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Clinical features and 18F-FDG PET/CT for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 22, Article number: 646 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

It is vital to distinguish between inflammatory and malignant lymphadenopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. The purpose of our study was to differentiate the variations in the clinical characteristics of HIV patients, and apply 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy in such patients.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study included 59 consecutive HIV-infected patients who underwent whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT. Of these patients, 37 had biopsy-proven HIV-associated lymphoma, and 22 with HIV-associated inflammatory lymphadenopathy were used as controls. The determined parameters were the maximum of standard uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmax of only lymph nodes (SUVLN), the most FDG-avid lesion-to-liver SUVmax ratio (SURmax), laboratory examinations and demographics. The optimal cut-off of 18F-FDG PET/CT value was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).

Results

Considering the clinical records, the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores in patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy were obviously higher than those in patients with malignant lymphoma (P = 0.015), whereas lymphocyte counts and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were obviously lower (P = 0.014 and 0.010, respectively). For the 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, extra-lymphatic lesions, especially digestive tract and Waldeyer’s ring, occurred more frequently in malignant lymphoma than inflammatory lymphadenopathy. Furthermore, the SURmax and SUVLN in malignant lymphoma were markedly higher than those in inflammatory lymphadenopathy (P = 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). The cut-off point of 3.1 for SURmax had higher specificity (91.9%) and relatively reasonable sensitivity (68.2%) and the cut-off point of 8.0 for the SUVLN had high specificity (89.2%) and relatively reasonable sensitivity (63.6%).

Conclusion

Our study identified the distinctive characteristics of the clinical manifestations, the SURmax, SUVLN and detectability of extra-lymphatic lesions on 18F-FDG PET, and thus provides a new basis for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients.

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Introduction

HIV is still a major public health problem. There are 37.7 million people living with HIV, including 10.2 million who are not receiving treatment, and there were 1.5 million new HIV infections and 680,000 AIDS-related deaths worldwide in 2020 [1]. Lymphadenopathy is a common manifestation among other consequences of HIV infection. During the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) era, the main causes of lymphadenopathy were malignant lymphoma and a variety of opportunistic infections (tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis and esophageal candidiasis, etc.) [2, 3]. To this end, it is vital to differentiate malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy because of different respective treatments and adverse events from delayed diagnosis and overtreatment [4,5,6].

Conventional clinical imaging modalities are important tools for diagnosing lymphadenopathies. Several imaging methods, including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be used to determine the condition either as inflammatory or related to tumor. Ultrasound is valuable for the detection of peripheral lymphadenopathies, whereas CT and MRI are employed in evaluating cavitary lymphadenopathies. However, it is still challenging to distinguish benign lymph nodes from malignant ones using the size, location and enhancement mode [7, 8].

As a single and noninvasive examination type, integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT has emerged as an important tool for the diagnosis, staging, restaging and treatment monitoring of malignancies by providing functional and morphological information. This technology is also widely used in the management of HIV-infected patients with lymphoma and suspected infection. 18F-FDG PET/CT can identify primary cerebral lymphoma from toxoplasmosis-associated lymphoma in AIDS patients, which either CT or MRI cannot reliably achieve [9]. An early study by Mhlanga [10] indicated that quantitative PET metabolic parameters such as metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are valuable tools for differentiating lymphoma from reactive adenopathy in HIV-infected patients. However, the measurement of MTV and TLG is still relatively cumbersome and generally suitable for tumors rather than inflammatory lesions.

In this retrospective study, we aimed to characterize the differences in clinical features and 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients.

Materials and methods

Patients

This retrospective, single-institution study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (No. IIT20220121A). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine because of the retrospective nature of the research.

Fifty-nine HIV-infected patients who had enlarged lymph nodes (diameter ≥ 1 cm) on CT or ultrasound imaging, presenting with fever, fatigue, cough, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, night sweats or local pain, were enrolled in this study from February 2014 and October 2019. Whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed for evaluating the distribution of lymph nodes and selecting the optimal biopsy site.

We identified 37 patients ranging in age from 26 to 75 years (median age, 59 years) with biopsy-proven HIV-associated lymphoma (35 B-cell lymphoma; 1 Hodgkin lymphoma; 1T-cell lymphoma). For 22 HIV-infected patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory lymphadenopathy, 11 patients were infected by tuberculosis (n = 5), nontuberculoaus mycobacteria (n = 4), Talaromyces marneffei (n = 1) and cryptococcosis (n = 1) by culture or metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS), but remaining 11 patients were only reactive hyperplasias not found other pathogens infected. After antibiotic therapy or anti-inflammatory treatment, all of these patients had improved in clinical and reimaging with general CT scans. And relapses and new radiological lesions did occur during 3 months follow-up. These patients, ranging in age from 23 to 74 years (median age, 42.5 years), were included in this study as controls.

