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  1. Taenia solium, present in most developing countries, infects many individuals and may result in their death. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) develops after invasion of the brain by parasitic larvae. It is the most commo...

    Authors: Tomoya Kinouchi, Yasuyuki Morishima, Shinichi Uyama, Tadashi Miyamoto, Hidehisa Horiguchi, Naomi Fujimoto and Hiromi Ueta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1077
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  3. Early detection of clusters of pathogens is crucial for infection prevention and control (IPC) in hospitals. Conventional manual cluster detection is usually restricted to certain areas of the hospital and mul...

    Authors: Seven Johannes Sam Aghdassi, Britta Kohlmorgen, Christin Schröder, Luis Alberto Peña Diaz, Norbert Thoma, Anna Maria Rohde, Brar Piening, Petra Gastmeier and Michael Behnke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1075
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Maternal sepsis and other maternal infections (MSMI) have considerable impacts on women’s and neonatal health, but data on the global burden and trends of MSMI are limited. Comprehensive knowledge of the burde...

    Authors: Liyuan Chen, Qi Wang, Yun Gao, Jinxiang Zhang, Sheng Cheng, Huilong Chen, Zhilin Zeng and Zhongxian Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1074
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Several inflammatory molecules participate in the immune response to malaria. Interleukin (IL)-18 is an inflammatory cytokine activated by NLRP3 inflammasomes. In clinical falciparum malaria, with and without ...

    Authors: Kari Otterdal, Aase Berg, Annika E. Michelsen, Arne Yndestad, Sam Patel, Ida Gregersen, Bente Halvorsen, Thor Ueland, Nina Langeland and Pål Aukrust
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1073
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. COVID-19 cases have been increasing since the epidemic started. One of the major concerns is how clinical symptomatology would behave after coinfection with another virus.

    Authors: Perez-Mendez Maria Jose, Zarate-Segura Paola, Davila-Gonzalez Eduardo, Servin-Monroy Monroy Osvaldo Arturo and Bastida-Gonzalez Fernando
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1072
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  7. Antigen testing offers rapid and inexpensive testing for SARS-CoV-2 but concerns regarding performance, especially sensitivity, remain. Limited data exists for use of antigen testing in asymptomatic patients; ...

    Authors: Stephanie L. Mitchell, Steven Orris, Tanner Freeman, Megan C. Freeman, Michelle Adam, Meredith Axe, Jamie Gribschaw, Joe Suyama, Alejandro Hoberman and Alan Wells
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1071
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common types of DNA changes in the human genome that leading to phenotypic differences in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are usually affected by various bacteria...

    Authors: Sima Kazemi, Saeid Afshar, Manoochehr Karami, Massoud Saidijam, Fariba Keramat, Seyed Hamid Hashemi and Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1070
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Melioidosis, the infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is associated with a high case fatality rate, due in part to difficulties in clinical recognition and diagnostic confirmation of the disease. Althou...

    Authors: Anand Mohan, Yuwana Podin, Da-Wei Liew, Jeevithaa Mahendra Kumar, Peter Sie-Teck Lau, Yee-Yen Tan, Yi-Pinn Tai, Ranveer Singh Gill, Ram Shanmugam, Su-Lin Chien, Lee-See Tan, Nurul Asiah Mat Sani, Kamilah Manan and Mong-How Ooi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1069
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Nowadays, most studies of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis (TBEO) are case reports or small sample cohort series. Our study is aimed to present the largest series of TBEO with our management experiences and long...

    Authors: Yin Huang, Bo Chen, Dehong Cao, Zeyu Chen, Jin Li, Jianbing Guo, Qiang Dong, Qiang Wei and Liangren Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1068
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Myiasis is caused by dipterous larvae, and rarely affects the mouth. Diagnosis by traditional means is easy to be confused with other similar species. Here, we report a case of oral myiasis, in a 5-month-old i...

    Authors: Minyu Zhou, Ke Cao, Hui Huang, Xiaojuan Luo, Ying Wang, Weike Ma and Zhiyue Lv
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1067
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. The COVID-19 and HIV epidemics have exacerbated existing inequities among vulnerable groups and severely impacted communities of color. People living with HIV (PLWH), who may already face stigma or discriminat...

    Authors: Andre Hall, Olivier Joseph, Samantha Devlin, Jared Kerman, Jessica Schmitt, Jessica P. Ridgway and Moira C. McNulty
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1066
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Transgender and gender diverse individuals often face structural barriers to health care because of their gender minority status. The aim of this study was to examine the association between gender minority st...

