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  1. Foodborne Yersinia enterocolitica infections continue to be a public health problem in many countries. Consumption of raw or undercooked pork is the main risk factor for yersiniosis in Germany. Small children are...

    Authors: Bettina M Rosner, Dirk Werber, Michael Höhle and Klaus Stark
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:236
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Influenza transmitted by health care workers (HCWs) is a potential threat to frail patients in acute health care settings. Therefore, immunizing HCWs against influenza should receive high priority. Despite rec...

    Authors: Josien Riphagen-Dalhuisen, Gerard Frijstein, Nannet van der Geest-Blankert, Marita Danhof-Pont, Herbert de Jager, Nita Bos, Ed Smeets, Marjan de Vries, Pieter Gallee and Eelko Hak
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:235
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with high morbidity and increased mortality but many patients avoid initiation of treatment or report challenges with treatment completion. The study object...

    Authors: Lauren Fusfeld, Jyoti Aggarwal, Carly Dougher, Montserrat Vera-Llonch, Stephen Bubb, Mrudula Donepudi and Thomas F Goss
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:234
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment is critical for suppression of viral replication, reduced destruction of CD4 cells, prevention of viral resistance, promotion of immune reconstitution and slowed disease prog...

    Authors: Negassie Berhe, Desalegn Tegabu and Mekuriaw Alemayehu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:233
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The Democratic Republic of Congo experiences regular measles outbreaks. From September 2010, the number of suspected measles cases increased, especially in Katanga province, where Medecins sans Frontieres supp...

    Authors: Lise Grout, Andrea Minetti, Northan Hurtado, Gwenola François, Florence Fermon, Anne Chatelain, Géza Harczi, Jean de Dieu Ilunga Ngoie, Alexandra N’Goran, Francisco J Luquero, Rebecca F Grais and Klaudia Porten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:232
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Representative population-based data on the epidemiology of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) infections in Europe are limited. However, these data are needed in order to optimise patient care and...

    Authors: Felix C Ringshausen, Rosa-Marie Apel, Franz-Christoph Bange, Andrés de Roux, Mathias W Pletz, Jessica Rademacher, Hendrik Suhling, Dirk Wagner and Tobias Welte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:231
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Soluble CD163 (sCD163) has been associated with arterial inflammation and non-calcified plaques in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and has therefore been suggested as a predictive bioma...

    Authors: Andreas Knudsen, Holger Jon Møller, Terese L Katzenstein, Jan Gerstoft, Niels Obel, Gitte Kronborg, Thomas Benfield, Andreas Kjaer and Anne-Mette Lebech
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:230
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. High rates of bacterial coinfection in autopsy data from the 2009 H1N1 influenza (“flu”) pandemic suggest synergies between flu and pneumococcal disease (PD) during pandemic conditions, and highlight the impor...

    Authors: Lisa J McGarry, Kristen E Gilmore, Jaime L Rubin, Keith P Klugman, David R Strutton and Milton C Weinstein
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:229
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Beside high mortality, acute bacterial meningitis may lead to a high frequency of neuropsychological sequelae. The Sahelian countries belonging to the meningitis belt experience approximately 50% of the mening...

    Authors: Jean-François Jusot, Zilahatou Tohon, Abdoul Aziz Yazi and Jean-Marc Collard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:228
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The annotation of functional genome and signaling network in M. tuberculosis are still not systematic. Essential ...

    Authors: Guangyu Xu, Bin Liu, Fang Wang, Chengguo Wei, Ying Zhang, Jiyao Sheng, Guoqing Wang and Fan Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:227
    Content type: Correspondence Published on:

  11. The use of examination gloves is part of the standard precautions to prevent medical staff from transmission of infectious agents between patients. Gloves also protect the staff from infectious agents originat...

    Authors: Nils-Olaf Hübner, Anna-Maria Goerdt, Axel Mannerow, Ute Pohrt, Claus-Dieter Heidecke, Axel Kramer and Lars Ivo Partecke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:226
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. The prevalence and the patterns of ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis (TB) are largely undocumented among Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus...

    Authors: Salil Mehta, Homa Mansoor, Samsuddin Khan, Peter Saranchuk and Petros Isaakidis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:225
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Two phylogenetic lineages of influenza B virus coexist and circulate in the human population (B/Yamagata and B/Victoria) but only one B-strain is included in each seasonal vaccine. Mismatch regularly occurs be...