PET/CT imaging

All patients were scanned on a unique PET/CT scanner (Biograph 16; Siemens, Germany) in our center. The patients had been fasting for at least 4–6 h, and blood glucose levels were required to be less than 10 mmol/L before 18F-FDG injection (3.75–5.55 MBq/kg). Scanning was started from the basal skull and performed to the mid-thigh after an uptake time of 40–60 min. CT scans without intravenous or oral contrast were conducted using a sixteen-slice helical CT with a continuous spiral technique (120 keV; automatic current regulation adjusted to the thickness and density of each patient's body; section thickness of 5 mm). PET scans were obtained for 3 min per frame, and they were reconstructed using an iterative algorithm (Siemens). Additional scans of the extremities were acquired if the patient had tumors or suspected metastasis on the lower extremities below the mid-thigh.

Measurement of clinical data and metabolic PET parameters

We recorded the age, sex, presenting syndrome, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), Karnofsky Performance Status score (KPS), duration of HIV infection, duration of anti-HIV therapy, HIV clinical stage of World Health Organization (WHO) on admission, laboratory examination, number of lymph node regions, maximum diameter of lymph nodes, morphology of lymph nodes, FDG accumulation in extra-lymphatic organs, and SUVmax value. The laboratory examinations included red cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, neutrophilic granulocyte count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum ferritin, LDH, counts of CD4, ratio of CD4 and CD8 count (CD4/CD8), Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific IFN-gamma release assays (T-SPOT) and Epstein-Barr virus detection.

A mannequin based on that by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute was used for counting the number of lymph node regions. Maximum diameter and morphological features (fusion, necrosis and calcification) of lymph nodes were also recorded.

The 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters were evaluated visually and semi-quantitatively by the calculation of SUVmax. SUVLN was defined as the SUVmax of only lymph nodes. When multiple sites of abnormal uptake were found in other organs or tissues, SUVmax of the most FDG-avid lesion was used for subsequent analysis. In addition, the most FDG-avid lesion-to-liver SUVmax ratio was defined as SURmax. Other parameters included SUVLiver (SUVmax of liver), SUVSpleen (SUVmax of spleen) and SUVMarrow (SUVmax of marrow). Experienced nuclear medicine physicians used Medex Electric Medical Recording System (MEMRS PACS), which provides manual delineation of the region of interest (ROI) and automatic generation of SUVmax of ROI, in order to evaluate the initial investigation of 18F-FDG PET/CT images.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Statistics software (version 20; SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA). The analysis of differences was performed with chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ROC curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off values.

Results

Demographics and clinical features

The clinical features of HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy are summarized in Table 1. The demographic data, clinical features and laboratory examinations of the two groups did not differ significantly with regards to the presenting syndrome, duration of HIV infection, duration of anti-HIV therapy, HIV stages on admission, white cell counts, neutrophil counts, platelet counts, red-cell counts, hemoglobin, CRP, ESR, Ferritin, CD4 count, ratio of CD4/CD8 and detection of EBV. Patients with malignant lymphoma had lower ECOG and KPS score than those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy (P = 0.013 and P = 0.015). The lymphocyte counts and LDH in patients with malignant lymphoma were higher than those in patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy (P = 0.014 and 0.010, respectively). The median lymphocyte counts of malignancy lymphoma group and inflammatory lymphadenopathy were 1.1 (range, 0.1–2.4) and 0.7 (range, 0.2–1.8), respectively. The lymphocyte counts were still at low levels (< L1.0 × 109/L) in most patients (19/37 patients with malignancy lymphoma and 16/22 patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy). Eight of 22 patients (36.4%) with inflammatory lymphadenopathy were positive for T-SPOT testing, which was only three in 37 (8.1%) among malignant lymphoma patients.

Table 1 Comparison clinical and FDG PET/CT characteristics between HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy
Full size table

18F-FDG PET/CT findings in HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma

A total of 31 out of 37 patients were found to have multiple lymph nodes areas involved with median numbers of 6 areas (range, 1–11) (Fig. 1A–E, blue arrows). The median maximum diameter of lymph nodes in these patients was 4.0 cm (range, 1.0–19.1). The manifestations of lymph node fusion were common in 17 out of 37 patients and necrosis and calcification were rare (4/37, 0/37).

