Skip to main content

Advertisement

We’d like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. Register your interest.
Download PDF

Improvement of lipid profile after switching from efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to rilpivirine or once-daily integrase inhibitors: results from a large observational cohort study (SCOLTA)

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 18, Article number: 357 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Dyslipidemia represents a significant non-infectious comorbidity among people living with HIV. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on lipid profile of switches from an efavirenz (EFV) or protease inhibitor/ritonavir (PI/r)-based regimen to a rilpivirine (RPV) or a once-daily integrase inhibitor-based regimen.

Methods

We analyzed data from SCOLTA prospective database. All patients with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml in therapy with two NRTI + EFV or PI/r were included if they switched from EFV to dolutegravir (group EFV-DTG), elvitegravir (EFV-EVG), or RPV (EFV-RPV) and from PI/r to DTG (PI/r-DTG), PI/r to EVG (PI/r-EVG), or PI/r to RPV (PI/r-RPV). Total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL ratio, LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were compared at baseline, six months and one year. Comparisons among groups were performed by a general linear model.

Results

Four hundred and ninety patients were enrolled, 24.9% female, mean age 47.3 years (±10.1). According to ART switch, 11.4% were classified in group EFV-DTG, 3.9% in EFV-EVG, 23.9% in EFV-RPV, 17.6% in PI/r-DTG, 17.8% in PI/r-EVG, and 25.5% in PI/r-RPV. After adjusted analysis, TC significantly decreased in all groups but EFV-EVG, TC/HDL in all but EFV-DTG and EFV-EVG, while the reduction of TG was significant only in switches to RPV (EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV). The one year decrease of TC, TC/HDL, LDL and TG was higher in patients with higher baseline levels of the same variable (p < .0001 for all).

Conclusions

In SCOLTA, all switches from PI/r regimens gave advantages on lipid profile, while stopping EFV had consistently favorable lipid effects only if replaced by RPV.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cardiovascular disease represents a significant non-infectious comorbidity among people living with HIV in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1]. Dyslipidemia, a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, is frequent and undertreated in this setting [2, 3], where it finds a multi-factorial pathogenesis including host factors, pro-atherogenic HIV action and drug toxicity [4]. Available antiretroviral drugs might favor weight gain, and show variable effects on lipids, with relevant differences both among classes and within the same class [5]. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) do not adversely affect lipids, with tenofovir (TDF) showing a modest lipid-lowering effect [6]. Among non-NRTIs, nevirapine and rilpivirine (RPV) have an overall favorable lipid profile compared to efavirenz (EFV) [7, 8]. Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r) are globally associated with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, even if these effects vary with the individual PI/r [9]. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), especially cobicistat-free ones, have neutral impact on lipids [10, 11]. Nowadays, minimizing drug-related toxicity and improving ART adherence are the main goals of simplification strategies in HIV-suppressed patients. Favorable effects on lipid profile are expected in patients switching to a lipid-friendly, once-daily currently available regimen. However, little is known about the achievement of these expectations in real-life experiences. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on lipid profile of a switch from an EFV or PI/r-based regimen to a RPV or a once-daily INSTI-based regimen in a prospective observational cohort of HIV-infected individuals.

Methods

The SCOLTA (Surveillance Cohort Long-Term Toxicity Antiretrovirals) project is a multicentre observational study started in 2002 that follows HIV-infected people who start a new drug prospectively with the aim of identifying toxicities and adverse events in real life setting [12]. Both ART naïve and experienced patients can be included in the SCOLTA cohort, if they are > 18 years and agree study entry. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data, including total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG), are prospectively collected in anonymous form in a central database every six months, while adverse events and treatment interruptions are recorded at the moment in which they occur [12]. We performed a query to this prospectively collected database including patients enrolled from its beginning until September 2017 (date of data extraction). We considered all patients in therapy with 2 NRTI associated either to EFV or to PI/r. Patients were enrolled in the study if they had undetectable HIV-RNA (< 50 copies/ml) for at least six months and switched from EFV to dolutegravir (DTG, group EFV-DTG), elvitegravir (EVG, group EFV-EVG), or RPV (group EFV-RPV) or from PI/r to DTG (group PI/r-DTG), EVG (group PI/r-EVG) or RPV (group PI/r-RPV). Patients switched to EVG have been enrolled from July 2012 to December 2016, patients in RPV from February 2013 to December 2016 and patients in DTG from July 2012 to September 2017. Values of TC, HDL, TC/HDL ratio, LDL and TG were compared at baseline, six months (T1) and one year (T2) after the switch. Cardiovascular risk at baseline and T2 was assessed using the Framingham Risk Sore [13], as this algorithm showed a good predictive value in a real-life Italian cohort of HIV infected patients [14]. The study protocol of the SCOLTA Group was approved by local ethical committees and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants.

