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  1. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulates the inflammatory response during sepsis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which counteracts the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoid ...

    Authors: Takashi Miyauchi, Ryoske Tsuruta, Motoki Fujita, Tadashi Kaneko, Shunji Kasaoka and Tsuyoshi Maekawa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:209
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. In the global eradication program for poliomyelitis, the laboratory diagnosis plays a critical role by isolating poliovirus (PV) from the stool samples of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. In this study, we...

    Authors: Minetaro Arita, Hua Ling, Dongmei Yan, Yorihiro Nishimura, Hiromu Yoshida, Takaji Wakita and Hiroyuki Shimizu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:208
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  3. Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) may improve diagnostic accuracy for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This study compared the performance of the tuberculin skin test (TST) with that of IGRA for the diagn...

    Authors: Eun Young Kim, Ju Eun Lim, Ji Ye Jung, Ji Young Son, Kyung Jong Lee, Yoe Wun Yoon, Byung Hoon Park, Jin Wook Moon, Moo Suk Park, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang and Young Ae Kang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:207
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. A high rate of post-infectious fatigue and abdominal symptoms two years after a waterborne outbreak of giardiasis in Bergen, Norway in 2004 has previously been reported. The aim of this report was to identify ...

    Authors: Kristine Mørch, Kurt Hanevik, Guri Rortveit, Knut-Arne Wensaas, Geir Egil Eide, Trygve Hausken and Nina Langeland
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:206
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. High rates of mortality and morbidity have been described in sub-Saharan African patients within the first few months of starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). There is limited data on the caus...

    Authors: Teresa K Smith de Cherif, Jan H Schoeman, Susan Cleary, Graeme A Meintjes, Kevin Rebe and Gary Maartens
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:205
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Shigellosis remains considerable public health problem in some developing countries. The nature of Shigellae suggests that they are highly adaptable when placed under selective pressure in a human population. Thi...

    Authors: Ha Vinh, Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu, Tran Vu Thieu Nga, Pham Thanh Duy, James I Campbell, Nguyen Van Minh Hoang, Maciej F Boni, Phan Vu Tra My, Christopher Parry, Tran Thi Thu Nga, Pham Van Minh, Cao Thu Thuy, To Song Diep, Le Thi Phuong, Mai Thu Chinh, Ha Thi Loan…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:204
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The risk and course of serum transaminase elevations (TEs) and clinical hepatic serious adverse event (SAE) development in ritonavir-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r) 500/200 mg BID recipients, who also received addi...

    Authors: Jaromir Mikl, Mark S Sulkowski, Yves Benhamou, Douglas Dieterich, Stanislas Pol, Jürgen Rockstroh, Patrick A Robinson, Mithun Ranga and Jerry O Stern
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:203
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) epidemic in Chongqing, China, is increasing rapidly with the dominant subtype of CRF07_BC over the past 3 years. Since human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms...

    Authors: Xia Huang, Hua Ling, Wei Mao, Xianbin Ding, Quanhua Zhou, Mei Han, Fang Wang, Lei Cheng and Hongyan Xiong
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:201
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Chikungunya fever is an emerging arboviral disease characterized by an algo-eruptive syndrome, inflammatory polyarthralgias, or tenosynovitis that can last for months to years. Up to now, the pathophysiology o...

    Authors: Denis Malvy, Khaled Ezzedine, Maria Mamani-Matsuda, Brigitte Autran, Hugues Tolou, Marie-Catherine Receveur, Thierry Pistone, Jérome Rambert, Daniel Moynet and Djavad Mossalayi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:200
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a protozoan diseases caused in Europe by Leishmania (L.) infantum. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection is more frequent than clinically apparent disease. Among HIV infected patients t...

