, Richard A. Cone, Jacques Ravel, Andrew N. Macintyre, Khalil G. Ghanem, Xin He and Rebecca M. Brotman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:973
  5. Rates of adherence to available recommendations for dose adjustments in patients with severe obesity are generally low. Hence, antimicrobials are often underdosed in these patients. Antimicrobial stewardship p...

    Authors: Stéphanie Sirard, Vincent Nault, Marie-France Langlois, Julie Perron and Louis Valiquette
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:972
  6. Few studies on pharyngotonsillitis have examined the clinical presentation of different aetiologies where pathogens have been detected using molecular methods. We aimed to assess how well clinical signs and sy...

    Authors: Jon Pallon, Mattias Rööst, Martin Sundqvist and Katarina Hedin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:971
  7. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a major public health concern worldwide. Bedaquiline, a novel diarylquinoline, was added to the WHO-recommended all-oral regimen for patients with multidrug-resistan...

    Authors: Ming-Gui Wang, Shou-Quan Wu and Jian-Qing He
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:970
  8. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic remains a major challenge for worldwide health care systems and in particular emergency medicine. An early and safe triage in the emergency department (ED) is especially crucial f...

    Authors: David Fistera, Annalena Härtl, Dirk Pabst, Randi Manegold, Carola Holzner, Christian Taube, Sebastian Dolff, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Lale Umutlu, Clemens Kill and Joachim Risse
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:969
  9. Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by dimorphic fungi Coccidioides spp. endemic to Southwestern United States and Central and South America. A history of residence and travel in these areas is esse...

    Authors: Yuqiao Mao, Xia Li, Haibo Lou, Xiaoyu Shang, Yanjun Mai, Lan Yang, Fuhua Peng and Xihua Fu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:968
  10. SARS-CoV-2 poses a considerable threat to those living in residential aged care facilities (RACF). RACF COVID-19 outbreaks have been characterised by the rapid spread of infection and high rates of severe dise...

    Authors: Amanda Brass, Andrew P. Shoubridge, Maria Crotty, Lidia Morawska, Scott C. Bell, Ming Qiao, Richard J. Woodman, Craig Whitehead, Maria C. Inacio, Caroline Miller, Megan Corlis, Nicolas Larby, Levi Elms, Sarah K. Sims, Steven L. Taylor, Erin Flynn…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:967
  11. Legionella spp. are ubiquitous freshwater bacteria responsible for rare but potentially severe cases of Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Legionella sainthelensi is a non-pneumophila Legionella species that was first i...

    Authors: Laure Kamus, Bénédicte Roquebert, Jérôme Allyn, Nicolas Allou, Dorothée Valance, Charles Simon, Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee, Ghislaine Descours, Sophie Jarraud and Guillaume Miltgen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:966
  12. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by more than one microorganisms is not uncommon and may be potentially challenging, but the relevant data is scarce in ventilated neonates. We aimed to investigate ...

    Authors: Hsiao-Chin Wang, Ming-Horng Tsai, Shih-Ming Chu, Chen-Chu Liao, Mei-Yin Lai, Hsuan-Rong Huang, Ming-Chou Chiang, Ren-Huei Fu and Jen-Fu Hsu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:965
  13. Talaromyces marneffei (TM) primarily infects patients with co-morbidities that cause immunodeficiency, but non-secretory myeloma (NSMM) is rare. TSM and NSMM are associated with fever, osteolysis, and swollen lym...

    Authors: Haiting Qin, Ye Qiu, Yanmei Huang, Mianluan Pan, Dong Lan, Wen Zeng and Jianquan Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:964
  14. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection may induce central nervous system complications in HIV/AIDS patients. However, it is rare to have paraplegia caused by VZV infection but no herpes zoster clinically. Asym...

    Authors: Zhiman Xie, Jingzhen Lai, Chuanyi Ning, Guangjing Ruan and Hao Liang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:963
  15. Authors: Yvette N. Löwensteyn, Natalie I. Mazur, Harish Nair, Joukje E. Willemsen, Ghislaine van Thiel and Louis Bont
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:962

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:857

  16. Authors: Yuya Ito, Takahiro Takazono, Satoru Koga, Yuichiro Nakano, Nobuyuki Ashizawa, Tatsuro Hirayama, Masato Tashiro, Tomomi Saijo, Kazuko Yamamoto, Yoshifumi Imamura, Taiga Miyazaki, Katsunori Yanagihara, Koichi Izumikawa and Hiroshi Mukae
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:961

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:573

  17. Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is rarely identified as a cause of amebic pericarditis. We report a case of amebic pericarditis complicated by cardiac tamponade, in which the diagnosis was missed initiall...