Patients were described using frequency for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation, SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR) for continuous variables. Comparisons of TC, HDL, TC/HDL, LDL and TG variations in different switch groups were performed at T1 and T2 by GLM least square means procedure, and adjusted for age, sex, years on ART, diabetes, statin use and baseline levels of each variable at multivariable analysis. The analyses among groups were adjusted for multiple comparisons between groups (Sidak correction). Differences were considered significant for p values < 0.05.

Results

During the study period 490 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. In this population, 122 patients were female (24.9%), the mean age was 47.3 years (±10.1) and mean CD4+ T-cell count 653 (±345) cells/μl. Two-hundred-fifty-four patients (51.8%) were in CDC stage A, 142 (29.0%) in B, and 94 (19.2%) in C. According to the type of ART switch, 56 (11.4%) patients were classified as group EFV-DTG, 19 (3.9%) EFV-EVG, 117 (23.9%) EFV-RPV, 86 (17.6%) PI/r-DTG, 87 (17.8%) PI/r-EVG, and 125 (25.5%) PI/r-RPV. Median cumulative time on ART, expressed in years, was 12.2 (IQR 8.2–17.1) in EFV-DTG, 5.9 (4.7–11.0) in EVF-EVG, 6.0 (3.0–10.8) in EFV-RPV, 10.4 (5.0–17.1) in PI/r-DTG, 8.1 (2.1–16.7) in PI/r-EVG and 4.6 (2.0–11.4) in PI/r-RPV. At baseline, diabetes was recorded for 23 patients (4.7%), equally distributed among study groups (p = .1); 47 (9.6%) patients were in therapy with statin and 5 (1.0%) with fibrates. Baseline values of the lipid variables and Framingham risk score are shown in Table 1. During the follow-up, 12 (2.4%) patients started a new treatment with statin, while 6 (1.2%) stopped the statin they were already taking. No patients started or stopped fibrate use during the study.

Table 1 Baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL), LDL cholesterol (LDL), TC/HDL ratio, triglycerides (TG) and Framingham score (FRS) across groups. Variable are expressed as means (±SD) or medians (Q1-Q3)
Full size table

Figure 1 shows the trend of the lipid variables across the study, as well as the number of available observations for each one. The frequencies of patients with TC under the standard target level of 190 mg/dl counseled by European AIDS Society guidelines [15] were 43.4% (209/482 patients) at baseline, 59.6% (274/469 patients) at T1 and 60.3% (208/345 patients) at T2. Differences found in TC, HDL, TC/HDL, LDL and TG at T2 were examined after adjustment for age, sex, use of statin, diabetes, years of ART and baseline level of each analyzed variable. Results of multivariable analysis at T2 are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.

Fig. 1
figure1

Mean variations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL), TC/HDL ratio, LDL cholesterol (LDL) and median variation of triglycerides (TG) from baseline (BL), to 6 and 12 months of follow up (T1 and T2, respectively) for each switch group (A-F). Tables below each graph show the number of observations at each time-point. Only patients with observations at T1 or T1/T2 are considered in the graph. A: switch from 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + efavirenz to 2NRTI + dolutegrvir; B: switch from 2NRTI + efavirenz to 2NRTI + elvitegravir; C: switch from 2NRTI + efavirenz to 2NRTI + rilpivirine; D: switch from 2NRTI + protease inhibitors to 2NRTI + dolutegravir; E: switch from 2NRTI + protease inhibitors to 2NRTI + elvitegravir; D: switch from 2NRTI + protease inhibitors to 2NRTI + rilpivirine