    Authors: Yongjie Sha, Willa Dong, Weiming Tang, Lingling Zheng, Xi Huang, Kathryn E. Muessig and Joseph D. Tucker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1065
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. In 2018, Rwanda launched a 5-year hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination plan as per the World Health Organization global targets to eliminate HCV by 2030. To improve awareness of HCV status, strategies are neede...

    Authors: Janvier Serumondo, Sonjelle Shilton, Ladislas Nshimiyimana, Prosper Karame, Donatha Dushimiyimana, Emmanuel Fajardo, Eric Remera, Gallican N. Rwibasira and Guillermo Z. Martínez-Pérez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1064
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. The incidence of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has increased in recent years, making it a very common childhood illness worldwide. The relationship between different enterovirus genotypes and disease seve...

    Authors: Chenguang Shen, Yi Xu, Jingkai Ji, Jinli Wei, Yujin Jiang, Yang Yang, Minghui Yang, Huaxin Huang, Rongrong Zou, Chunxiao Fang, Fansen Zeng, Fengxia Yang, Xinfa Wang, Jing Yuan, Jianmin Li, Xianfeng Wang…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1062
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The worldwide spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has reduced the clinical utility of carbapenems. Plasmids often play an important role in the spread of genes encoding drug-resistance fact...

    Authors: Nobuyoshi Mori, Tatsuya Tada, Satoshi Oshiro, Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai, Teruo Kirikae and Yuki Uehara
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1061
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Multi-drug resistant—tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an emerging public health concern in Uganda. Prior to 2013, MDR-TB treatment in Uganda was only provided at the national referral hospital and two private-not-for ...

    Authors: Mbonye Kayitale Martin, Otuba John Paul, Riese Sara, Alima Hilary, Mugabe Frank, Muhwezi K. Augustin, Turyahabwe Stavia, Wandera Christopher, Tisna Veldhuijzen van Zanten and Tugume Gladys
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1060
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) varies depending on a number of factors, including vaccine uptake, in both children and adults, the geographic location, and local serotype prevalence. Ther...

    Authors: Paula O. Narváez, Salome Gomez-Duque, Juan E. Alarcon, Paula C. Ramirez-Valbuena, Cristian C. Serrano-Mayorga, Julian Lozada-Arcinegas, Alirio Bastidas, Sandra Gómez, Hernan Vargas, Charles Feldman and Luis Felipe Reyes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1059
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Comorbidities such as undernutrition and parasitic infections are widespread in India and other tuberculosis (TB)-endemic countries. This study examines how these conditions as well as food supplementation and...

    Authors: Chelsie Cintron, Prakash Babu Narasimhan, Lindsey Locks, Senbagavalli Babu, Pranay Sinha, Nonika Rajkumari, Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar, Anurag Bhargava, Kimberly Maloomian, Padma Chandrasekaran, Sheetal Verma, Noyal Joseph, W. Evan Johnson, Christine Wanke, C. Robert Horsburgh Jr., Jerrold J. Ellner…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1058
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. Some children hospitalized for severe pertussis need intensive care; moreover, some children die because of deterioration alone or in combination with other complications. The purpose of this study was to iden...

    Authors: Tingting Shi, Ling Wang, Shuling Du, Huifeng Fan, Minghua Yu, Tao Ding, Xuehua Xu, Dongwei Zhang, Li Huang and Gen Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1057
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The importance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with disputed rpoB mutations remains to be defined. This study aimed to assess the frequency and types of rpoB mutations in M. tuberculosis isolates from Cubal...

    Authors: Ariadna Rando-Segura, María Luisa Aznar, María Milagros Moreno, Mateu Espasa Soley, Elena Sulleiro Igual, Cristina Bocanegra Garcia, Eva Gil Olivas, Arlete Nindia Eugénio, Carlos Escartin Huesca, Adriano Zacarias, Josep Vegue Collado, Domingos Katimba, Maria Carmen Vivas Cano, Estevao Gabriel, Maria Teresa López García, Tomas Pumarola Suñe…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1056
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging due to paucibacillary disease, and lack of ability for microbiologic confirmation. Hence, we measured the plasma chemokines as biomarkers for diagnosis o...

    Authors: Nathella Pavan Kumar, Syed Hissar, Kannan Thiruvengadam, Velayuthum V. Banurekha, Sarath Balaji, S. Elilarasi, N. S. Gomathi, J. Ganesh, M. A. Aravind, Dhanaraj Baskaran, Srikanth Tripathy, Soumya Swaminathan and Subash Babu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1055
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Yellow fever outbreaks are documented to have a considerable impact not only on the individuals but on the health system with significant economic implications. Efforts to eliminate yellow fever outbreaks glob...

