Mao F, Chen T, Zhao Y, et al. Insulin resistance: a potential marker and risk factor for active tuberculosis? Med Hypotheses. 2011;77(1):66–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome ([article online].2006. https://www.idf.org/our-activities/advocacy-awareness/resources-and-tools/60:idfconsensus-worldwide-definitionof-the-metabolic-syndrome.html. Accessed 10 Aug 2017.
Trout K, Homko C, Tkacs NC. Methods of measuring insulin sensitivity. Biol Res Nurs. 2007;8(4):305–18.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cefalu WT, Leahy JL, Clark NG. Medical management of diabetes mellitus. New York; 2000. p. 57–75.
Mlinar B, Marc J, Janez A, Pfeifer M. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;375(1–2):20–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Granberry MC, Fonseca VA. Insulin resistance syndrome: options for treatment. South Med J. 1999;92(1):2–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37(12):1595–607.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(4):453–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Natali A, Ferrannini E. Hypertension, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2004;33(2):417–29.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indexes obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycaemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(9):1462–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonara E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, et al. Insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment predicts incident symptomatic cardiovascular disease in Caucasian subjects from the general population: the Bruneck study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):318–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Pickup JC. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogensis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):813–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Cromphaut S, Vanhorebeek I. D Berghe GV. Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in sepsis. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(19):1887–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blumenthal A, Isovski F, Rhee KY. Tuberculosis and host metabolism: ancient associations, fresh insights. Trans Res. 2009;154(1):7–14.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bell L, Bhat V, George G, Awotedu AA, Gqaza B. Sluggish glucose tolerance in tuberculosis patients. SAMJ. 2007;97(5):374–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karachunskiĭ MA, Balabolkin MI, Beglarian NR. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in patients with tuberculosis. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 1995;7:18–21.
Google Scholar
Hayashi S, Takeuchi M, Hatsuda K, et al. The impact of nutrition and glucose intolerance on the development of tuberculosis in Japan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(1):84–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh MM, Biswas SK, Ashok S, Ashok KR, Singh PP. Impaired glucose tolerance in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc. 1984;31(3):118–21.
Google Scholar
Jawad F, Shem AS, Memon R, Ansari G. Glucose intolerance in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Pak Med Assoc. 1995;45(9):237–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Takasu N, Yamada T, Miura H, et al. Rifampicin-induced early phase hyperglycemia in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;125(1):23–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stock KP, Riemann JF, Stadler W, Rösch W. Tuberculosis of the pancreas. Endoscopy. 1981;13(4):178–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Broxmeyer L. Diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and the mycobacteria: two millennia of enigma. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):433–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Erol A. Visceral adipose tissue specific persistence of mycobacterium tuberculosis may be reason for the metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses. 2008;71(2):222–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee RD, Nieman DC. Nutritional Assessment. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. BMI classification. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html. Accessed 25 May 2012.
World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist: hip ratio. Geneva: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation; 2008. p. 8–11.
Google Scholar
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–501.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matthews D, Hosker J, Rudenski A, Naylor B, Treacher D, Turner R. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(7):2402–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hedblad B, Nilsson P, Janzon L, Berglund G. Relation between insulin resistance and carotid intima-media thickness and stenosis in non-diabetic subjects. Results from a cross-sectional study in Malmo, Sweden. Diabetic Med. 2000;17(4):299–307.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marques-Vidal P, Mazoyer E, Bongard V, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance syndrome in southerwestern France and its relationship with inflammatory and hemostatic markers. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(8):1371–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ascaso JF, Pardo S, Real JT, Lorente RI, Priego A, Carmena R. Diagnosing insulin resistance by simple quantitative methods in subjects with normal glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3320–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee S, Choi S, Kim HJ, et al. Cutoff values of surrogate measures of insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean non-diabetic adults. J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21(4):695–700.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Amod A, Ascott-Evans BH, Berg GI, et al. The 2012 SEMDSA guideline for the Management of Type 2 diabetes. JEMDSA. 2012;17(1):1–94.
Google Scholar
Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabetic Med. 2006;23(5):469–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Hood MLH. A narrative review of recent progress in understanding the relationship between tuberculosis and protein energy malnutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:1122–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards LB, Livesay VT, Acquaviva FA, Palmer CE. Height, weight, tuberculosis infection, and tuberculous disease. Arch Environ Health. 1971;22(1):106–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zachariah R, Spielmann MP, Harries AD, Salaniponi FM. Moderate to severe malnutrition in patients with tuberculosis is a risk factor associated with early death. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(3):291–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dodor EA. Evaluation of nutritional status of new tuberculosis patients at the Effia Nkwanta regional hospital. Ghana Med J. 2008;42(1):22–8.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Villamor E, Saathoff E, Mugusi F, Bosch RJ, Urassa W, Fawzi WW. Wasting and body composition of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in relation to HIV-1 coinfection, socioeconomic status and severity of tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:163–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Directorate. TB DOTS Strategy Coordination, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa. Department of Health, Republic of South Africa. National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines; 2014.
