Skip to main content
  • Introduction
  • Open access
  • Published:

Lessons learned from the first European project on the integration of infectious diseases in testing services, data collection and country responses

Despite the progress in effective treatments for HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), these infections remain major public health concerns across Europe. Recurring challenges of late presentation and unprioritized prevention programmes need to be effectively addressed in order to control and prevent transmission and ensure that people are diagnosed early and rapidly enter the care system. The prevalence of co-infections is high due to the social context of key populations and the shared modes of transmission, varying with local epidemiology, which underlines the need to combine efforts throughout the continuum of care.

In its third Health Programme (2014–2020) the European Commission endorsed and prioritized a cross-disease integrated approach to combine efforts and promote cost-effective, affordable and effective interventions. Infectious diseases are generally managed in parallel structures with disease specific policies and actions (e.g. the 2014–2016 Action Plan on HIV/AIDS) at both European and national levels [1, 2]. In this framework, a three-year Joint Action on integrating prevention, testing and linkage to care strategies across HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs in Europe (INTEGRATE) was launched in Europe in 2017 [3, 4]. National Ministries of health in 16 European Union (EU) and neighbouring countries nominated 29 organisations (from non-governmental institutions (NGOs) to public health institutes and hospitals), to form a consortium focused on the integration of early diagnosis and linkage to prevention and care of HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs.

The approach in INTEGRATE has been to explore how effective tools for diagnosis and linkage to prevention and care for one disease can be used for other diseases; the applied methodology was to review existing tools and then adapt and pilot these tools in other disease areas (Fig. 1). A baseline survey was conducted in late 2017 to map partner and country level testing activities, monitoring and surveillance data collection, treatment and linkage to care, prevention activities and training needs.

Fig. 1
figure 1

INTEGRATE review methodology. Existing effective tools for diagnosis and linkage to prevention and care were reviewed, adapted and piloted in other disease areas

The project built upon the experience and knowledge of other European testing-oriented projects from previous Health Programs such as HIV-COBATEST, Euro HIV EDAT and OptTEST, which had focussed primarily on optimising testing for HIV, as well as the EuroTEST initiative and its related projects [5,6,7].

INTEGRATE has been organised with 4 horizontal and 4 core and complementary work packages (Fig. 2), reflected in the different research articles presented in this supplement. This article summarises the overall main outcomes of the INTEGRATE project.

Fig. 2
figure 2

INTEGRATE Work Packages

Integrated testing

An important focus area of INTEGRATE has been to investigate missed opportunities for combined testing for HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs and - where relevant – TB. Studies and testing services designed for HIV testing have demonstrated the benefits of introducing a combination of tests for these infections depending on target group and service set-up. Advances in HIV testing approaches have been explored to examine how they could potentially be expanded to include testing for other diseases and to evaluate their effectiveness. The European Testing Week (ETW) [8] was expanded to also advocate for raising testing awareness for viral hepatitis and STIs and INTEGRATE successfully launched a pilot Spring ETW that included viral hepatitis in May 2018 to complement the original November campaign running since 2013 the week before World Aids Day (1 December). The pilot observed an increase in the proportion of involved organizations implementing combined activities (targeting more than one disease) from 50% during the previous November ETW in 2017 to 64% during the pilot. Furthermore, the concept of testing guided by specific indicator conditions, as is the case for HIV, was expanded to also include combined testing for HCV where appropriate. Combined HIV and HCV testing was found to be particularly feasible with high positivity rates among people presenting with STIs and those attending drug and alcohol management centres. The results of these interventions are further described in article 2 [9] and 3 [10]. At the policy level, this was supported by the development of the first integrated testing guidance for HIV and viral hepatitis, published by ECDC in December 2018 [11].

Since March 2020, many testing services have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a consequence, the Spring ETW in May 2020, focused on virtual activities and on the adaptations of testing services. So far, evidence shows a decline in the number of tests for infectious diseases other than for SARS-CoV-2, both in health care and community facilities [12, 13], which will be extremely important to monitor in future.