    Authors: Jiří Beran, Mathieu Peeters, Walthère Dewé, Jolana Raupachová, Lenka Hobzová and Jeanne-Marie Devaster
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:224
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is difficult in infants and young children. For microbiological confirmation of PTB children, sequential gastric lavage (GL) is recommended. Induced sputum (IS) may be...

    Authors: Marta Ruiz Jiménez, Sara Guillén Martín, Luis M Prieto Tato, Juana B Cacho Calvo, Ana Álvarez García, Beatriz Soto Sánchez and Jose T Ramos Amador
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:222
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) nasal colonization plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections and SA eradication from the nares has proven to be effective in reducing endogenous infections...

    Authors: Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan, Ryan P Lamers, Austin Ellis, Vanathy Paramanandam, Alana B Persaud, Sergio Tafur, Christopher L Parkinson and Alexander M Cole
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:221
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Co-receptor tropism (CRT) in patients with a long history of HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment has been rarely investigated to date. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of X4 and R...

    Authors: Annalisa Saracino, Laura Monno, Luigia Scudeller, Giuseppe Bruno, Nicoletta Ladisa, Grazia Punzi, Anna Volpe, Antonella Lagioia and Gioacchino Angarano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:220
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Candidemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, particularly in Asia. Anidulafungin has been reported to be an effective treatment for candidemia in Western populations, ...

    Authors: Piroon Mootsikapun, Po-Ren Hsueh, Deepak Talwar, Vilma M Co, Viraj Rajadhyaksha and Moh-Lim Ong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:219
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Liver cancer is the second most-frequent cause of cancer death in Korea. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of liver cancer, and this disease is effectively prevented by HBV vaccination. This s...

    Authors: Boyoung Park, Kui Son Choi, Hoo-Yeon Lee, Min-Son Kwak, Jae Kwan Jun and Eun-Cheol Park
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:218
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Pulmonary actinomycosis is a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Actinomyces. Both improving oral hygiene and early application of antibiotics to the case of suspicious pulmonary infections result in changes in...

    Authors: So Ri Kim, Lae Young Jung, In-Jae Oh, Young-Chul Kim, Kyeong-Cheol Shin, Min Ki Lee, Sei-Hoon Yang, Hee Sun Park, Mi-Kyung Kim, Jin Young Kwak, Soo-Jung Um, Seung Won Ra, Woo Jin Kim, Seungsoo Kim, Eu-Gene Choi and Yong Chul Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:216
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Particular cytokine gene polymorphisms are involved in the regulation of the antibody production. The consequences of already described IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 gene polymorphisms on biological parameters and antibo...

    Authors: Adjimon Gatien Lokossou, Célia Dechavanne, Aziz Bouraïma, David Courtin, Agnès Le Port, Rodolphe Ladékpo, Julien Noukpo, Désiré Bonou, Claude Ahouangninou, Audrey Sabbagh, Benjamin Fayomi, Achille Massougbodji, André Garcia and Florence Migot-Nabias
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:215
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Thailand occur most frequently in healthcare facilities. However, reports of community-associated MRSA are limited.

    Authors: Aroonlug Lulitanond, Teruyo Ito, Shanshuang Li, Xiao Han, Xiao Xue Ma, Chulapan Engchanil, Aroonwadee Chanawong, Chotechana Wilailuckana, Netchanok Jiwakanon and Keiichi Hiramatsu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:214
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Escherichia coli is a common cause of asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria in hospitalized patients. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is frequently treated with antibiotics without a clear indication. Our goal...

    Authors: Jonas Marschall, Marilyn L Piccirillo, Betsy Foxman, Lixin Zhang, David K Warren and Jeffrey P Henderson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:213
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. In Canada, surveillance systems have highlighted the increasing trend of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) human infections. Our study objectives were to evaluate the epidemiology of S. Ent...

    Authors: Csaba Varga, David L Pearl, Scott A McEwen, Jan M Sargeant, Frank Pollari and Michele T Guerin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:212
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The aims of the study were to assess the risk factors in relation to cross border activities, exposure to mosquito bite and preventive measures taken.