    Authors: Terna Nomhwange, Anne Eudes Jean Baptiste, Obi Ezebilo, Joseph Oteri, Lois Olajide, Kizito Emelife, Shehu Hassan, Erdoo R. Nomhwange, Kennedy Adejoh, Faith Ireye, Eyo E. Nora, Adamu Ningi, Blaise Bathondeli and Oyewale Tomori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1054
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Schizophyllum commune is a basidiomycete that lives in the environment and can cause infections, mainly those of the respiratory system. Although S. commune is increasingly reported as a cause of allergic broncho...

    Authors: Naoya Itoh, Nana Akazawa, Hiromi Murakami, Yuichi Ishibana, Yusuke Takahashi, Waki Hosoda, Takashi Yaguchi and Katsuhiko Kamei
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1052
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. Atopy may be associated with disease severity and a poor prognosis of human adenovirus (HAdV) pneumonia in children. Our aim was to observe the clinical characteristics and pulmonary radiological changes in ch...

    Authors: Miao Li, Xiao-Hua Han, Li-Yun Liu, Hui-Sheng Yao and Li-Li Yi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1051
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Patients have distinct clinical forms, and the host´s immunological response regulate those manifestations. In this work, the presence of th...

    Authors: Stephanni Figueiredo da Silva, Leticia Rossetto da Silva Cavalcante, Ezequiel Angelo Fonseca Junior, Joselina Maria da Silva, José Cabral Lopes and Amilcar Sabino Damazo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1050
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Treatment outcomes were evaluated of a cohort of new pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases that were rifampicin resistant, multidrug-resistant, or extensively resistant during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil. The objectiv...

    Authors: Patricia Bartholomay, Rejane Sobrino Pinheiro, Fernanda Dockhorn, Daniele Maria Pelissari and Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1049
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common and can have severe consequences. However, there are few recent large-scale studies about them. We aimed to determine the incidence of hospitalization for UTI and to e...

    Authors: Akahito Sako, Hideo Yasunaga, Hiroki Matsui, Kiyohide Fushimi, Hidekatsu Yanai, Yoshiaki Gu and Norio Ohmagari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1048
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. In Ghana, Balantidium coli (B. coli) has been identified in vegetables and in pigs, although there is a paucity of data regarding human balantidiosis. This study sought to assess human B. coli infection in Ghana,...

    Authors: Enoch Aninagyei, Salifu Nanga, Desmond Omane Acheampong, Rita Mensah, Mercy Nelly Boadu, Henrietta Terko Kwansa-Bentum and Clement Okraku Tettey
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1047
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) is a severe and fast-progressing bacterial infection. Prognostic biomarkers may provide valuable information in treatment guidance and decision-making, but none have pr...

    Authors: Morten Hedetoft, Marco Bo Hansen, Martin Bruun Madsen, Julia Sidenius Johansen and Ole Hyldegaard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1046
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are the most common soil-transmitted helminths of humans and pigs, respectively. The zoonotic potential of A. suum has been a matter of debate for decades. This study was aim...

    Authors: Giovanni Romano, Paola Pepe, Serena Cavallero, Paola Cociancic, Lorenzo Di Libero, Giovanni Grande, Giuseppe Cringoli, Stefano D’Amelio and Laura Rinaldi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1045
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  34. Erythema migrans (EM) is the most common manifestation of Lyme borreliosis. Here, we examined EM patients in Norwegian general practice to find the proportion exposed to tick-transmitted microorganisms other t...

    Authors: Knut Eirik Eliassen, Lukas Frans Ocias, Karen A. Krogfelt, Peter Wilhelmsson, Susanne Gjeruldsen Dudman, Åshild Andreassen, Morten Lindbak and Per-Eric Lindgren
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1044
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Current guidelines support different management of cryptococcosis between severely immunodeficient and immunocompetent populations. However, few studies have focused on cryptococcosis patients with mild-to-mod...

    Authors: Yu Wang, Yu Gu, Kunlu Shen, Xuefan Cui, Rui Min, Siqing Sun, Chunlai Feng, Yanbin Chen, Li Wang, Min Cao, Jian Yang, Jian Yao, Jing Xu, Dang Lin, Yujian Tao, Guoer Ma…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1043
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. The rise of HIV-1 drug resistance to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) threatens antiretroviral therapy's long-term success (ART). NNRTIs will remain an essential drug for the management ...

    Authors: Julien Riou, Carole Dupont, Silvia Bertagnolio, Ravindra K. Gupta, Roger D. Kouyos, Matthias Egger and Christian L. Althaus
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1042
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1098

  37. Understanding the risk factors associated with hospital burden of COVID-19 is crucial for healthcare planning for any future waves of infection.