The acceptability and usability of self-tests for HIV was investigated in Lithuania and Italy respectively, and presented in article 4 [14], showing that 75% of online survey respondents in Lithuania stated they would likely buy and use an HIV self-test in the future, citing confidentiality, privacy and a rapid result as the main reasons, while the most commonly cited barrier was price. In Italy, 71% of first time HIV self-testers were satisfied with their test experience and said they would use an HIV self-test in the future: the most commonly cited reason being a rapid result. As a diagnostic tool, self-testing has the potential to reach people who might not attend established services and it is a recommended element in a testing strategy for key populations that should undertake regular testing [15, 16]. However, self-tests for HIV are regulated differently across Europe and less than half of countries in Europe (47%, 15/32) have fully implemented HIV self-testing and the price (Euros 20–25) remains a major barrier to access. Also, according to UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitoring reporting from 10 countries in Europe, only around 40.000 kits have been distributed by the public sector in 2019 [17]. Further, self-tests for other infections are only now starting to be considered, which is likely to represent a missed opportunity for timely diagnosis and important individual and public health benefits of early treatment. A number of usability, feasibility and acceptability studies are underway on hepatitis C self-testing, led by the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [18] and World Health Organisation with the aim to develop guidance for implementation in early 2021, and with great potential for further integration of testing for multiple diseases in the future.

Combination prevention

Article 5 [19] and 6 [20] present results from the INTEGRATE workstream focused on partner notification and the development of a web and mobile application designed to enhance the effectiveness of combination prevention by integrating HIV, hepatitis, STIs and TB in a single user-friendly information and communications technology (ICT) tool. For this purpose, a desk review was conducted to map existing online tools, revealing that to date most of them had been launched as disease specific aids. In response, INTEGRATE developed the application – “RiskRadar for HIV, hepatitis, STIs and TB” – the first of its kind to provide integrated information, risk assessment, test finders and an anonymous partner notification service for all four disease areas. RiskRadar succeeded in integrating prevention information and messages for multiple diseases in one user-friendly tool available for both android and iPhones, supporting ongoing efforts to address missed opportunities for multiple disease messaging and testing. It is presently available in four EU languages (Croatian, English, Italian and Lithuanian).

Article 6 [19] outlines the barriers and results on integrating partner notification and contact tracing services across Europe. The challenge of partner notification and contract tracing is that they are under the governance of different agencies in different countries, and indeed different systems have been set up within countries, depending on the local health authority. While there is clear national guidance on contact tracing for tuberculosis in most EU countries, the situation is different for the other infections – HIV, viral hepatitis and STIs. Partner notification should be part of best practice for all the conditions and ‘joined up’ pathways to care need to be developed between the different hospital, public health, and community agencies dealing with these diseases.

In article 7 [21], results from a patient experience survey undertaken in Romania and Spain among people living with HIV is presented. Results show that while health-related quality of life (HrQoL) was good overall in a sample of people accessing HIV care, people with HIV reported symptoms of anxiety/depression more frequently than the general population in both countries. Health concerns were highlighted as a key area of concern for people with HIV, despite high levels of anti-retro viral treatment coverage and adherence. Worse HrQoL was more likely to be reported by people with non-HIV related health conditions and financial instability. This study highlights the importance of monitoring HrQoLin people with HIV due to the chronic nature of the disease. In this highly-treatment experienced group, disparities were found, particularly highlighting mental health as an area which needs more attention in order to improve the well-being of people with HIV.

Integration of data sources

Although community-based testing for HIV as well as for some other STIs and for hepatitis B and C has recently increased in most European countries, in some accounting for up 30% of reported new HIV cases, data from these services are seldom included in national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) information systems and disease specific surveillance reports [22]. INTEGRATE addressed gaps in surveillance of national testing in a workstream in collaboration with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), highlighted in article 8 [23] and 9 [24]. A minimum set of indicators for community testing has been proposed for inclusion in national surveillance and M&E systems through the Dublin Declaration monitoring system in order to provide a better overview of progress and to monitor effectiveness of different interventions [11, 22, 25]. Moreover, pilot studies aiming at increasing the integration of data derived from community testing into national surveillance and M&E information systems were implemented in Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Spain. Their results and recommendations presented in this supplement and the experiences described will support such data integration in other European countries. ECDC included questions from the minimum list of community M&E indicators into their Dublin Declaration questionnaire 2020 to contribute to evidence-based community testing policies in European countries.

Country responses - how to foster collaborations across diseases areas

Four national multi-stakeholder meetings were arranged in 2019 (Rome, Italy; Vilnius, Lithuania; Warsaw, Poland and Zagreb, Croatia) with the aim to foster cross-disciplinary and cross-disease-area collaborations at the national level. Results from these meetings are presented in article 10 [26] and show how multi-stakeholder discussions and in-depth analysis of strategies to address current gaps can foster synergies between stakeholders and a common national effort to seek solutions. Meeting outcomes raise awareness for how disease ‘silos’, often reflecting the mandate of organisations, are hampering synergies and implementation of integarted approaches.