Fig. 1
figure 1

A 27-year-old female patient with a two-year history of HARRT presented with upper abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. The initial 18F-FDG PET/CT maximum intensity projection (A PET) and axial slices (B, D PET; C, E PET/CT) showed hyper-metabolic lymph nodes in the neck, mediastinum and retro-peritoneum (blue arrows) in addition to the spleen (red arrows). The SUVmax of lymph nodes and spleen was 18.6 and 8.8, respectively. The neck lymph node biopsy confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Full size image

Abnormal FDG accumulation was found in 31/37 patients (91.3%) with extra-lymphatic lesions. Bone marrow was the most commonly involved organ in 16/37 patients (43.2%), followed by Waldeyer’s ring (n = 13, 35.1%), digestive tract (n = 11, 29.7%), liver (n = 11, 29.7%) and spleen (n = 10, 27.0%) (Fig. 1A–C, red arrows). Rare extra-lymphatically involved organs included those in the nasal region and sinuses (n = 3), adrenal gland (n = 3), pancreas (n = 3), skin (n = 2), peritoneum (n = 2) and central nervous system (n = 1).

In all 37 patients with malignant lymphoma, 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed intense or moderate FDG accumulation in the lymph nodes, and the median SUVmax was 18.5 (range, 3.6–32.0). The median SUVmax of the bone marrow, liver and spleen in these patients were 3.1 (range, 1.3–21.8), 2.7 (range, 1.3–16.3) and 2.4 (range, 1.3–12.2), respectively. The median SURmax value was 7.9 (range, 2.1–15.5).

18F-FDG PET/CT findings for HIV-infected patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy

Multiple lymph node areas were involved in 14/22 patients with median numbers of 3 areas (range, 1–9) (Fig. 2A–E). The median maximum diameter of lymph nodes in these patients was 1.8 cm (range, 1.1–5.8). The manifestations of lymph nodes necrosis (Fig. 2D, E) were more common in patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy than those with malignant lymphoma (27.3% vs. 10.8%). The manifestations of lymph node fusion and calcification were not common (3/22, 2/22).

Fig. 2
figure 2

A 47-year-old male patient with no previous relevant history, presenting with cervical painful swollen lymph nodes with intermittent fever for 3 months. Finally, HIV infection was confirmed at the local Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Blood test showed Epstein-Barr virus infection by polymerase chain reaction, and the T-SPOT were positive. An 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed, with maximum intensity projection (A) and axial slices (B, D and F PET; C, E and G PET/CT), showing cervical, mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes high uptake (blue arrows) and splenomegaly moderate uptake (red arrows). The axial slices (B and C, blue arrows) show cervical node involvement, with SUVmax value of 9.2. Multiple necroses were found in the mediastinal lymph nodes (D and E; blue arrows). Right neck lymph node biopsy confirmed granulomatous lymphadenitis with positive bacteria by Ziehl–Neelsen staining. And the specimen culture proved to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection finally

Full size image

The 18F-FDG PET/CT indicated abnormal FDG uptake by extra-lymphatic lesions in 12/22 patients (54.5%). The spleen was the most commonly involved organs in 9/22 patients (40.9%) (Fig. 2A, F, G, red arrows), followed by bone marrow (n = 4) and Waldeyer’s ring (n = 2). Rare extra-lymphatic involved organs included the liver (n = 1) and pancreas (n = 1). No abnormal FDG uptake was observed in the adrenal gland, skin, peritoneum and CNS.

The 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed moderate or high FDG uptake by the lymph nodes in most patients (20/22, 90.0%), and the median SUVmax was 5.2 (range, 1.3–22.6). The median SUVmax of the bone marrow, liver and spleen in these patients were 3.2 (range, 1.6–8.2), 2.6 (range, 1.7–4.7) and 2.4 (range, 1.6–7.9), respectively. The median SURmax was 3.0 (range, 0.6–8.4).