    Authors: Claudia Colomba, Laura Saporito, Fabrizio Vitale, Stefano Reale, Giustina Vitale, Alessandra Casuccio, Manlio Tolomeo, Daniela Maranto, Raffaella Rubino, Paola Di Carlo and Lucina Titone
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:199
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Combination antiretroviral (AR) therapy continues to be the mainstay for HIV treatment. However, antiretroviral drug nonadherence can lead to the development of resistance and treatment failure. We have design...

    Authors: Christopher J Destache, Todd Belgum, Keith Christensen, Annemarie Shibata, Akhilesh Sharma and Alekha Dash
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The overall incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Western Europe has been declining since the 19th Century. However, immigrant sub-groups from high-prevalence countries are slowing down this trend. The aim of this st...

    Authors: Judit Barniol, Stefan Niemann, Valérie R Louis, Bonita Brodhun, Caroline Dreweck, Elvira Richter, Heiko Becher, Walter Haas and Thomas Junghanss
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community acquired pneumonia and bacteremia. Excess wintertime mortality related to pneumonia has been noted for over a century, but the seasonality of invasive pneu...

    Authors: Alexander NJ White, Victoria Ng, C Victor Spain, Caroline C Johnson, Laura M Kinlin and David N Fisman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected children has proved difficult and unsatisfactory with no drugs having demonstrable efficacy in controlled trials except nitazoxanide. We hypothesised that a prolo...

    Authors: Beatrice Amadi, Mwiya Mwiya, Sandie Sianongo, Lara Payne, Angela Watuka, Max Katubulushi and Paul Kelly
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Infections caused by Nocardia farcinica are uncommon and show a great variety of clinical manifestations in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Because of its unspecific symptoms and tendency to disse...

    Authors: Michael Tachezy, Philipp Simon, Corina Ilchmann, Yogesh K Vashist, Jakob R Izbicki and Karim A Gawad
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:194
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  17. Ertapenem, a new carbapenem with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, has been approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal Infections (cIAIs), acute pelvic infections (APIs) and complicated skin ...

    Authors: Mao Mao An, Zui Zou, Hui Shen, Jun Dong Zhang, Meng Li Chen, Ping Liu, Rui Wang and Yuan Ying Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. HIV-1 penetrates the central nervous system, which is vital for HIV-associated dementia (HAD). But the role of cellular infiltration and activation together with HIV in the development of HAD is poorly underst...

    Authors: Li Zhou, Rejane Rua, Thomas Ng, Valentina Vongrad, Yung S Ho, Carolyn Geczy, Kenneth Hsu, Bruce J Brew and Nitin K Saksena
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known pathogen for lower genital tract neoplasias, yet little is known regarding HPV prevalence in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV DN...

    Authors: Polat Dursun, Süheyla S Senger, Hande Arslan, Esra Kuşçu and Ali Ayhan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Syndromic surveillance is increasingly being evaluated for its potential for early warning of increased disease activity in the population. However, interpretation is hampered by the difficulty of attributing ...

    Authors: Suzanne K Schindeler, David J Muscatello, Mark J Ferson, Kris D Rogers, Paul Grant and Tim Churches
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Renal tract involvement is implicated in both early and late schistosomiasis leading to increased disease burden. Despite there being good estimates of disease burden due to renal tract disease secondary to sc...

    Authors: Beatrice Lyons, Russel Stothard, David Rollinson, Simba Khamis, Khamis A Simai and Paul R Hunter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy describes a family of diseases affecting both man and animals. Current tests for the diagnosis of these diseases are based on the detection of an abnormal misfolded form...

    Authors: Janice B Barr, Michael Watson, Mark W Head, James W Ironside, Nathan Harris, Caroline Hogarth, Janet R Fraser and Rona Barron
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:188
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Mathematical modelling of infectious disease is increasingly used to help guide public health policy. As directly transmitted infections, such as influenza and tuberculosis, require contact between individuals...