Full size image
Table 2 Adjusted mean difference from baseline (mean) and standard error (SE) of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL) and triglycerides (TG) one year after the switch
Full size table
Table 3 Covariate analysis of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), TC/HDL ratio, LDL-cholesterol (LDL), tryglicerides (TG) and Framingham risk score (FRS), according to confounding factors used in the multivariable analysis: all confounders and treatment groups were included at the same time
Full size table

Total cholesterol

All patients but EFV-EVG group had significant TC decrease at T2. TC trend in EFV-EVG was significantly different to that of EFV-RPV (p = .0013), but in all other comparisons the inter-groups differences were not significant. Patients with higher baseline TC experienced the higher TC decrease after the switch (p < .0001), while sex, age, years on ART and statin use had no influence.

HDL-cholesterol

Mean HDL changed differently in different switch groups (p = .0002), rising in EFV-EVG, PI/r-DTG and PI/r-EVG, while decreasing in EFV-DTG, EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV. The HDL variations in each group resulted not significant after adjustment, when compared to baseline levels, with the exception of group EFV-RPV, in which the mean HDL decrease of − 4.1 mg/dl was significant (p = .0421). HDL variations were also linked to sex (HDL increased in women as compared to men, p = 0.0067) and baseline levels (p < .0001), as HDL decrease was more marked in patients with higher baseline level. Age, years on ART and statin use did not influence HDL changes.

TC/HDL ratio

Mean TC/HLD decreased significantly in all switches from PI/r (group PI/r-DTG, p = .0015; group PI/r-EVG, p = .0007; group PI/r-RPV, p = .0021), while switches from EFV gave significant changes only in RPV group (group EVF-RPV, p = .0021). A higher decrease was also found in patients with higher baseline TC/HDL ratio (p < .0001), while no differences were found on the basis of sex, statin use, age and different type of switches after multiple comparisons.

LDL cholesterol

LDL decreased significantly only for switches to RPV (groups EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV, p < .0001 and p = 0.0064, respectively) and in the switch from PI/r to EVG (group PI/r-EVG, p = .0312). However, the inter-groups differences resulted not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, as well as sex, age, years on ART and statin use. Higher baseline LDL levels were instead linked to significant decreases at T2 (p < .0001).

Triglycerides

The mean TG decrease at T2 was statistically significant only for switches to RPV containing regimes (groups EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV; p = .0116 and p = .0216, respectively). Multiple comparisons did not find significant inter-groups differences. Patients with higher baseline values were more likely to experience significant TG decreases (p < .0001), independently of sex, age and use of statins.

Framingham risk score

Framingham risk score was calculated for 294 and 187 patients at baseline and T2 (both using the baseline age), respectively. It did not change significantly in any groups. Patients with higher baseline levels experienced the highest risk score reductions, even if not statistically significant and not consistently linear: patients with baseline FRS < 10.0 showed an increase of 0.1, those with intermediate risk a reduction of 1.0, and those at high risk (FRS ≥ 20.0) a reduction of 0.3 (p = 0.20). Risk score changes in different groups of switches remained non-significant also after adjustment for baseline Framingham risk score and statin use (Table 2).

Diabetic patients

With the limit of the low number of diabetic patients included in the study (n = 23, 4.7%), we analyzed lipid changes from baseline in this category. We did not find significant differences in those who switched from EFV to any regimens, while diabetic patients who switched from PI/r had significant improvements in lipid profile as compared to non-diabetic patients (TC, − 66.0 vs − 11.0, p = 0.0002;; TC/HDL ratio − 1.8 vs − 0.38, p < 0.0001; LDL-C -42.2 vs − 4.6, p = 0.01).

TDF containing regimens

Finally, we run a model including also information on TDF use, in both initial and post-switch regimens: the results of the primary analyses were confirmed. Three-hundred and seventy-seven (76.9%) patients were on TDF before and 365 (74.5%) after the switch. In both patients who were initially treated with TDF and those who were not, all the variables showed the same trends described in the general population.