On the ground, integration across diseases needs to consider the different levels of the health system – and the involvement of community-based programmes- across the continuum of care, but it is often hindered by practical challenges, local relationships, regulatory frameworks and legal barriers. Nevertheless, the INTEGRATE Joint Action has demonstrated that there is a high level of support among national stakeholders across Europe for improving the cross-disease integration of HIV, hepatitis, STI and TB services. In many instances, the participation in an EU co-funded Joint Action like INTEGRATE, bringing national experts together with agency representatives and international experts helped improve collaborations between services and disease areas, and resulted in better harmonization of services, data collection and data sharing. Cross-border collaborations such as INTEGRATE and the support from European Union agencies such as the ECDC and EMCDDA are key to enable the sharing of experiences, transfer lessons and support or facilitate a change from the current siloed approach to an integrated one.

The need for integration has been further heightened since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. As the impact of the pandemic on the testing for other infectious diseases becomes clearer, the need for collaboration and integration, for making different testing modalities (like self-testing and community-based testing) available as well as the need for establishing timely and sensible monitoring systems to understand evaluate and improve the effectiveness of HIV, viral hepatitis and STI strategies becomes increasingly evident and a challenge for European Health Services.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

COVID-19:

Corona Virus Induced Disease 2019

ECDC:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

EMCDDA:

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

ETW:

European Testing Week

EU:

European Union

Euro HIV EDAT:

Operational knowledge to improve HIV early diagnosis and treatment among vulnerable groups in EuropeHCV - Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HIV-COBATEST:

HIV community-based testing practices in Europe

HrQoL:

Health-related quality of life

ICT:

Information and communications technology

INTEGRATE:

Integrating prevention, testing and linkage to care strategies across HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs in Europe

M&E:

Monitoring and Evaluation

NGOs:

Non-governmental institutions

OptTEST:

Optimising testing and linkage to care for HIV across Europe

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

STI:

Sexually transmitted infection

TB:

Tuberculosis

UNAIDS:

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/sti_prevention/docs/ec_hiv_actionplan_2014_en.pdf Accessed 10 August 2020.

  2. European Parliament. European Parliament resolution of 5 July 2017 on the EU’s response to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and hepatitis C (2017/2576(RSP)). Strasbourg: European Union: European Parliament; 2017.

  3. Joint Action on integrating prevention, testing and linkage to care strategies across HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs in Europe (INTEGRATE), 2017–2021. https://integrateja.eu/ Accessed 15 September 2020.

  4. A Joint Action is a funding instrument under the EU Health Programme. Joint Actions support cooperation between EU Member States to improve the health policies. The authority responsible for health within the Member States nominates the relevant national organisations to participate in the implementation of the Joint Action on their behalf.

  5. HIV community-based testing practices in Europe (HIV COBATEST) www.cobatest.org accessed 10 August 2020.

  6. OptTEST by HiE project (Optimising testing and linkage to care for HIV across Europe) – a three year project co-funded by the EU Commission under the Second Health Programme that ran from 1 July 2014 to 30 September 2017. www.opttest.org Accessed 10 August 2020.

  7. EuroTEST is an initiative that provides a European platform for information exchange and activities to improve early diagnosis and care of HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis. www.eurotest.org Accessed 10 August 2020.

  8. European Testing Week is a European campaign that encourages partner organisations—in community, health care and policy institutions-- throughout Europe to unite for one week twice a year to increase testing efforts and promote awareness on the benefits of earlier hepatitis and HIV testing. http://www.testingweek.eu/home accessed 15 September 2020.

  9. Gasbarrini N, Dubravić D, Combs L, Dišković A, Ankiersztejn-Bartczak M, Colaiaco F, Wawer I, Wysocki P, Rosińska M, Marzec-Bogusławska A, Collins B, Simões D, Jakobsen M L, Raben D. Integrated testing in community settings and interventions for change, including the Spring European Testing Week. Article #2 in this supplement.

  10. Matulionyte R, Ionel Grecu V I, Grigaitiene J, Raudonis T, Stoniene L, Olteanu M, de la Mora L, Raben D, Sullivan A K. Increased Integrated testing for HIV, Hepatitis C and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Health Care Facilities: results from the INTEGRATE Joint Action pilots in Lithuania, Romania and Spain. Article #3 in this supplement.

  11. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Public health guidance on HIV, hepatitis B and C testing in the EU/EEA: An integrated approach. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018.

  12. https://members.bashh.org/Documents/COVID-19/BASHH%20COVID-19%20Clinical%20Thermometer%20Survey%20-%20First%20Round%20Results%20Snapshot%20.pdf Accessed 24 August 2020.

  13. https://www.aidsactioneurope.org/en/news/aae-member-organisations-struggling-heavily-impact-covid-19-induced-measures Accessed 24 August 2020.