    Authors: Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Amal Nasir Mustafa, Hani Mat Husaain, Wan Mansor Hamzah, Apandi Mohd Yusof, Rozilawati Harun and Faezah Noor Abdullah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:211
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Bacteria and fungi are believed to influence mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However their presence and relationship to disease is debated. This study used multiple detection methods to c...

    Authors: Sam Boase, Andrew Foreman, Edward Cleland, Lorwai Tan, Rachel Melton-Kreft, Harshita Pant, Fen Z Hu, Garth D Ehrlich and Peter-John Wormald
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:210
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Diarrheal diseases represent a major worldwide public health problem particularly in developing countries. Each year, at least four million children under five years of age die from diarrhea. Rotavirus, enteri...

    Authors: Wafa I Elhag, Humodi A Saeed, El Fadhil E Omer and Abdelwahid S Ali
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Data on risk factors of recurrent bacterial vaginosis (RBV) are still scarce. We used data from female sex workers (FSW) participating in a randomized controlled microbicide trial to examine predictors of BV r...

    Authors: Fernand A Guédou, Lut Van Damme, Jennifer Deese, Tania Crucitti, Marissa Becker, Florence Mirembe, Suniti Solomon and Michel Alary
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:208
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. T. gondii expresses five members of the C1 family of cysteine proteases, includi...

    Authors: Guanghui Zhao, Aihua Zhou, Gang Lv, Min Meng, Min Sun, Yang Bai, Yali Han, Lin Wang, Huaiyu Zhou, Hua Cong, Qunli Zhao, Xing-Quan Zhu and Shenyi He
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:207
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The relationship between inducible nitric oxide synthatase activity and disease severity in leptospirosis is unclear. Nitric oxide is converted to nitrites and nitrates, thus nitrite and nitrate levels (NOx) in s...

    Authors: Thilini Kalugalage, Chaturaka Rodrigo, Thamal Vithanage, Pranitha Somaratne, H Janaka De Silva, Shiroma Handunnetti and Senaka Rajapakse
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The relative contribution of long term care facilities (LTCFs) and hospitals in the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is unknown.

    Authors: Vincent CC Cheng, Josepha WM Tai, Zoie SY Wong, Jonathan HK Chen, Kris BQ Pan, Yizhen Hai, Wing-Chun Ng, Denise MK Chow, Miranda CY Yau, Jasper FW Chan, Sally CY Wong, Herman Tse, Sophia SC Chan, Kwok-Leung Tsui, Felix HW Chan, Pak-Leung Ho…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:205
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The 2009 pandemic influenza was milder than expected. Based on the apparent lack of pre-existing cross-protective antibodies to the A (H1N1)pdm09 strain, it was hypothesized that pre-existing CD4+ T cellular i...

    Authors: Venkata R Duvvuri, Bhargavi Duvvuri, Veronica Jamnik, Jonathan B Gubbay, Jianhong Wu and Gillian E Wu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:204
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Metabolic abnormalities are common in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART), but the biochemical details and underlying mechanisms of these disorders have not been defined.

    Authors: Edana Cassol, Vikas Misra, Alexander Holman, Anupa Kamat, Susan Morgello and Dana Gabuzda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a broad spectrum of illnesses ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Quantitative data on the burden of pneumococcal disease,...

    Authors: Joon Young Song, Jun Yong Choi, Jin Soo Lee, In-Gyu Bae, Young Keun Kim, Jang Wook Sohn, Yu Mi Jo, Won Suk Choi, Jacob Lee, Kyung Hwa Park, Woo Joo Kim and Hee Jin Cheong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:202
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Pakistan is considered as an endemic country for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases reported during the past two decades. Majority of cases are reported from Baluchistan...

    Authors: Muhammad Masroor Alam, Adnan Khurshid, Salmaan Sharif, Shahzad Shaukat, Muhammad Suleman Rana, Mehar Angez and Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. In France, 1/3 HIV-infected patients is diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. We describe missed opportunities for earlier HIV testing in newly-HIV-diagnosed patients.