Treatment failure

Forty-four patients discontinued or changed their therapy before T2, for either clinical reasons or patients’ personal choices. Thirty-two patients experienced at least one detectable HIV-RNA during the follow-up (7 at T1, 18 at T2, 7 both at T1 and T2), with HIV-RNA > 200 copies/ml in 11 cases, of whom 7 had HIV-RNA > 1000 copies/ml.

Discussion

Here we present the changes of lipid parameters at 12 months of follow-up in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected patients switching from an EFV or PI/r-based regimen to a RPV or a once-daily INSTI-based regimen. We found that replacing PI/r gives advantages on both TC and TC/HDL ratio regardless of the switch group (to DTG, EVG or RPV) and that in case of switch to RPV these advantages extend also on TG and LDL. Also, EFV interruption has a favourable effect on all the studied parameters only if replaced by RPV. These findings suggest that, among the analysed antiretroviral switches, the most favourable lipid impact is obtained by replacing PI/r and EFV with RPV, but significant advantages can also be obtained by replacing PI/r with once-daily INSTI regimens. Other published studies found that switching to RPV-containing regimens leads to an improvement of lipid profile, with some differences among the analysed variables. The SPIRIT study, a randomized clinical trial on safety and efficacy of switching from a PI-based regimen to TDF/emtricitabine (FTC)/RPV in virologically suppressed patients, found significant improvements in TC, LDL, TG and TC/HDL ratio in the immediate switch arm compared with the delayed switch arm [16]. In a multicentre, retrospective study, Pinetti et al. analysed efficacy and safety of treatment simplification to RPV/FTC/TDF in a real-life setting. They found that both TC and TG significantly decreased in patients switching from PI-based regimens, while only TC significantly decreased in patients switching from NNRTI [17]. A significant decrease in TC has also been described in switches from unboosted PIs to RPV [18]. Finally, in a recent study Gagliardini et al. described a significant TC and HDL reduction at one, two and three-year follow-up after switching from EFV/FTC/TDF to RVP/FTC/TDF, while LDL and TG improvement was observed only up to two-year follow-up and no difference was found in TC/HDL ratio over time [19].

In our study, favourable lipids effects were also found in patients switching from boosted PI to DTG or EVG. Two clinical trials on switch from PI to DTG previously reported similar results in both patients with Framingham risk score > 10%, that experienced TC, TC/HDL, LDL and TG significant decrease [20], and in patients with any cardiovascular risk scores, that had TC and TG significantly lower and HDL significantly higher if switched to DTG, compared to patients who continued PIs [21]. In contrast, total cholesterol did not decrease in patients switching from any triple ART to ABC/3TC/DTG in a double-blind randomized trial [22]. Favorable effects on lipids have also been reported in switches to EVG. In the STRATEGY-PI clinical trial patients switching from lopinavir (but not from atazanavir) to TDF/FTC/cobicistat(C)/EVG obtained significant TC decline after 96 weeks [23] and the same was also seen in the SRTATEGY-NNRTI trial in patients switching from EFV to TDF/FTC/C/EVG, although without significant changes in TC/HDL ratio [24]. It has been widely demonstrated that TG/HDL ratio correlates with insulin resistance [25]. Interestingly, in our study only patients switching from PI/r to DTG or EVG (groups D and E) reached the desired outcome of higher HDL and lower TG, that is related to lower insulin resistance [26], while in all the other groups the trend of HDL had the same direction as that of TG. This result suggests that a favorable effect on insulin resistance could be achieved with the withdrawal of the PI/r, a drug class with possible implications in insulin resistance [27]. One of the most interesting finding of our study is that the greater effect on lipids, in switches to once-daily INSTI- or RPV-based regimens, was obtained in patients with higher baseline values of each variable (p < .0001 for all) and in diabetic patients as compared to non diabetic ones. This result highlights the importance of ART optimization with low-metabolic impact-regimens especially in patients who have the highest need of lipid control, that are exactly the ones who achieve better outcomes. Current guidelines [15, 28] do not provide indications for type of ART switch in case of dyslipidemia, also if dyslipidemia is mentioned as an adverse event for both EFV, and PI/r and both INSTI and RPV are considered drugs with lower impact on lipids [15, 28]. In Italian guidelines, in the setting of high cardiovascular risk, it is suggested to substitute PI/r with NNRTIs, or with other PIs with lower metabolic impact or with raltegravir [29, 30]. We think that the present study should suggest that, in HIV-infected patients with high cardiovascular risk and who are treated with PI/r or EFV, a switch to RPV or INSTI should be considered. However, ART switch alone is not enough to significantly change the risk of cardiovascular event in HIV-infected patients, as demonstrated by the lack of significant change of the Framingham risk score across time in our series. Although our results encourage switching ART in patients with high cholesterol or triglycerides levels, lifestyle interventions and lipid lowering agents prescription remain keystones for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and cannot be fully substituted by a switch strategy.