    Authors: Takahiro Matsuo, Akira Saito, Fujimi Kawai, Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Ryo Hasegawa, Takahiro Suzuki, Takahisa Fujino, Katsuhito Kinoshita, Taku Asano, Atsushi Mizuno, Kenji Yagita, Nobuyuki Komiyama, Yuki Uehara and Nobuyoshi Mori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:960
  18. The dual infection with SARS-CoV-2 is poorly described and is currently under discussion. We present a study of two strains of SARS-CoV-2 detected in the same patient during the same disease presentation.

    Authors: Andrei E. Samoilov, Valeriia V. Kaptelova, Anna Y. Bukharina, Olga Y. Shipulina, Elena V. Korneenko, Stepan S. Saenko, Alexander V. Lukyanov, Antonina A. Grishaeva, Antonina A. Ploskireva, Anna S. Speranskaya and Vasiliy G. Akimkin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:959
  19. Cases of immune complex vasculitis have been reported following COVID-19 infections; so far none in association with novel mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination. This case report describes a cutaneous immune complex...

    Authors: Victoria Therese Mücke, Viola Knop, Marcus Maximilian Mücke, Falk Ochsendorf and Stefan Zeuzem
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:958
  20. Gas gangrene is usually manifested as myonecrosis and subcutaneous gas accumulation, but rarely manifested as arterial occlusion or pneumatosis in the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

    Authors: Hui-Dan Jing, Lei Li, Jun-Ying Tian and Dong-Po Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:957
  21. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and became pandemic after emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Several studies have been c...

    Authors: Saro Abdella, Masresha Tessema, Geremew Tasew, Atkure Defar, Asefa Deressa, Feyisa Regasa, Frehiwot Teka, Eyasu Tigabu, Dereje Nigussie, Tefera Belachew, Million Molla, Amare Deribew, Workeabeba Abebe, Tegbar Yigzaw, Tsinuel Nigatu, Getnet Mitike…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:956
  22. Our goal is to further elucidate the clinical condition and prognosis of patients with severe acute COVID-19 with EBV reactivation.

    Authors: Yun Xie, Song Cao, Hui Dong, Hui Lv, Xiaolei Teng, Jiaxiang Zhang, Tao Wang, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yun Qin, Yujing Chai, Luyu Yang, Jun Liu and Ruilan Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:955
  23. In Poland, little is known about the most serious cases of influenza that need admittance to the intensive care unit (ICU), as well as the use of extracorporeal respiratory support.

    Authors: Jakub Smiechowicz, Barbara Barteczko-Grajek, Barbara Adamik, Jozef Bojko, Waldemar Gozdzik and Malgorzata Lipinska-Gediga
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:954
  24. Leishmaniases are regularly seen in non-endemic areas due to the increase of international travels. They include cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and mucocutaneous (MC) caused by different Leishmania species, and vis...

    Authors: Nesrine Aissaoui, Samia Hamane, Maud Gits-Muselli, Antoine Petit, Mazouz Benderdouche, Blandine Denis, Alexandre Alanio, Sarah Dellière, Martine Bagot and Stéphane Bretagne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:953
  25. Robust evidenced treatment strategy for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been established yet. Early, targeted, comprehensive management approach can be essential.

    Authors: Jongkyu Kim, Jiwoong Jung, Tae Ho Kim, Naree Kang, Hanzo Choi, Dong Hyun Oh, Mi Young Ahn, Su hyun Kim, Chorom Hahm, Young Kyong Lee, Keunhong Park, Kiho Hong and Jae-phil Choi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:952
  26. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic, resulting in considerable mortality. The risk factors, clinical treatments, especially comprehensive risk models for COVID-19 death are urg...

    Authors: Meng Jin, Zequn Lu, Xu Zhang, Yanan Wang, Jing Wang, Yimin Cai, Kunming Tian, Zezhong Xiong, Qiang Zhong, Xiao Ran, Chunguang Yang, Xing Zeng, Lu Wang, Yao Li, Shanshan Zhang, Tianyi Dong…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:951
  27. Emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has aggravated the tuberculosis (TB) public health burden worldwide and especially in low income settings. We present findings from a predominantly nomadic popu...

    Authors: Brenda Nakafeero Simbwa, Achilles Katamba, Elizabeth B. Katana, Eva A. O. Laker, Sandra Nabatanzi, Emmanuel Sendaula, Denis Opio, Jerry Ictho, Peter Lochoro, Charles A. Karamagi, Joan N. Kalyango and William Worodria
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:950
  28. The prognosis of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with regards to intensive care unit (ICU) admission, short- and long-term mortality is correlated with patient’s comorbidities. Fo...