Comparing of FDG uptake between HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy

The characteristics and differences of PET/CT parameters in HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy were showed in Table 1. The number of lymph node-involved areas and maximum diameter of lymph nodes were significantly different between patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy, with P values of 0.006 and 0.001, respectively. Lymph node fusion was seen more frequently in patients with malignant lymphoma than in those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy (45.9% vs. 13.6%) with statistical significance (P = 0.021). Malignant lymphoma invaded more commonly to extra-lymphatic organs than inflammatory lymphadenopathy with obvious statistical significance (83.8% vs. 54.5%, P = 0.000). In addition, the involved organs of the digestive tract and Waldeyer’s ring differed significantly between the HIV-infected two groups, with P values of 0.004 and 0.033, respectively.

The SURmax value in patients with malignant lymphoma were higher than that in patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy (P = 0.000) (Fig. 3A). The SUVLN, SUVMarrow and SUVLiver in patients with malignant lymphoma were higher than that in patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy, with P values of 0.000, 0.002 and 0.017, respectively (Fig. 3B–D).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Association between lymphoma status and PET parameters established by using a gradient-based segmentation method. The correlations are shown for SURmax (A), SUVLN (B), SUVMarrow (C) and SUVLiver (D)

Full size image

The ROC curves and cut-off value of different parameters in HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy were analyzed (Table 2). The areas under the ROC curves were 0.888 for SURmax (P < 0.001) and 0.815 for SUVLN (P < 0.001), but 0.611 for SUVMarrow (P = 0.156) and 0.567 for SUVLiver (P = 0.393) (Fig. 4). The cut-offs showing the best equilibrium between sensitivity and specificity approached 3.1 and 8.0 mmol/L for SURmax and SUVLN respectively. The cut-off point of 8.0 had also high specificity (89.2%) for the SUVLN with relatively reasonable sensitivity (63.6%). Furthermore, the cut-off point of 4.0 had higher specificity (91.9%) and sensitivity (68.2%) for SURmax than those of simply using the SUVLN. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.888 for numbers of involved areas and 0.815 for maximum diameters of lymph node (P < 0.05). The cut-offs with the best equilibrium between specificity and sensitivity approached 5 for numbers of involved areas and 3.6 cm for maximum diameters of lymph node, but with relatively low specificity (72.7% and 86.4%) and sensitivity (62.2% and 64.9%).

Table 2 The ROC curves and cut-off value of different parameters in HIV-infected patients with malignant lymphoma and those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy
Full size table
Fig. 4
figure 4

ROC curve for PET parameters as a screening test for malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy. The discriminatory ability of SURmax and SUVLN was better than that of the maximum diameter and involved areas of lymph nodes, the SUVMarrow and SUVLiver in malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy

Full size image

Discussion

Lymphadenopathy is the most characteristic clinical manifestation in HIV-infected patients, as lymphoid tissue is a major target of HIV [10]. The early and accurate diagnosis of lymphadenopathy is essential to formulation of an efficient treatment plan. However, the distinguishing of benign and malignant enlarged lymph nodes has always been difficult, no matter whether in patients with HIV-infected or not. Clinicians should comprehensively evaluate the results of imaging and laboratory examination, and make rapid decisions on the biopsy of suspicious lymph nodes or extra-lymphatic lesions to achieve timely diagnosis and treatment.

Clinical characteristics and laboratory examination results including treatment history, HIV stage, duration of HIV infection and LDH are important predictors of disease outcome in HIV-infected patients with lymphoma [4, 11]. In our study, patients with malignant lymphoma had lower KPS scores and higher LDH level than those with inflammatory lymphadenopathy. Low KPS score and high LDH level in HIV-patients have suggested severe disease or high tumor burden by malignant lymphoma, and consequently the need for the attention of clinicians. For the analysis of lymphocyte counts, we also found that lymphocyte counts were higher in the malignancy malignant group than inflammatory lymphadenopathy group with statistically significance. We considered that high invasive lymphoma involvement of the bone marrow or spleen may cause elevated peripheral blood lymphocytes including heterogeneous lymphocytes. However, lymphocyte counts were still at low levels in most patients (19/37 patients with malignancy lymphoma and 16/22 patients with inflammatory lymphadenopathy). Therefore, its value in distinguishing of these two diseases and relationship with HIV viral loads still needed to further study.

The laboratory examination of a patient’s immune status such as CD4 count and CD4/CD8 can indicate the disease activity and offer information of clinical significance [12]. CD4 counts have been inversely correlated with the uptake of FDG by the lymph nodes [13,14,15]. Furthermore, some studies [4, 16] considered that the degree of immunosuppression with median lymphocyte CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3) is proportional to the risk of developing lymphoma. However, in this study, CD4 count and CD4/CD8 did not help to distinguish malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy, which is in concordance with the previous report by Mhlanga [10]. Prospective, large samples and multi-center study was needed to further explore the relationship between CD4 count and malignant lymphoma in HIV-infected patients.