Finally, a low number of virological failures is observed in this study, pointing out that a careful evaluation of patients’ characteristics, historical HIV genotype and drug-drug interactions should always have the priority before planning any therapeutic modifications.

The present study has some limitations. Despite the prospective data collection, the cohorts of patients with different antiretroviral therapies have been enrolled at different times and the study was purely observational. Thus, it is possible that the choice of ART regimen was guided by different patients’ characteristics that may have influenced the results of the analysis, and that the reasons that have guided the decision of starting each single regimen in different study groups have played a confounding role in the analysis. For the same reason, we do not have a randomized control group and cannot demonstrate the causality between ART switch and the measured outcomes. Moreover, lifestyle interventions during follow up have not been registered, and thus we cannot estimate their impact on the study outcomes.

Conclusions

In our study, in a large cohort of patients prospectively followed up in a real-life context, we found significant improvements of TC and TC/HDL levels in switches from PI/r to the modern once daily INSTI-based therapies and also on LDL in the switch from PI/r to EVG.

Both switches from PI/r and EFV-based therapies to RPV gave advantages in terms of TC, TC/HDL and also TG and LDL values.

Abbreviations

ART:

Antiretroviral therapy

DTG:

Dolutegravir

EFV:

Efavirenz

EVG:

Elvitegravir

FRS:

Framingham Risk Sore

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

INSTIs:

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors

IQR:

Interquartile range

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

NRTIs:

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

PI/r:

Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors

RPV:

Rilpivirine

SCOLTA:

Surveillance Cohort Long-Term Toxicity Antiretrovirals

SD:

Standard deviation

T0:

Baseline

T1:

Six month follow up

T2:

One year follow up

TC:

Total cholesterol

TDF:

Tenofovir

TG:

Triglycerides

References

  1. 1.

    Obel N, Thomsen HF, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Hildebrandt PR, Sørensen HT, Gerstoft J. Ischemic heart disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals: a population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1625–31.

  2. 2.

    Savès M, Chêne G, Ducimetière P, Leport C, Le Moal G, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Ruidavets JB, Reynes J, Bingham A, Raffi F. French WHO MONICA project and the APROCO (ANRS EP11) study group, Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:292–8.

  3. 3.

    De Socio GV, Ricci E, Parruti G, Calza L, Maggi P, Celesia BM, Orofino G, Madeddu G, Martinelli C, Menzaghi B, Taramasso L, Penco G, Carenzi L, Franzetti M, Bonfanti P. Statins and aspirin use in HIV-infected people: gap between European AIDS clinical society guidelines and clinical practice: the results from HIV-HY study. Infection. 2016;44:589–97.

  4. 4.

    Kelesidis T, Currier JS. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2014;43:665–84.

  5. 5.

    Taramasso L, Ricci E, Menzaghi B, Orofino G, Passerini S, Madeddu G, Martinelli CV, De Socio GV, Squillace N, Rusconi S, Bonfanti P, Di Biagio A, CISAI Study Group. Weight gain: a possible side effect of all antiretrovirals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4:ofx239.

  6. 6.

    Santos JR, Saumoy M, Curran A, Bravo I, Llibre JM, Navarro J, Estany C, Podzamczer D, Ribera E, Negredo E, Clotet B, Paredes R. Tenofovir/emtricitabine inflUence on LIPid metabolism (TULIP) study group, The lipid-lowering effect of tenofovir/emtricitabine: a randomized, crossover, douARTe-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:403–8.

  7. 7.

    Maggi P, Bellacosa C, Carito V, Perilli F, Lillo A, Volpe A, Trillo G, Angiletta D, Regina G, Angarano G. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients on long-term treatment with nevirapine- or efavirenz-based regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:896–900.

  8. 8.

    Molina JM, Cahn P, Grinsztejn B, Lazzarin A, Mills A, Saag M, Supparatpinyo K, Walmsley S, Crauwels H, Rimsky LT, Vanveggel S, Boven K, ECHO study group. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with tenofovir and emtricitabine in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (ECHO): a phase 3 randomised double-blind active-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:238–46.

  9. 9.

    Fontas E, van Leth F, Sabin CA, Friis-Møller N, Rickenbach M, d'Arminio Monforte A, Kirk O, Dupon M, Morfeldt L, Mateu S, Petoumenos K, El-Sadr W, de Wit S, Lundgren JD, Pradier C, Reiss P, D:A:D study group. Lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: are different antiretroviral drugs associated with different lipid profiles? J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1056–74.

  10. 10.

    Rockstroh JK, Lennox JL, Dejesus E, Saag MS, Lazzarin A, Wan H, Walker ML, Xu X, Zhao J, Teppler H, Dinubile MJ, Rodgers AJ, Nguyen BY, Leavitt R, Sklar P, STARTMRK investigators. Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:807–16.

  11. 11.

    Raffi F, Rachlis A, Stellbrink HJ, Hardy WD, Torti C, Orkin C, Bloch M, Podzamczer D, Pokrovsky V, Pulido F, Almond S, Margolis D, Brennan C, Min S, SPRING-2 study group. Once-daily dolutegravir versus raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48 week results from the randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority SPRING-2 study. Lancet. 2013;381:735–43.

  12. 12.

    Bonfanti P, Martinelli C, Ricci E, Carradori S, Parruti G, Armignacco O, Magnani C, Quirino T, CISAI group (Italian coordinators for the study of allergies HIV infection). An Italian approach to postmarketing monitoring: preliminary results from the SCOLTA (surveillance cohort long-term toxicity Antiretrovirals) project on the safety of lopinavir/ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39:317–20.

  13. 13.

    D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2008;117:743–53.

  14. 14.

    De Socio GV, Pucci G, Baldelli F, Schillaci G. Observed versus predicted cardiovascular events and all-cause death in HIV infection: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:414.

  15. 15.

    European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines. Version 9.0. October 2017. Available at http://www.eacsociety.org/files/guidelines_9.0-english.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2017.

  16. 16.

    Palella FJ Jr, Fisher M, Tebas P, Gazzard B, Ruane P, Van Lunzen J, Shamblaw D, Flamm J, Ebrahimi R, Porter D, White K, Hindman J, Elbert E, De-Oertel S, Fralich T. Simplification to rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor antiretroviral therapy in a randomized trial of HIV-1 RNA-suppressed participants. AIDS. 2014;28:335–44.

  17. 17.

    Pinnetti C, Di Giambenedetto S, Maggiolo F, Fabbiani M, Sterrantino G, Latini A, Lorenzini P, Ammassari A, Loiacono L, Bellagamba R, Boumis E, Cauda R, Antinori A, Zaccarelli M. Switching to Coformulated Rilpivirine/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir in Virologically suppressed patients: data from a multicenter cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70:e147–50.

  18. 18.

    Di Biagio A, Riccardi N, Taramasso L, Capetti A, Cenderello G, Signori A, Vitiello P, Guerra M, De Socio GV, Cassola G, Quirino T, Viscoli C. Switch from unboosted protease inhibitor to a single-tablet regimen containing rilpivirine improves cholesterol and triglycerides. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48:551–4.

  19. 19.

    R Gagliardini, A Bandera, M Zaccarelli, G Sterrantino, A Latini, A D'Avino, G Lapadula, A Antinori, R Cauda, A De Luca, A Gori, S Di Giambenedetto, M Fabbiani, 3-year efficacy and durability of simplification to single tablet regimens: a comparison between co-formulated efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir and rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir, Antivir Ther. 2017 [Epub ahead of print].