    Authors: E. Blanc, G. Chaize, S. Fievez, C. Féger, E. Herquelot, A. Vainchtock, J. F. Timsit and J. Gaillat
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:949
  29. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), also known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, is an idiopathic systemic disease typically affecting the lungs, although other organs may also be involved.

    Authors: Zohreh Rostami, Luca Cegolon, Nematollah Jonaidi Jafari, Nasrin Gholami, Seyed Vahid Mousavi, Fakhri Allahyari, Atena Azami and Mohammad Javanbakht
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:948
  30. Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in Belgium. Screening programs focus on young women, due to the implications of chronic asymptomatic infections for reproduct...

    Authors: Natalie Fischer, Ilse Peeters, Sofieke Klamer, Marion Montourcy, Vicky Cuylaerts, Dominique Van Beckhoven, Irith De Baetselier, Johan Van der Heyden and Wim Vanden Berghe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:947
  31. The microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (Tb) in a pediatric population is hampered by both low pathogen burden and noncompliance with sputum sampling. Although endobronchial ultrasound-guided t...

    Authors: Anne Geweniger, Ales Janda, Kristin Eder, Roland Fressle, Cecil Varna Kannan, Hubert Fahnenstich, Mirjam Elze, Christoph Müller, Philipp Henneke, Markus Hufnagel and Roland Elling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:946
  32. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a major health burden worldwide due to high mortality rates and hospital bed shortages. SA...

    Authors: Marta Obremska, Monika Pazgan-Simon, Katarzyna Budrewicz, Lukasz Bilaszewski, Joanna Wizowska, Dariusz Jagielski, Beata Jankowska-Polanska, Klaudiusz Nadolny, Jarosław Madowicz, Jolanta Zuwala-Jagiello, Dorota Zysko, Waldemar Banasiak and Krzysztof Simon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:945
  33. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a crucial component in assessing and addressing the unmet needs of people, especially those with chronic illnesses such as HIV. The aim of the study was to examine and...

    Authors: Meaghan Kall, Ujué Fresán, Danielle Guy, Graham Brown, Cristina Burgui, Jesús Castilla, Victor Ionel Grecu, Florentina Dumitrescu, Valerie Delpech and Jeffrey V. Lazarus
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):898

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  34. Maximising access to testing by targeting more than one infection is effective in identifying new infections in settings or populations. Within the EU funded Joint Action INTEGRATE, this paper examined the fea...

    Authors: Nadia Gasbarrini, Davor Dubravić, Lauren Combs, Arian Dišković, Magdalena Ankiersztejn-Bartczak, Francesca Colaiaco, Iwona Wawer, Piotr Wysocki, Magdalena Rosińska, Anna Marzec-Boguslawska, Ben Collins, Daniel Simões, Marie Louise Jakobsen and Dorthe Raben
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):874

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  35. The HIV pandemic impacts the lives of millions and despite the global coordinated response, innovative actions are still needed to end it. A major challenge is the added burden of coinfections such as viral he...

    Authors: Christine Kakalou, Eleftheria Polychronidou, Vicky Drosou, Vlasios K. Dimitriadis, Thomas Dermaris, Rafael Kordonias, Aris Papaprodromou, Triantafillos Tsirelis, Christos Maramis, Konstantinos Votis, Dimitrios Tzovaras, Domenico Savarino, Manuel Maffeo, Nedim Jasic, Tatjana Nemeth-Blažić, Zoran Dominković…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):866

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  36. Indicator condition guided HIV testing is a proven effective strategy for increasing HIV diagnosis in health care facilities. As part of the INTEGRATE Joint Action, we conducted four pilot studies, aiming to i...

    Authors: R. Matulionytė, M. L. Jakobsen, V. I. Grecu, J. Grigaitiene, T. Raudonis, L. Stoniene, M. Olteanu, L. de la Mora, D. Raben and A. K. Sullivan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):845

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  37. Uptake of HIV self-tests (HIVST) remains low in Europe. We conducted two separate surveys to understand facilitators and barriers to the use of HIVST in two European countries, as part of the EU INTEGRATE Join...

    Authors: Sophie G. Nash, Manuel Maffeo, Giedrius Likatavicius, Lella Cosmaro, Kestutis Rudaitis, Aleksandras Lapsinov, Qudsia Enayat, Valerie Delpech and Meaghan Kall
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):844

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  38. Community-based voluntary counselling and testing contributes to early HIV diagnoses among key populations. Testing data from such decentralized services is however often not standardized nor linked to nationa...