Schwenk A, Macallan D. Tuberculosis, malnutrition and wasting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2000;3(4):285–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paton NI, Ng YM. Body composition studies in patients with wasting associated with tuberculosis. Nutrition. 2006;22(3):245–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
PrayGod G, Range N, Faurholt-Jepsen D, et al. Weight, body composition and handgrip strength among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a matched cross-sectional study in Mwanza, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(3):140–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhargava A, Chatterjee M, Jain Y, et al. Nutritional status of adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in rural central India and its association with mortality. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77979.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Frediani JK, Sanikidze E, Kipiani M, et al. Macronutrient intake and body composition changes during anti-tuberculosis therapy in adults. Clin Nutr. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.02.007.
Kennedy N, Ramsay A, Uiso L, Gutmann J, Ngowi FI, Gillespie SH. Nutritional status and weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90(2):162–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
How SH, Kuan YC, Ng TH, Razali MR, Fauzi AR. Monitoring treatment response in sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients: comparison of weight gain, sputum conversion and chest radiograph. Malays J Pathol. 2014;36(2):91–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Opolot JO, Theron AJ, Anderson R, Feldman C. Acute phase proteins and stress hormone responses in patients with newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis. Lung. 2015;193(1):13–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sahin F, Yildiz P. Distinctive biochemical changes in pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9(4):656.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Taha DA, Thanoon IAJ. Antioxidant status, C-reactive protein and iron status in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. SQU Medical Journal. 2010;10(3):361–9.
Google Scholar
Peresi E, Silva SM, Calvi SA, Marcondes-Machado J. Cytokines and acute-phase serum proteins as markers of inflammatory regression during pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34(11):942–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bongiovanni B, Diaz A, D’Attilio L, et al. Changes in the immune and endocrine responses of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing specific treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1262(1):10–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gupta A, Shah A. Tuberculosis and diabetes: an appraisal. Ind J Tub. 2000;47(1):3–8.
Google Scholar
Deniz O, Gumus S, Yaman H, et al. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations significantly correlate wtih radiological extent of disease and the degree of smear positively in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(3):162–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sammalkorpi K, Valtonen V, Kerttula Y, Nikkilä E, Taskinen MR. Changes in serum lipoprotein pattern induced by acute infections. Metab. 1988;37(9):859–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cabana VG, Siegel JN, Sabesin SM. Effects of the acute phase response on the concentration and density distribution of plasma lipids and apolipoporiteins. J Lipid Res. 1989;30:39–49.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deniz O, Tozkoprana E, Yaman H, et al. Serum HDL-C levels, log (TG/HDL-C) values and serum total cholesterol/HDL-C ratios significantly correlate with radiological extent of disease in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Clin Biochem. 2006;39(3):287–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tietge UJ, Maugeais C, Lund-Katz S, Grass D, de Beer FC, Rader DJ. Human secretory phospholipase A2 mediates decreased plasma concentrations of HDL-C cholesterol and Apoa-I in response to inflammation in human Apoa-I transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(7):1213–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Artl A, Marsche G, Lestavel S, Sattler W, Malle E. Role of serum amyloid a during metabolism of acute-phase HDL-C by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(3):763–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miida T, Yamada T, Yamadera T, Ozaki K, Inano K, Okada M. Serum amyloid a protein generates Preβ1 high-density lipoprotein from alpha-migrating high-density lipoprotein. Biochemist. 1999;38(51):16958–62.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Banka CL, Yuan T, de Beer MC, Kindy M, Curtiss LK, de Beer FC. Serum amyloid a (SAA): influence on HDL-C-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. Lipid Res. 1999;36(5):1058–65.
Google Scholar
De Moraes ML, de Paula RM, Delogo KN, et al. Association of serum levels of iron, copper and zinc, and inflammatory markers with bacteriological sputum conversion during tuberculosis treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;160(2):176–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lawn SD, Obeng J, Acheampong JW, Griffin GE. Resolution of the acute-phase response in west African patients receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(4):340–4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jeon CY, Harries AD, Baker MA, et al. Bi-directional screening for tuberculosis and diabetes: a systematic review. Tropical Med Int Health. 2010;15(11):1300–14.
