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  1. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is not generally reported to public health authorities in the Middle East and its true prevalence remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the preva...

    Authors: Asma A Al-Thani, Wedad S Hamdi, Naser A Al-Ansari and Sanjay H Doiphode
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:502
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:173

  2. Pathological changes due to infection with Schistosoma haematobium include cytokine-mediated urinary tract inflammation. The involved cytokines may be excreted in urine and their presence in urine may therefore r...

    Authors: Kariuki H Njaanake, Paul E Simonsen, Birgitte J Vennervald, Dunstan A Mukoko, Claus M Reimert, Kimani Gachuhi, Walter G Jaoko and Benson B Estambale
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:501
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Little research has examined whether alcohol reduction interventions improve antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and HIV treatment outcomes. This study assesses the efficacy of an intervention for reducing ...

    Authors: Charles DH Parry, Neo K Morojele, Bronwyn J Myers, Connie T Kekwaletswe, Samuel OM Manda, Katherine Sorsdahl, Gita Ramjee, Judith A Hahn, Jürgen Rehm and Paul A Shuper
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:500
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  4. It has been suggested that the proliferative capacity of cells from individuals with HIV or both HIV and helminth infections is attenuated and cytokine production is dysregulated. This study describes peripher...

    Authors: Zilungile L Mkhize-Kwitshana, Musawenkosi LH Mabaso and Gerhard Walzl
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:499
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The Streptococcus Milleri/Anginosus Group (SMG) colonize mucosal surfaces, especially the airways, and are considered to be normal mucosal microbiota; however, they are a major cause of abscesses, pneumonia and p...

    Authors: Julienne C Kaiser, Chris P Verschoor, Michael G Surette and Dawn ME Bowdish
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:498
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The effects of ezetimibe on cholesterol metabolism in HIV-infected patients receiving boosted protease inhibitors have not been thoroughly assessed. The aim of this study was to assess cholesterol homeostasis ...

    Authors: Pere Leyes, Esteban Martínez, María Larrousse, Montserrat Cofán, Joan Trabal, Ana María Pérez-Heras, María T Forga and Emilio Ros
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:497
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Cytopenias are the most common HIV-associated hematological abnormality. Cytopenias have been associated with several factors including sex, race/ethnicity, geographical location and comorbidities such as tube...

    Authors: Rachel Kyeyune, Elmar Saathoff, Amara E Ezeamama, Thomas Löscher, Wafaie Fawzi and David Guwatudde
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:496
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. There has been a long held belief that patients with drug-susceptible TB are non-infectious after two weeks of therapy. Recent microbiological and epidemiological evidence has challenged this dogma, however, t...

    Authors: Gloria Ivy Mensah, Kennedy Kwasi Addo, John Amissah Tetteh, Sandra Sowah, Thomas Loescher, Christof Geldmacher and Dolly Jackson-Sillah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:495
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDR-PA) isolates are susceptible to only one or two classes of antibiotics. In 2011–2012, we investigated an outbreak of XDR-PA affecting children with onco-hema...

    Authors: Marta Ciofi degli Atti, Paola Bernaschi, Michaela Carletti, Ida Luzzi, Aurora García-Fernández, Alice Bertaina, Annamaria Sisto, Franco Locatelli and Massimiliano Raponi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:494
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. A substantial portion of Dutch travellers is comprised of immigrants returning to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFRs), including VFRs returning to dengue-endemic areas such as Surinam...

    Authors: Femke W Overbosch, Anneke van den Hoek, Janke Schinkel and Gerard JB Sonder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:493
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Available treatments for uncomplicated hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) include surgery, medical therapy with albendazole (ABZ), percutaneous interventions and the watch-and-wait (WW) approach. Current guide...

    Authors: Francesca Rinaldi, Annalisa De Silvestri, Francesca Tamarozzi, Federico Cattaneo, Raffaella Lissandrin and Enrico Brunetti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:492
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. In this paper we study the distribution of leukocyte populations and of cytokine-producing cells in the spleen of a patient with visceral leishmaniasis resistant to clinical treatment. It is the first attempt ...

    Authors: Washington LC dos-Santos, Carla Pagliari, Lina G Santos, Valter A Almeida, Thiago LV e Silva, João de J Coutinho Jr., Tulio Souza, Maria IS Duarte, Luiz AR de Freitas and Carlos HN Costa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:491
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  13. Rapid economic development in urban China has led to a mass migration of surplus rural residents into urban areas for better employment opportunities. This study aims to identify prevalence levels and risks of...