  20. 20.

    Gatell JM, Assoumou L, Moyle G, Waters L, Johnson M, Domingo P, Fox J, Martinez E, Stellbrink HJ, Guaraldi G, Masia M, Gompels M, De Wit S, Florence E, Esser S, Raffi F, Pozniak AL, NEAT022 Study Group. Switching from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor to a dolutegravir-based regimen for maintenance of HIV viral suppression in patients with high cardiovascular risk. AIDS. 2017;31:2503–14.

  21. 21.

    Negredo E, Estrada V, Domingo P, Gutiérrez MD, Mateo GM, Puig J, Bonjoch A, Ornelas A, Echeverría P, Estany C, Toro J, Clotet B. Switching from a ritonavir-boosted PI to dolutegravir as an alternative strategy in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:844–9.

  22. 22.

    Trottier B, Lake JE, Logue K, Brinson C, Santiago L, Brennan C, Koteff JA, Wynne B, Hopking J, Granier C, Aboud M. Dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine versus current ART in virally suppressed patients (STRIIVING): a 48-week, randomized, non-inferiority, open-label, Phase IIIb study. Antivir Ther. 2017;22:295–305.

  23. 23.

    Arribas JR, DeJesus E, van Lunzen J, Zurawski C, Doroana M, Towner W, Lazzarin A, Nelson M, McColl D, Andreatta K, Swamy R, Szwarcberg J, Nguyen T. Simplification to single-tablet regimen of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, tenofovir DF from multi-tablet ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor plus coformulated emtricitabine and tenofovir DF regimens: week 96 results of STRATEGY-PI. HIV Clin Trials. 2017;18:118–25.

  24. 24.

    Pozniak A, Flamm J, Antinori A, Bloch M, Ward D, Berenguer J, Cote P, Andreatta K, Garner W, Szwarcberg J, Nguyen-Cleary T, McColl DJ, Piontkowsky D. Switching to the single-tablet regimen of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF from non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor plus coformulated emtricitabine and tenofovir DF regimens: week 96 results of STRATEGY-NNRTI. HIV Clin Trials. 2017;18:141–8.

  25. 25.

    McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:802–9.

  26. 26.

    Salazar MR, Carbajal HA, Espeche WG, Leiva Sisnieguez CE, Balbín E, Dulbecco CA, Aizpurúa M, Marillet AG, Reaven GM. Relation among the plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration ratio, insulin resistance, and associated cardio-metabolic risk factors in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:1749–53.

  27. 27.

    Giralt M, Domingo P, Villarroya F. Adipose tissue biology and HIV-infection. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25:487–99.

  28. 28.

    Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. Available at https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2018.

  29. 29.

    Società Italiana di Maalttie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT): Linee Guida Italiane sull’utilizzo della Terapia Antiretrovirale e la gestione diagnostico-clinica delle persone con infezione da HIV-1. Available at http://www.simit.org/medias/1257-l-g-hiv-simit-2017.pdf. Accessed 11 Jun 2018.

  30. 30.

    Antinori A, Di Biagio A, Marcotullio S, et al. Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons. Update 2016. New Microbiol. 2017;40:86–98.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We want to acknowledge all the members of Coordinamento Italiano Studio Allergie e Infezione da HIV (CISAI). Co-ordination: T. Quirino, P. Bonfanti and E. Ricci. Recruitment sites and investigators: C. Bellacosa and P. Maggi (Bari); L. Calza (Bologna); C. Abeli and B. Menzaghi (Busto Arsizio); B.M. Celesia (Catania); C. Grosso and A. Stagno (Cesena); F. Vichi and F. Mazzotta (Firenze, S. Maria Annunziata); C. Martinelli (Firenze, Careggi); G. Penco and G. Cassola (Genova, Galliera); A. Di Biagio, L. Taramasso, LA Nicolini (Genova, S. Martino); C. Dentone (San Remo); C. Molteni (Lecco); L. Palvarini and A. Scalzini (Mantova); L. Carenzi and G. Rizzardini (Milano, Ospedale Sacco, I Divisione); L. Valsecchi and L. Cordier (Milano, Ospedale Sacco, II Divisione); S. Rusconi, Valeria Colombo and M. Galli (Milano, Ospedale Sacco, Clinica Malattie Infettive); M. Franzetti (Padova); G.V. De Socio and A. Sgrelli (Perugia); E. Mazzotta and G. Parruti (Pescara); G. Madeddu, P. Bagella and M. S. Mura (Sassari); R. Libertone and A. Antinori (Roma); S. Di Giambenedetto (Roma); G. Orofino, M. Guastavigna and P. Caramello (Torino).