    Authors: Niel Hens, Girma Minalu Ayele, Nele Goeyvaerts, Marc Aerts, Joel Mossong, John W Edmunds and Philippe Beutels
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Antigen specificity and IgG subclass could be significant in the natural history of Chagas' disease. The relationship between the different stages of human Chagas' disease and the profiles of total IgG and its...

    Authors: Ivonne D Flechas, Adriana Cuellar, Zulma M Cucunubá, Fernando Rosas, Víctor Velasco, Mario Steindel, María del Carmen Thomas, Manuel Carlos López, John Mario González and Concepción Judith Puerta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Liver cancer is one of most commonly diagnosed cancers among Koreans. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for liver cancer. HBV infection can be prevented by effective screening an...

    Authors: Hee-Soon Juon, Kui Son Choi, Eun-Cheol Park, Min-Son Kwak and Sunmin Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:185
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans from both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance is an emerging problem. The objective of this study is to present a unified approach that ...

    Authors: Sawsan Al-Nimri, Woutrina A Miller, Barbara A Byrne, Gerry Guibert and Lily Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:184
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. There is limited information in the literature on the presentation and prognosis of candidal urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

    Authors: Joan L Robinson, H Dele Davies, Michelle Barton, Karel O'Brien, Kim Simpson, Elizabeth Asztalos, Anne Synnes, Earl Rubin, Nicole Le Saux, Charles Hui, Joanne M Langley, Reg Sauve, Louis de Repentigny, Lajos Kovacs, Ben Tan and Susan E Richardson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) were designed to detect latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, discrepancies were found between the tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRAs results that can...

    Authors: Ornella Butera, Teresa Chiacchio, Stefania Carrara, Rita Casetti, Valentina Vanini, Serena Meraviglia, Giuliana Guggino, Francesco Dieli, Marco Vecchi, Francesco N Lauria, Almerico Marruchella, Patrizia Laurenti, Mahavir Singh, Nadia Caccamo, Enrico Girardi and Delia Goletti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. To design an effective strategy for the control of malaria requires a map of infection and disease risks to select appropriate suites of interventions. Advances in model based geo-statistics and malaria parasi...

    Authors: Abdisalan M Noor, Peter W Gething, Victor A Alegana, Anand P Patil, Simon I Hay, Eric Muchiri, Elizabeth Juma and Robert W Snow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Cryptosporidium parvum, the protozoan parasite, causes a significant enteric disease in immunocompromised hosts such as HIV patients. The present study was aimed to compare serum IgG, IgM and IgA responses to cr...

    Authors: Kirti Kaushik, Sumeeta Khurana, Ajay Wanchu and Nancy Malla
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Moraxella catarrhalis causes approximately 10% of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and also colonizes the lower airway in stable patients. Little is known about the effects of coloni...

    Authors: Ganapathi I Parameswaran, Catherine T Wrona, Timothy F Murphy and Sanjay Sethi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. We have previously reported the use of PCR Melting Profile (PCR MP) technique based on using low denaturation temperatures during ligation mediated PCR (LM PCR) for bacterial strain differentiation. The aim of...

    Authors: Beata Krawczyk, Justyna Leibner-Ciszak, Anna Mielech, Magdalena Nowak and Józef Kur
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Surgeons may improve their decision making by assessing the extent to which their initial clinical diagnosis of a surgical site infection (SSI) was supported by culture results. Aim of the present study was to...

    Authors: Marco Krukerink, Job Kievit and Perla J Marang-van de Mheen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. In February 2005, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) for routine use among 11- to 12-year-olds (at the preadolescent health-care visi...

    Authors: Suchita A Lorick, Daniel Fishbein, Eric Weintraub, Pascale M Wortley, Grace M Lee, Fangjun Zhou and Robert Davis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Chemokines have been reported to play an important role in granulomatous inflammation during Schistosoma mansoni infection. However there is less information on their role in Schistosoma haematobium infection, or...