    Authors: Laura Fernàndez-López, Sladjana Baros, Marta Niedźwiedzka-Stadnik, Danica Valkovičová Staneková, Magdalena Rosińska, Danijela Simic, Verica Jovanoic, Monika Hábeková, Mária Takáčová, Iwona Wawer, Piotr Wysocki, Anna Conway, Irena Klavs and Jordi Casabona
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):800

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  39. Partner notification/contact tracing (PN/CT) is a process whereby people diagnosed with an infectious disease notify their sexual and needle-sharing partners/close contacts and invite them for testing and trea...

    Authors: Shannon Glaspy, Lella Cosmaro, Chryssoula Botsi, Maria Stamou, Maria Giannopoulou, Aikaterini M. Isari, Cheyenne Downey, Tina Mc Hugh, Gordana Avramovic and John S. Lambert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):796

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  40. Country level policies and practices of testing and care for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections are lagging behind European recommendations on integration across diseases. Building on pre...

    Authors: Daniel Simões, Raimonda Matulionyté, Loreta Stoniene, Piotr Wysocki, Justyna Kowalska, Nadia Gasbarrini, Lella Cosmaro, Tatjana Nemeth Blažić, Arian Dišković, Zoran Dominković, Iva Jovovic, Ilona Razmiene, Manuel Maffeo and Stine F. Jakobsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):795

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  41. National testing strategy, including monitoring and evaluation, is critical in responding to HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and viral hepatitis. Community-based voluntary counselling and testing contrib...

    Authors: Laura Fernàndez-López, Irena Klavs, Anna Conway, Tanja Kustec, Mojca Serdt, Sladjana Baros, Danica Valkovičová Staneková, Liis Lemsalu, Iwona Wawer, Piotr Wysocki and Jordi Casabona
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):794

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  42. Authors: Dorthe Raben, Jordi Casabona, Lella Cosmaro, Nadia Gasbarrini, John S. Lambert, Shannon Glapsy, Christine Kakalou, Manuel Maffeo, Michele Mommi, Gianmarco Corradini, Irena Klavs, Aljona Kurbatova, Iwona Wawer, Piotr Wysocki, Anne Raahauge, Stine Finne Jakobsen…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21(Suppl 2):690

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 21 Supplement 2

  43. Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite infecting warm-blooded animals. Infection in people can occur through ingestion of oocysts passed in the faeces of the definitive hosts; ingestion of bradyzoites...

    Authors: Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook, Nduhiu Gitahi, William Anson de Glanville, Lian F. Thomas, Samuel Kariuki, Erastus Kang’ethe and Eric Maurice Fèvre
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:944
  44. Continuous care is essential for people living with HIV. This study aimed to measure continuous care uptake and investigate the association between higher uptake of continuous care and behavioral and social fa...

    Authors: Yongmei Jin, Sawitri Assanangkornchai, Meiqin Fang, Wei Guan, Bo Tian, Min Yu and Yingrong Du
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:943
  45. Brucellosis is an important neglected bacterial zoonotic disease that has been affecting animals and humans for decades. Malaria has been considered major cause of illness in tropical areas, including Ethiopia...

    Authors: Sintayehu Mehari, Biruk Zerfu and Kassu Desta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:942
  46. Cerebral toxoplasmosis infection presents with non-specific neurologic symptoms in immunocompromised patients. With lack of measurable adaptive immune responses and reluctance to sample affected brain tissue, ...

    Authors: Danielle Brewer, Margaret L. MacMillan, Mark R. Schleiss, Satja Issaranggoon Na Ayuthaya, Jo-Anne Young and Christen L. Ebens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:941
  47. Dengue virus infection (DVI) is a major health problem in many parts of the world. Its manifestations range from asymptomatic infections to severe disease. Although cardiac involvement has been reported in DVI...

    Authors: Chayasin Mansanguan, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Arun Huntrup, Akkapon Poolcharoen, Suyanee Mansanguan, Watcharapong Piyaphanee and Weerapong Phumratanaprapin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:940
  48. Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA), although uncommon in North America, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to re-examine the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of PLA in a large,...

    Authors: Jennifer A. Losie, John C. Lam, Daniel B. Gregson and Michael D. Parkins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:939
  49. The novel coronavirus pandemic has had a differential impact on communities of color across the US. The University of California hospital system serves a large population of people who are often underrepresent...

    Authors: Miriam Nuño, Yury García, Ganesh Rajasekar, Diego Pinheiro and Alec J. Schmidt
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:938

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