    Authors: Karen Champenois, Anthony Cousien, Lise Cuzin, Stéphane Le Vu, Sylvie Deuffic-Burban, Emilie Lanoy, Karine Lacombe, Olivier Patey, Pascal Béchu, Marcel Calvez, Caroline Semaille and Yazdan Yazdanpanah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:200
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Commensal Escherichia coli are a prominent reservoir of genes coding for antibiotic resistance and also responsible for endogenous infections in pregnant women. We studied the factors in pregnant women associated...

    Authors: Ashish Pathak, Salesh P Chandran, Kalpana Mahadik, Ragini Macaden and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:199
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The present study sought to investigate the association between HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 genes and susceptibility or resistance to the different clinical manifestations of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (AC...

    Authors: Rejane C Ribas-Silva, Adriana D Ribas, Maria CG dos Santos, Waldir V da Silva, Maria VC Lonardoni, Sueli D Borelli and Thaís GV Silveira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Little is known about the clinical presentation and outcome of pneumococcal lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) without positive chest X-ray findings and blood cultures. We investigated the prognostic imp...

    Authors: Marlene Skovgaard, Henrik C Schønheyder, Thomas Benfield, Rikke B Nielsen, Jenny D Knudsen, Jette Bangsborg, Christian Østergaard, Hans-Christian Slotved, Helle Bossen Konradsen, Lotte Lambertsen and Reimar W Thomsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The present study was performed to assess the prognosis of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) after implementation of new processes of care.

    Authors: Hugues Georges, Cécile Journaux, Patrick Devos, Serge Alfandari, Pierre Yves Delannoy, Agnès Meybeck, Arnaud Chiche, Nicolas Boussekey and Olivier Leroy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Cervicitis is a syndrome of cervical inflammation and a common condition in female sex workers (FSW), a subpopulation vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. Local data is essential for guiding syndromi...

    Authors: Simon Pollett, Martha Calderon, Kristen Heitzinger, Vicky Solari, Silvia M Montano and Joseph Zunt
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. An association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB) has been described, mainly due to smoking and corticosteroid use. Whether inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy is assoc...

    Authors: Chih-Hsin Lee, Ming-Chia Lee, Chin-Chung Shu, Chor-Shen Lim, Jann-Yuan Wang, Li-Na Lee and Kun-Mao Chao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in clinical practice and empirical treatment is largely employed due to predictability of pathogens. However, variations in antibiotic sensitivity patterns do occur, a...

    Authors: Charles O Odongo, Denis A Anywar, Kenneth Luryamamoi and Pancras Odongo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. This study aimed to investigate the level of awareness of and factors associated with major infectious diseases in rural China and to provide the most recent baseline data for the prevention and control of the...

    Authors: He Liu, Mei Li, Mingjuan Jin, Fangyuan Jing, Hui Wang and Kun Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The Taiwan area comprises the main island of Taiwan and several small islands located off the coast of the Southern China. The eastern two-thirds of Taiwan are characterized by rugged mountains covered with tr...

    Authors: Pui-Jen Tsai and Hsi-Chyi Yeh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. SPRINT-2 demonstrated that boceprevir (BOC), an oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 3 (NS3) protease inhibitor, added to peginterferon alfa-2b (P) and ribavirin (R) significantly increased sustained vir...

    Authors: Shannon Allen Ferrante, Jagpreet Chhatwal, Clifford A Brass, Antoine C El Khoury, Fred Poordad, Jean-Pierre Bronowicki and Elamin H Elbasha
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Lactobacillus jensenii, L. iners, L. crispatus and L. gasseri are the most frequently occurring lactobacilli in the vagina. However, the native species vary widely according to the studied population. The presen...

    Authors: Marcos Daniel Martínez-Peña, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli and Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. For almost two decades, chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosis rates in remote Indigenous communities have been up to 30 times higher than for non-Indigenous Australians. The high levels of population movement kno...

    Authors: Ben B Hui, Richard T Gray, David P Wilson, James S Ward, Anthony M A Smith, David J Philip, Matthew G Law, Jane S Hocking and David G Regan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:86

  50. Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections seem to be associated with the onset of actinic keratosis (AK). This study compares the presence of cutaneous HPV types in eyebrow hairs to those in tissues of n...

    Authors: Ines Schneider, Mandy D Lehmann, Vlada Kogosov, Eggert Stockfleth and Ingo Nindl
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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