    Authors: Xia Zou, Eric PF Chow, Peizhen Zhao, Yong Xu, Li Ling and Lei Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:490
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Mucormycosis is an invasive mycotic disease caused by fungi in the zygomycetes class. Although ubiquitous in the environment, zygomycetes are rarely known to cause invasive disease in immunocompromised hosts w...

    Authors: Norbert Harrasser, Ingo J Banke, Matthias Hauschild, Ulrich Lenze, Peter M Prodinger, Andreas Toepfer, Christian Peschel, Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe, Ingo Ringshausen and Mareike Verbeek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:488
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  15. Toxoplasma gondii can infect all warm-blooded animals including humans. Infection with T. gondii is probably the leading cause of posterior uveitis in humans and the most comment route of transmission is raw and...

    Authors: Jia Chen, Zhong-Yuan Li, Si-Yang Huang, Eskild Petersen, Hui-Qun Song, Dong-Hui Zhou and Xing-Quan Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:487
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Longitudinal nationwide data on antimicrobial susceptibility in Proteus mirabilis from different sources are rare. The effects of the revised Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) β-lactam breakpoint...

    Authors: Jann-Tay Wang, Pei-Chen Chen, Shan-Chwen Chang, Yih-Ru Shiau, Hui-Ying Wang, Jui-Fen Lai, I-Wen Huang, Mei-Chen Tan and Tsai-Ling Yang Lauderdale
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:486
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Pneumonia is an important cause of illness and death, particularly in elderly adults. This retrospective study was conducted to estimate the trend of hospitalization for pneumonia in the Veneto from the record...

    Authors: Vincenzo Baldo, Silvia Cocchio, Tatjana Baldovin, Alessandra Buja, Patrizia Furlan, Chiara Bertoncello, Francesca Russo and Mario Saia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:485
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Cytomegalovirus causes congenital infections all around the world. The seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women in Mexico is largely unknown. We sought to determine the seroprevalence of...

    Authors: Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano, Agar Ramos-Nevárez, Sandra Margarita Cerrillo-Soto, Sergio Estrada-Martínez, Lucio Martínez-Ramírez, Alma Rosa Pérez-Álamos and Carlos Alberto Guido-Arreola
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:484
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Worldwide, L. pneumophila sg 1 is the most common agent of Legionnaires’ disease ( 80 to 90% of the reported cases). In contrast, L. pneumophila sg 2–14 account for only 15 to 20% of community-acquired cases, alt...

    Authors: Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Susan R Arauco Rivera, Roberto Raso, Pierangela Ferrero and Carla M Zotti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:483
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Molecular tests that detect and/or quantify HCV RNA are important in the diagnosis and management of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) undergoing anti-viral therapy. The primary goal of anti-HCV therapy ...

    Authors: Bryan Cobb, Gabrielle Heilek and Regis A Vilchez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S8
    Content type: Review Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  21. We present clinical cases, which underline some difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Case report #1 shows a patient who avoided clinical follow-up for HCV until the dev...

    Authors: Alessio Strazzulla, Giovanni Matera, Selma Valerie Mammone, Vittoria Vaccaro, Vincenzo Pisani, Chiara Costa, Francesco Manti, Patrizia Doldo, Lucio Cosco, Francesco Quintieri, Francesco Cesario, Maria Carla Liberto, Aida Giancotti, Carlo Torti and Alfredo Focà
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S7
    Content type: Case report Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  22. Epidemiological evidence links Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). These B-NHLs, particularly those associated with HCV, may represent a distinct sub-gro...

    Authors: Roberto Bruni, Cinzia Marcantonio, Alessandro Pulsoni, Paola Tataseo, Federico De Angelis, Enea Spada, Fabrizio Marcucci, Sara Panfilio, Paolo Bianco, Mara Riminucci, Umbertina Villano, Maria Elena Tosti, Anna Rita Ciccaglione and Alfonso Mele
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  23. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) has pleiotropic properties that can either limit or enhance immune responses. Recent studies revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-27 promoter region modulate th...

    Authors: Emilia Zicca, Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Stefania Nucara, Fernanda Fabiani, Francesco Trapasso, Nicola Perrotti, Alessio Strazzulla, Carlo Torti, Maria Carla Liberto and Alfredo Focà
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S5
    Content type: Short report Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  24. HIV infection leads to a faster progression of liver disease in subjects infected with HCV, as compared with HCV mono-infected patients. Previous reports suggest that sustained virological response (SVR) rates...

    Authors: Silvia Odolini, Silvia Amadasi, Carlo Cerini, Mariarosaria Giralda, Paola Nasta and Francesco Castelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  25. In Italy, anti-HCV drugs are provided free of charge by the National Health System. Since 2011, three drug regimens including a directly acting antiviral (DAA) are considered the gold standard for HCV treatmen...

    Authors: Alessio Strazzulla, Chiara Costa, Vincenzo Pisani, Vincenzo De Maria, Francesca Giancotti, Sebastiano Di Salvo, Saverio Giuseppe Parisi, Monica Basso, Marzia Maria Franzetti, Nadia Marascio, Maria Carla Liberto, Giorgio Settimo Barreca, Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti, Emilia Zicca, Maria Concetta Postorino, Giovanni Matera…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  26. The epidemiological profile of HCV infection is evolving in Europe, as well as in Italy. We have previously showed genotype distributions and their dynamics in 2,153 HCV RNA positive patients living in Calabri...

    Authors: Nadia Marascio, Maria Carla Liberto, Giorgio Settimo Barreca, Emilia Zicca, Angela Quirino, Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti, Giovanna Bianco, Giovanni Matera, Lorenzo Surace, Giuseppina Berardelli, Lidia Surace, Vincenzo De Maria, Francesca Giancotti, Rosa Anna Leone, Vilma Villella, Salvatore Nisticò…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S2
    Content type: Review Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  27. The study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes/subtypes, quasispecies and recombinants obtained by virus genome sequencing are important for epidemiological studies, to trace the source of infection, for devel...

    Authors: Nadia Marascio, Carlo Torti, Maria Carla Liberto and Alfredo Focà
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14(Suppl 5):S1
    Content type: Review Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 14 Supplement 5

  28. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of childhood diarrhea in resource-limited regions. It is also an important cause of diarrhea in travellers to these areas.

    Authors: Steinar Skrede, Hans Steinsland, Halvor Sommerfelt, Audun Aase, Per Brandtzaeg, Nina Langeland, Rebecca J Cox, Marianne Sævik, Marita Wallevik, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Marit Gjerde Tellevik, David A Sack, James P Nataro and Anne Berit Guttormsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:482
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Introduction of Xpert® MTB/RIF assay has revolutionalised the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by simultaneously detecting the bacteria and resistance to rifampicin (rif), a surrogate marker for multi-drug resistan...

    Authors: Gerald Mboowa, Carolyn Namaganda and Willy Ssengooba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:481
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. The potential impact of an influenza pandemic can be assessed by calculating a set of transmissibility parameters, the most important being the reproduction number (R), which is defined as the average number o...

    Authors: Matthew Biggerstaff, Simon Cauchemez, Carrie Reed, Manoj Gambhir and Lyn Finelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:480
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Tuberculosis (TB) in both animals and humans is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) primarily transmitted by inhalation of aerosolized droplets containing the organism. Multi-drug resistance (MDR)...

    Authors: Nolwazi L Bhembe, Uchechukwu U Nwodo, Sharlene Govender, Cindy Hayes, Roland N Ndip, Anthony I Okoh and Ezekiel Green
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:479
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis compromises effective control of tuberculosis (TB) in Siberia. Early identification of drug-resistant isolat...

    Authors: Maya A Dymova, Andrey G Cherednichenko, Olga I Alkhovik, Eugeny A Khrapov, Tatjana I Petrenko and Maxim L Filipenko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:478
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Patient-related (demographic/disease) and treatment-related (drug/clinician/hospital) characteristics were evaluated as potential predictors of healthcare resource use and opportunities for early switch (ES) f...

    Authors: Dilip Nathwani, Christian Eckmann, Wendy Lawson, Caitlyn T Solem, Shelby Corman, Jennifer M Stephens, Cynthia Macahilig, Damien Simoneau, Richard Chambers, Jim Z Li and Seema Haider
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:476
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing-Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) bloodstream infection (BSI) are emerging health-care associated (HCA) diseases of public hea...

    Authors: Simone Giuliano, Maurizio Guastalegname, Miryam Jenco, Andrea Morelli, Marco Falcone and Mario Venditti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:475
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  36. Facial lipoatrophy is a frequently reported condition associated with use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) acid has been used to correct facial lipoatrophy in people with HIV since 2004...