Whole-body 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan detected more involved lymph nodes than localized CT and ultrasound [17]. Lesions with intense uptake of FDG or visual greater than liver had a positive predictive value of 95% for pathology, indicating the need for treatment [17, 18]. In our research, the number of lymph node involved areas and the maximum diameter of lymph nodes assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT in malignant lymphoma patients were significantly higher and larger, respectively, than that in inflammatory lymphadenopathy patients. Using a cut-off value of 5 for the number of lymph node involved areas and 3.6 for maximum diameter of lymph nodes allowed for separation of those two groups, but with inferior sensitivity and specificity.

Our findings revealed that FDG accumulation in extra-lymphatic organs was more frequent in malignant lymphoma patients, especially in the digestive tract and Waldeyer’s ring, strongly suggesting the possibility of malignant lymphoma. However, FDG accumulation in the spleen and bone marrow were common in both malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy, and there was no clinical significance in distinguishing those diseases, contrary with the previous literature [8].

The semi-quantitative analysis of standard uptake value (SUV) can improve diagnostic specificity, but there is no certain cut-off value [19, 20]. In our study, the cut-off point of 8.0 for the SUVLN had high specificity (89.2%) but relatively low sensitivity (63.6%). Indeed, there are some limitations in using SUVmax of the lymph nodes alone, because the most FDG-avid of involved lesions often occurred in extra-lymphatic organs.

Liver standard uptake is often used as reference criteria for radioactive distribution due to stable FDG uptake. Studies showed that the standard uptake ratio (SUR) is superior to SUV as a replaceable parameter of the FDG metabolic rate [21, 22]. Therefore, we defined a new parameter SURmax by calculating the ratio of the SUVmax of involved lesions (lymph nodes or extra-lymphatic organs) and the liver standard uptake to improve diagnostic efficiency. The cut-off point of 3.1 for SURmax had higher specificity (91.9%) and sensitivity (68.2%) than those of simply using the SUVLN. The effect was close to that of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle in lymph nodes with a sensitivity of 85.9–94.3% and a specificity of 75.1–87.7% [23]. Therefore, the cut-off point of 3.1 for SURmax can be a new basis for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients.

We recognize the following limitations of our study: first, it was performed at a single center and the sample size was relatively small; multicenter analysis will be designed in a future study to achieve a better representation of lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients. Second, this was a retrospective study, and the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of patients produced a potential bias toward an advanced malignant lymphoma cohort. Third, patients with lymphadenopathy by other HIV-associated malignancies, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma or cancer, were not enrolled. Therefore, our findings may not be suitable for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma or cancer.

Conclusions

This study identified the distinctive features of clinical characteristics and the SURmax, SUVLN of 18F-FDG-PET, which provides a new basis for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients. Using the cut-off point of 3.1 for SURmax or 8.0 for SUVLN can be a sensitive and easy method to discriminate between malignant lymphoma and inflammatory lymphadenopathy. Moreover, FDG accumulation in the digestive tract and Waldeyer’s ring, KPS score, lymphocyte counts and LDH also has a significant importance in distinguishing these diseases. On the other hand, the patient’s immune status, SUVmax of the bone marrow and spleen, which are commonly used by nuclear medicine and clinicians, are not helpful in distinguishing of these diseases.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge our colleagues for their comments on this study.

Funding

This study was supported by the opening foundation of the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Grant NO. SKLID2021KF02. The funding body did not play a role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China

    Donghe Chen, Yunqi Zhu, Zhengfeng Liu, Tiancheng Li, Yinuo Liu, Kui Zhao & Xinhui Su

  2. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China

    Yunbo Chen, Danhua Zhu & Lanjuan Li

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  1. Donghe Chen
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Contributions

DC was responsible for data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript writing. LL, XS and KZ were responsible for study design and manuscript writing, and they contributed equally to this article. YZ, YC and DZ finished the data collection and supervision. ZL, TL and YL were responsible for statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Kui Zhao, Xinhui Su or Lanjuan Li.

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Ethics approval and consent to participants

This retrospective, single-institution study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (No. IIT20220121A). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine because of the retrospective nature of the research. All human data of patients’ records were confirmed for collection in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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Chen, D., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y. et al. Clinical features and 18F-FDG PET/CT for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 22, 646 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07640-8

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Keywords

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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