    Authors: RBL Zinyama-Gutsire, E Gomo, P Kallestrup, C Erikstrup, H Ullum, AE Butterworth, S Munyati and T Mduluza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. In Germany, the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 occurred among wild birds on the island of Ruegen between February and April 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of...

    Authors: Wei Cai, Brunhilde Schweiger, Udo Buchholz, Silke Buda, Martina Littmann, Jörg Heusler and Walter Haas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Successful antiretroviral treatment programs in rural sub-Saharan Africa may face different challenges than programs in urban areas. The objective of this study was to identify patient characteristics, barrier...

    Authors: Janneke H van Dijk, Catherine G Sutcliffe, Bornface Munsanje, Francis Hamangaba, Philip E Thuma and William J Moss
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:169
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  42. There is little information about influenza disease among the Cambodian population. To better understand the dynamics of influenza in Cambodia, the Cambodian National Influenza Center (NIC) was established in ...

    Authors: Sek Mardy, Sovann Ly, Seng Heng, Sirenda Vong, Chea Huch, Chea Nora, Nima Asgari, Megge Miller, Isabelle Bergeri, Sybille Rehmet, Duong Veasna, Weigong Zhou, Takeshi Kasai, Sok Touch and Philippe Buchy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The vaginal microflora is important for maintaining vaginal health and preventing infections of the reproductive tract. The rectum has been suggested as the major source for the colonisation of the vaginal eco...

    Authors: Nabil Abdullah El Aila, Inge Tency, Geert Claeys, Hans Verstraelen, Bart Saerens, Guido Lopes dos Santos Santiago, Ellen De Backer, Piet Cools, Marleen Temmerman, Rita Verhelst and Mario Vaneechoutte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The outbreak of the pandemic flu, Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) in early 2009, provided a major challenge to health services around the world. Previous pandemics have led to stockpiling of goods, the victimisat...

    Authors: Robin Goodwin, Shamsul Haque, Felix Neto and Lynn B Myers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Local reactions are the most commonly reported adverse events following tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) vaccine and the risk of local reactions may increase with number of prior Td vaccinations.

    Authors: Lisa A Jackson, Onchee Yu, Edward A Belongia, Simon J Hambidge, Jennifer Nelson, Roger Baxter, Allison Naleway, Charlene Gay, James Nordin, James Baggs and John Iskander
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:165
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Computer keyboards and mice are potential reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens, but routine disinfection for non-water-proof computer devices is a problem. With better hand hygiene compliance of health-care work...

    Authors: Po-Liang Lu, LK Siu, Tun-Chieh Chen, Ling Ma, Wen-Gin Chiang, Yen-Hsu Chen, Sheng-Fung Lin and Tyen-Po Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in Cameroon. In certain insect species, particularly the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of insecticides is a source of g...

    Authors: Philippe Nwane, Josiane Etang, Mouhamadou Chouaibou, Jean Claude Toto, Clément Kerah-Hinzoumbé, Rémy Mimpfoundi, Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene and Frédéric Simard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. World Health Organization (WHO) targets for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, including the notification of a minimum rate of AFP among children, are used to assess the adequacy of AFP surveillance f...

    Authors: Rochelle E Watkins, P Anthony J Martin, Heath Kelly, Ben Madin and Charles Watson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Infective endocarditis is significantly more common in haemodialysis patients as compared with the general population, the causative pathogen is generally Staphylococcus aureus; there have been no previously repo...

    Authors: Yusuke Tsugawa, Miyuki Futatsuyama, Keiichi Furukawa, Fumika Taki, Yuji Nishizaki, Keiichi Tamagaki, Yuki Kaneshiro and Yasuhiro Komatsu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:161
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  50. Some island nations have explicit components of their influenza pandemic plans for providing travel warnings and restricting incoming travellers. But the potential value of such restrictions has not been quant...

    Authors: Martin Eichner, Markus Schwehm, Nick Wilson and Michael G Baker
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2009 9:160
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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