  14. Nash S G, Maffeo M, Likatavicius G, Cosmaro L, Rudaitis K, Lapsinov A, Enayat Q, Delpech V, Kall M. Acceptability and usability of HIV self-tests in two European countries: findings from surveys of clients at non-governmental organisations in Lithuania and Italy. Article #4 in this supplement.

  15. Figueroa C, Johnson C, Verster A, Baggaley R. Attitudes and acceptability on HIV self-testing among key populations: a literature review. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):1949–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1097-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. World Health Organisation. WHO recommends HIV self-testing - Evidence update and consideration. 2019; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-recommends-hiv-self-testing-evidence-update.

  17. WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF. Global AIDS Monitoring, 2020. Accessed at: https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/, 07 Sept 2020.

  18. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics is a WHO Collaborating Centre for Laboratory Strengthening and Diagnostics Technology Evaluation. www.finddx.org

  19. Lambert J S, Glaspy S, Botsi C, Stamou M, Giannopoulou M, Aikaterini I M, Downey C, McHugh T, Avramovic G, Cosmaro L. Integrating partner notification and contact tracing services across Europe: findings from the Integrate Project. Article #5 in this supplement.

  20. Kakalou C, Polychronidou E, Drosou V, Dimitriadis V K, Dermaris T, Kordonias R, Tsirelis T, Maramis C, Votis K, Tzovaras D, Savarino D, Maffeo M, Jasic N, Nemeth Blažić T, Dominković Z, Pogledić D, Jovovic I, Simkunaite-Zazecke A, Stoniene L, Sammut A, Cosmaro L, Natsiavas P. RiskRadar: Development and pilot results of a technical intervention targeting combination prevention regarding HIV, viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Tuberculosis. Article #6 in this supplement.

  21. Kall M, Fresán U, Guy D, Brown G, Burgui C, Castilla J, Grecu V I, Dumiterescu F, Delpech V, Lazarus J V. Quality of life in people living with HIV in Romania and Spain. Article #7 in this supplement.

  22. EURO HIV EDAT project. Estimates of core indicators for monitoring and evaluation of community-based voluntary counselling and testing (CBVCT) for HIV in the COBATEST network. Final report, Data for 2015 and 2016 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 22]. Available from: https://eurohivedat.eu/arxius/ehe_docsmenu_docsmenu_doc_141-Final_report_WP4_Euro_HIV_EDAT_2015_and_2016_FINAL.pdf

  23. Fernàndez-López L, Klavs I, Conway A, Kustec T, Serdt M, Baros S, Valkovičová Staneková D, Lemsalu L, Iwona Wawer, Wysocki P, Casabona J. Recommendations for collection and integration of community-based testing and linkage to care data into national surveillance, monitoring and evaluation systems for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections; Results from the INTEGRATE Joint Action. Article #8 in this supplement.

  24. Fernàndez-López L, Baros S, Niedźwiedzka-Stadnik M, Valkovičová Staneková D, Rosińska M, Simic D, Jovanovic V, Hábeková M, Takáčová M, Wawer I, Wysocki P, Conway A, Klavs I, Casabona J. Integration of community-based testing data into national HIV surveillance in Poland, Serbia and Slovakia within the framework of INTEGRATE project. Article #9 in this supplement.

  25. European Centree for Disease Prevention and Control. HIV testing Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2018 progress report HIV testing [Internet]. Stockholm; 2019 [cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: www.ecdc.europa.eu.

  26. Simões D, Matulionyté R, Stoniene L, Wysocki P, Kowalska J, Gasbarrini N, Cosmaro L, Dišković A, Dominković Z, Jovovic I, Razmiene I, Maffeo M, Jakobsen S F. National multi-stakeholder meetings: a tool to support development of integrated policies and practices for testing and prevention of HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs. Article #10 in this supplement.