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Availability of data and materials

The dataset used and analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Lucia Taramasso and Paola Tatarelli contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
    • Lucia Taramasso
    •  & Paola Tatarelli
  2. Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
    • Lucia Taramasso
  3. Centro Ortopedico di Quadrante, Madonna del Popolo Hospital, Omegna, Italy
    • Paola Tatarelli
  4. Epi2004, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
    • Elena Ricci
  5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
    • Giordano Madeddu
  6. Unit of Infectious Diseases, ASST della Valle Olona, Busto Arsizio Hospital, Busto Arsizio, Italy
    • Barbara Menzaghi
  7. Infectious Diseases Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
    • Nicola Squillace
  8. Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Hospital, Perugia, Italy
    • Giuseppe Vittorio De Socio
  9. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
    • Canio Martinelli
  10. Infectious Diseases Unit, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
    • Roberto Gulminetti
  11. Infectious diseases Clinic, Policlinico Hospital, Bari, Italy
    • Paolo Maggi
  12. Unit of Infectious Diseases, “Divisione A”, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Torino, Italy
    • Giancarlo Orofino
  13. Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
    • Francesca Vichi
  14. Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
    • Antonio Di Biagio
  15. Infectious Diseases Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
    • Paolo Bonfanti
  16. Department of Health and Health Sciences, Policlinico Hospital San Martino, Via Pastore, 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
    • Lucia Taramasso
Authors
  1. Lucia Taramasso
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  2. Paola Tatarelli
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  3. Elena Ricci
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  4. Giordano Madeddu
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  5. Barbara Menzaghi
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  6. Nicola Squillace
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  7. Giuseppe Vittorio De Socio
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  8. Canio Martinelli
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  9. Roberto Gulminetti
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  10. Paolo Maggi
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  11. Giancarlo Orofino
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  12. Francesca Vichi
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  13. Antonio Di Biagio
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  14. Paolo Bonfanti
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in

Consortia

on behalf of CISAI Study Group

Contributions

LT, PT, GM, ADB and PB were responsible for study ideation and design of the work; ER was responsible for statistical analysis; PB, ADB and GM were responsible for coordination among sites; LT and PT wrote the initial version of the paper; BM, NS, GVDS, CM, RG, PM, GO, FV, ADB and PB reviewed and contributed to the writing of the final version of the paper; LT, GM, BM, NS, GVDS, CM, RG, PM, GO, FV, ADB and PB enrolled and followed study participants, contributed to data collecting and controlled data accuracy. All the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lucia Taramasso.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol of the SCOLTA Group was approved by local ethical committees (Comitato Etico Regione Liguria, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Italy; Comitato Etico dell’Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria di Sassari, Italy; Comitato Etico ASST Valle Olona, c/o Azienda Ospedaliera “Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi di Varese”; Comitato Etico, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Comitato Etico delle Aziende Sanitarie dell’Umbria (CEAS Umbria), Ellera di Corciano (Perugia), Italy; Comitato Etico di Area Vasta Centro, Oepdale Careggi, Firenze, Italy; Comitato Etico IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Comitato Etico Interregionale, Policlinico di Bari, Italy; Comitato Etico Interaziendale A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy; Comitato Etico Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale ASST Lecco, Italy) and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Taramasso, L., Tatarelli, P., Ricci, E. et al. Improvement of lipid profile after switching from efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to rilpivirine or once-daily integrase inhibitors: results from a large observational cohort study (SCOLTA). BMC Infect Dis 18, 357 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3268-5

Download citation

Keywords

  • Dyslipidemia
  • Rilpivirine
  • Integrase inhibitors
  • Cholesterol
  • Framingham risk score

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us