    Authors: Martin Duracinsky, Pascale Leclercq, Susan Herrmann, Marie-Odile Christen, Marc Dolivo, Cécile Goujard and Olivier Chassany
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:474
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. In resource limited settings access to laboratory monitoring of HIV treatment is limited and therapeutic drug monitoring is generally unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate nevirapine concentrations in sali...

    Authors: Mohammed Lamorde, Quirine Fillekes, Kim Sigaloff, Cissy Kityo, Allan Buzibye, Joshua Kayiwa, Concepta Merry, Lillian Nakatudde-Katumba, David Burger and Tobias F Rinke de Wit
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:473
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Standardized techniques to detect HIV-neutralizing antibody responses are of great importance in the search for an HIV vaccine.

    Authors: Enas Sheik-Khalil, Mark-Anthony Bray, Gülsen Özkaya Şahin, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marianne Jansson, Anne E Carpenter and Eva Maria Fenyö
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:472
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  39. Smoking has been identified in observational studies as a risk factor for bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition defined in part by decimation of Lactobacillus spp. The anti-estrogenic effect of smoking and trace ...

    Authors: Rebecca M Brotman, Xin He, Pawel Gajer, Doug Fadrosh, Eva Sharma, Emmanuel F Mongodin, Jacques Ravel, Elbert D Glover and Jessica M Rath
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:471
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Over 650 million people globally are at risk of schistosomiasis infection, while more than 200 million people are infected of which the higher disease rates occur in children. Eighty three students between 6-2...

    Authors: Nagla Gasmelseed, Nhashal E Karamino, Mohammed O Abdelwahed, Anas O Hamdoun and Ahmed E Elmadani
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:469
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is usually complicated by high rates of tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Impaired immune response has been reported during HIV/TB co-infection and may have significa...

    Authors: Abate Assefa, Baye Gelaw, Gebeyaw Getnet and Gashaw Yitayew
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:468
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Prostatic abscesses are an uncommon disease usually caused by enterobacteria. They mostly occur in immunodeficient patients. It is thus extremely rare to have a Staphylococcal prostatic abscess in a young immu...

    Authors: Maria Dubos, Olivier Barraud, Anne-Laure Fedou, Fabien Fredon, Frédéric Laurent, Yannis Brakbi, Anne Cypierre and Bruno François
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:466
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  45. Fatigue is a common symptom of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and a frequent side-effect of peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) therapy for HCV. This study evaluated the impact of adding the oral HCV NS3/4...

    Authors: Jane Scott, Kathleen Rosa, Min Fu, Karin Cerri, Monika Peeters, Maria Beumont, Stefan Zeuzem, Donna M Evon and Leen Gilles
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:465
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Previous studies showed that C. trachomatis strains found in MSM are different from those in heterosexuals. This study investigates whether the differences in strain distribution between MSM and heterosexuals are...

    Authors: Bart Versteeg, Martijn S van Rooijen, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Henry JC de Vries and Sylvia M Bruisten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:464
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The China-Myanmar border is a particularly interesting region that has very high prevalence of and considerable diversity of HIV-1 recombinants. Due to the transient nature of their work, long-distance truck d...

    Authors: Yan-Heng Zhou, Yue-Bo Liang, Wei Pang, Wei-Hong Qin, Zhi-Hong Yao, Xin Chen, Chiyu Zhang and Yong-Tang Zheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:463
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Opportunistic infections are relatively rare in early human immunodeficiency virus infection, especially infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we report a patient who presented with acute human immunod...

    Authors: Kyung Mo Yoo, Eun-Jeong Joo, Joon-Sup Yeom, Seoung-Wan Chae, Shin Yeoung Lee and Ki Joong Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:462
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  49. Few data are available on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response among HIV-2 infected patients. We conducted a systematic review on treatment outcomes among HIV-2 infected patients on ART, focusing on the immun...

    Authors: Didier K Ekouevi, Boris K Tchounga, Patrick A Coffie, Joseph Tegbe, Alexandra M Anderson, Geoffrey S Gottlieb, Marco Vitoria, François Dabis and Serge P Eholie
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:461
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that one of the largest problems threatening healthcare includes antibiotic resistance. Tetracycline, an effective antibiotic that has been in use ...

    Authors: Matthew D Huff, David Weisman, John Adams, Song Li, Jessica Green, Leslie L Malone and Scott Clemmons
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:460
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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