Download references

Acknowledgements

INTEGRATE Partners: Christine Kakalou & Christos Maramis & Vassilis Koutkias (†), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Information Technologies institute, Greece; Aljona Kurbatova & Julia Hristojeva, National Institute for Health Development, Estonia; Jordi Casabona & Laura Fernandez-Lopez, Centre for Epidemiological Studies on STI/HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Health Departament, Generalitat of Catalonia, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Irena Klavs & Mojca Serdt & Tanja Kustec, National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia; Jack Lambert & Shannon Glaspy, University College Dublin, Ireland; Lella Cosmaro, Fondazione LILA Milano Onlus – Italian League for Fighting AIDS, Italy; Nadia Gasbarrini & Elisabetta Teti, Fondazione Villa Maraini Onlus, Italy; Piotr Wysocki & Iwona Wawer, National AIDS Centre Agency of the Ministry of Health, Poland; Valerie Delpech & Meaghan Kall & Sophie Nash & Qudsia Enayat, Public Health England, UK;Tatjana Nemeth Blazic & Bojana Raickovic Croatian Institute of Public Health, Croatia; Iva Jovovic, Life Quality Improvement Association (FLIGHT), Croatia; Josep Mallolas & Lorena De La Mora & Agathe Leon, Consorci Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdicas August Pi i Sunyer, Spain; Michele Mommi & Manuel Maffeo, Arcigay Associazione LGBTI Italiana, Italy; Francesca Colaiaco, Croce Rossa Italiana, Italy; Aikaterini Isari, National Public Health Organization, Greece; Raimonda Matulionyte, Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University; Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos; Lithuania; Ilona Razmienė, National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory, Lithuania; Loreta Stonienė, Republican Centre for Addictive Disorders, Lithuania; Agne Simkunaite-Zazecke, Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, Lithuania; Victor Ionel Grecu, “Victor Babes” Clinical hospital of infectious diseases and pneumophtisiology Craiova, Romania; Danijela Simic & Sladjana Baros, Institute of Public Health of Republic of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, Serbia; Danica Valkovičová Staneková, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Ujue Fresán & Regina Juanbeltz, Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Spain; Ana-Maria Duca & Eugenia Ghita, “Marius Nasta” Institute of Pneumophtisiology, Romania; Arian Diskovic & Davor Dubravić, Croatian association for HIV and viral hepatitis (HUHIV), Croatia; Zoran Dominković & Dubravko Pogledić, ISKORAK, Croatia; Pauline Vassallo & Maria Axisa, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Malta; Dorthe Raben, Anne Raahauge, Stine Finne Jakobsen, Marie Louise Jakobsen, Anne Louise Grevsen, Lauren Nicolas Combs, Jeff Lazarus, Jens Lundgren, Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Denmark. Advisory Board: Guy D’Argent & Cinthia Menel-Lemos, Chafea, Luxembourg; Rimalda Voske &Wolfgang Philipp & John Ryan, DG Santé, Brussels; Ann Sullivan and Caroline Rae, Chelsea Westminster Hospital, UK; Cheryl Case Johnson, WHO HQ, Switzerland; Masoud Dara & Elena Vovc, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark; Andrew Amato & Anastasia Pharris & Teymur Noori & Lara Tavoschi, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Sweden; Dagmar Hedrich, EMCDDA, Portugal; Sini Pasanen, AIDS Action Europe, Finland; Jürgen Rockstroh, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, EuroTEST, Germany; Cary James, World Hepatitis Alliance, European Testing Week Working Group, UK; Ben Collins, ReShape/International HIV Partnerships, European Testing Week Working Group, UK; Daniel Simões, EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto & Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, European Testing Week Working Group, Portugal; Luis Mendao, Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, European Testing Week Working Group, Portugal; Ulrich Marcus, Esticom, Robert Koch institute, Germany; Eberhard Schatz, Correlation Network; Tom Platteau, HIV/STI clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium; Nikos Dedes, European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) & Positive Voice, Greece; Yazdan Yazdanpanah, INSERM, France; Outi Karvonen, HA-REACT Joint Action, Finland; Massimo Mirandola, SIALONII, Verona University Hospital, Italy; European Liver Patients’ Association, Belgium; Justyna Kowalska, University of Warsaw, Poland; Susan Cowan, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark; Esther Dixon-Williams, PAC team, POZ, UK; Brian Gazzard, Chelsea And Westminster Hospital, NHS, UK; Jens D. Lundgren, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen & Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Denmark.

About this supplement

This article has been published as part of BMC Infectious Diseases Volume 21, Supplement 22,021: Results from INTEGRATE - the EU Joint Action on integrating prevention, testing and linkage to care strategies across HIV, viral hepatitis, TB and STIs in Europe. The full contents of the supplement are available at https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-21-supplement-2.

Funding

The INTEGRATE Joint Action was co-funded by the 3rd Health Programme of the European Union under grant agreement no 761319.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

DR drafted the manuscript. JC, LC, NG, JSL, SG, CK, MM, MM, GC, IK, AK, IW, PW, SFJ, AR, JVL, AS, MK, DH, CCJ, NSS, DS, VD reviewed and gave input to the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dorthe Raben.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

All authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Raben, D., Casabona, J., Cosmaro, L. et al. Lessons learned from the first European project on the integration of infectious diseases in testing services, data collection and country responses. BMC Infect Dis 21 (Suppl 2), 690 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06362-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06362-7

Keywords