    Authors: Anne M. Presanis, Kevin Kunzmann, Francesca M. Grosso, Christopher H. Jackson, Alice Corbella, Giacomo Grasselli, Marco Salmoiraghi, Maria Gramegna, Daniela De Angelis and Danilo Cereda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1041
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared global pandemic, causing a lot of death. How to quickly screen risk population for severe patients is essential for decreasing the mortality. Many of the predi...

    Authors: Le Fang, Huashan Xie, Lingyun Liu, Shijun Lu, Fangfang Lv, Jiancang Zhou, Yue Xu, Huiqing Ge, Min Yu and Limin Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1040
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The COVID-19 pandemic poses serious threats to global health, and the emerging mutation in SARS-CoV-2 genomes, e.g., the D614G substitution, is one of the major challenges of disease control. Characterizing th...

    Authors: Shi Zhao, Jingzhi Lou, Lirong Cao, Hong Zheng, Marc K. C. Chong, Zigui Chen, Renee W. Y. Chan, Benny C. Y. Zee, Paul K. S. Chan and Maggie H. Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1039
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is important to reduce transmission, morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH).

    Authors: Christian Kraef, Adrian Bentzon, Alexander Panteleev, Alena Skrahina, Natalie Bolokadze, Simona Tetradov, Regina Podlasin, Igor Karpov, Elena Borodulina, Elena Denisova, Inga Azina, Jens Lundgren, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Amanda Mocroft, Daria Podlekareva and Ole Kirk
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1038
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Timely and accurate identification of uropathogens and determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility is paramount to the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main objective of this study wa...

    Authors: Lalainasoa Odile Rivoarilala, Jeannoda Victor, Tania Crucitti and Jean Marc Collard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1037
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Delafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone with broad antibacterial activity against pathogens causing acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). This network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted t...

    Authors: Ioanna Vlachaki, Matteo Vacchelli, Daniela Zinzi, Edel Falla, Yilin Jiang, Theo Mantopoulos and Dilip Nathwani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1036
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. From October 2019–March 2020, several clusters of mumps cases were identified in the Netherlands. Our objective was to describe cluster-associated mumps virus transmission using epidemiological and molecular i...

    Authors: Anita A. Shah, Rogier Bodewes, Linda Reijnen, Timo Boelsums, Claudia M. Weller, Ewout B. Fanoy and Irene K. Veldhuijzen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1035
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Bacillary dysentery (BD) is a common infectious disease in China and causes enormous economic burdens. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of BD and to identify its po...

    Authors: Yao Zhang, Mengyuan Zhang, Dianju Kang, Wei Sun, Changhong Yang and Rongjie Wei
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1033
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Lockdown measures are the backbone of containment measures for the COVID-19 pandemic both in high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, in view of the inevitably-occurr...

    Authors: Su Yeon Jang, Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb, Tatiana Rivera Ramirez, Ahmed Asa’ad Al-Aghbari, Dhia Joseph Chackalackal, Rocio Cardenas-Sanchez, Maria Angelica Carrillo, In-Hwan Oh, Eduardo Andrés Alfonso-Sierra, Pia Oechsner, Brian Kibiwott Kirui, Martin Anto, Sonia Diaz-Monsalve and Axel Kroeger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1032
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the world’s significant public health challenges. Viral suppression is the key indicator for treatment success in People living with HIV (PLHIV). We determine...

    Authors: Suleiman Bello Abdullahi, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Abdulkadir Baba Okeji, Rabilu Iliyasu Yandoma, Ibrahim Bashir, Suleiman Haladu, Suleiman Ahmad Idris, T. I. A. Oseni, Bello Muhammad Suleiman, Mohammed Yahaya, Mabel Kamweli Aworh and Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1031
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is the common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and is also found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy people. Hence, the study aimed to compare the serotyp...

    Authors: Shihui Peng, Hongyu Ren, Jianping Deng, Na Zhao, Yinan Li, Ming Li, Qiwu Yuan, Zhengdong Zhang, Longze Luo, Linzi Zeng, Bin Wang, Nianli Zou, Changguo Gu, Xin Huang, Zheng Liao, Shenen Chen…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1030
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. To date, whether the immune response for SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV(PLWH) is different from HIV-naïve individuals is still not clear.

    Authors: Yanbin Liu, Yanling Xiao, Songjie Wu, Gifty Marley, Fangzhao Ming, Xiaoya Wang, Mengmeng Wu, Ling Feng, Weiming Tang and Ke Liang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1029
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Tanzania ranks as the fourth country in the world with respect to the number of sickle cell disease (SCD) births; it is also endemic to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV). T...

    Authors: Grace Shayo, Irene Makundi and Lucio Luzzatto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1028
    Content type: Research Published on:

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