Article
Google Scholar
Ade S, Affolabi D, Agodokpessi P, et al. Low prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with tuberculosis in Cotonou. Benin PHA. 2015;5(2):147–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rajapakshe W, Isaakidis P, Sagili KD, et al. Screening patiens with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in Ampara. Sri Lanka PHA. 2015;5(2):150–2.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oluboyo PO, Erasmus RT. The significance of glucose intolerance in pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1990;71(2):135–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faurholt-Jepsen D, Range N, PrayGod G, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study from Mwanza, Tanzania. PloS ONE. 2011;6(8):1–5.(e24215).
Article
Google Scholar
Matsuda M. Measuring and estimating insulin resistance in clinical and research settings. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20(2):79–86.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Monzillo LA, Hamdy O. Evaluation of insulin sensitivity in clinical practice and in research settings. Nutr Rev. 2003;61(12):397–412.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kapur A, Harries AD. The double burden of diabetes and tuberculosis – public health implications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(1):10–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Başoğlu OK, Bacakoğlu F, Cok G, Sayiner A, Ateş M. The oral glucose tolerance test in patients with respiratory infections. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1999;54(4):307–10.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):234.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Viswanathan V, Kumpatla S, Aravindalochanan V, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and associated risk factors among tuberculosis patients in India. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41367.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Balakrishnan S, Vijayan S, Nair S, et al. High diabetes prevalence among tuberculosis cases in Kerala. India PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46502.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Restrepo BI, Fisher-Hoch SP, Smith B, et al. Mycobacterial clearance from sputum is delayed during the first phase of treatment in patients with diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(4):541–4.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Phys. 1979;237(3):214–23.
Google Scholar
Ryan AS. Insulin resistance with aging. Sports Med. 2000;30(5):327–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the international diabetes federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(11):2745–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(3):173–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Knowles JW, Xie W, Zhang Z, et al. Identification and validation of N-acetyltransferase 2 as an insulin sensitivity gene. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(4):1739–51.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Simarro RM, Carbayo HJ, Massó OJ, et al. Association of insulin resistance with different anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors in a non-diabetic popualation. Endocrinol Nutr. 2011;58(9):464–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Yeni-Komshian H, Carantoni M, Abbasi F, Reaven GM. Relationship beween several surrogate estimates of insulin resistance and quantification of insulin-mediated glucose disposal in 490 healthy nondiabetic volunteers. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(2):171–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Ahadi MS, Abbasi M, Rashidi A. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance significantly correlate with body mass index. Arch Med Res. 2008;39(8):803–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gayoso-Diz P, Otero-Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Alvarez MX, et al. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) levels in a general adult population: curves percentile by gender and age. The EPIRCE study. Diab Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(1):146–55.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome. Report of the National Heart, lung and blood institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109(3):433–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Addo OY, Pereira MA, Himes JH. Is skinfold thickness as good as DXA when measuring adipositiy contributions to insulin resistance in adolescents? Am J Hum Bio. 2012;24(6):806–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Jellinger PS. Metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Insulin. 2009;4(1):2–14.
Article
Google Scholar
Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CDA, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. A potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19(4):972–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fonseca V, Desouza C, Asnani S, Jialal I. Nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Endocrinol Rev. 2004;25(1):153–75.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immuno-suppression. Nature. 1998;394(6696):897–901.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berglund E, Vianna C, Donato J, et al. Direct leptin action of POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:1000–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zheng Y, Ma A, Wang Q, et al. Relation of leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory cytokines with body mass index in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80122.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yüksel I, Şencan M, Dökmetas HS, Dökmetas I, Ataseven H, Yönem O. The relation between serum leptin levels and body fat mass in patients with active lung tuberculosis. Endocr Res. 2003;29(3):257–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Çakir B, Yönem A, Güler S, et al. Relation of leptin and tumor necrosis factor alpha to body weight changes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Horm Res. 1999;52(6):279–83.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Crevel R, Ottenhoff THM, van der Meer JWM. Innate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(2):294–309.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Van Lettow M, van der Meer JWM, West CE, van Crevel R, Semba RD. Interleukin-6 and human immunodeficiency virus load, but not plasma leptin concentration, predict anorexia and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4771–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwenk A, Hodgson I, Rayner CF, Griffin GE, Macallan DC. Leptin and energy metabolism in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):392–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keicho N, Matsushita I, Tanaka T, et al. Circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, fetuin-a and retinol-binding protein in patients with tuberculosis: markers of metabolism and inflammation. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38703.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ravussin E, Pratley R, Maffei M, et al. Relatively llow plasma leptin concentrations precede weight gain in pima Indians. Nat Med. 1997;3:238–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar