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  1. During weeks 32–33, 2013, 24 cases of cryptosporidiosis were notified in the city of Halle (annual mean 2008–2012: 9 cases). We investigated the outbreak to identify the source and recommend control measures, ...

    Authors: Maximilian Gertler, Matthias Dürr, Peter Renner, Sven Poppert, Mona Askar, Janina Breidenbach, Christina Frank, Karina Preußel, Anika Schielke, Dirk Werber, Rachel Chalmers, Guy Robinson, Irmgard Feuerpfeil, Egbert Tannich, Christine Gröger, Klaus Stark…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:88
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. While it is known that acute respiratory illness (ARI) is caused by an array of viruses, less is known about co-detections and the resultant comparative symptoms and illness burden. This study examined the co-...

    Authors: Richard K Zimmerman, Charles R Rinaldo, Mary Patricia Nowalk, GK Balasubramani, Krissy K Moehling, Arlene Bullotta, Heather F Eng, Jonathan M Raviotta, Theresa M Sax and Stephen Wisniewski
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical correlates of the vaginal microbiome (VMB) as characterized by molecular methods have not been adequately studied. VMB dominated by bacteria other than lactobacilli ma...

    Authors: Raju Gautam, Hanneke Borgdorff, Vicky Jespers, Suzanna C Francis, Rita Verhelst, Mary Mwaura, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Gilles Ndayisaba, Jordan K Kyongo, Liselotte Hardy, Joris Menten, Tania Crucitti, Evgeni Tsivtsivadze, Frank Schuren and Janneke HHM van de Wijgert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the well-being of HIV-positive individuals. Since there are concerns regarding HAART-mediated onset of cardio-metabolic di...

    Authors: Theodore A Nell, Maritza J Kruger, Dillan C Beukes, Esme Calitz, Rehana Essop and M Faadiel Essop
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:85
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. People who inject drugs (PWID) are an important group at risk of blood borne infections in Poland. However, robust evidence regarding the magnitude of the problem and geographical variation is lacking, while c...

    Authors: Magdalena Rosińska, Janusz Sierosławski and Lucas Wiessing
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) is one of the most common viral infections worldwide. The available treatments have limited efficacy in preventing the recurrence of ulcerative lesions and reducing the duration...

    Authors: Nasira Arain, Sharath CV Paravastu and Mubashir A Arain
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. In 2009, Brazil was the sole high-burden country to use three drugs [rifampin (R), isoniazid (H) and pyrazinamide (Z)] as the standard treatment for sensitive tuberculosis, with RH in fixed-dose combination (F...

    Authors: José Ueleres Braga and Anete Trajman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The use of systemic antifungal agents has increased in most tertiary care centers. However, antifungal stewardship has deserved very little attention. Our objective was to assess the knowledge of European pres...

    Authors: Maricela Valerio, Antonio Vena, Emilio Bouza, Nanna Reiter, Pierluigi Viale, Marcel Hochreiter, Maddalena Giannella and Patricia Muñoz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Bacterial and viral enteric pathogens are the leading cause of diarrhea in infants and children. We aimed to identify and characterize the main human diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) in stool samples obtained from chi...

    Authors: Joshua Tobias, Eias Kassem, Uri Rubinstein, Anya Bialik, Sreekanth-Reddy Vutukuru, Armando Navaro, Assaf Rokney, Lea Valinsky, Moshe Ephros, Dani Cohen and Khitam Muhsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) is challenging and many patients do not receive adequate first-line therapy. REACH (REtrospective Study to Assess the Clinical Management of Pa...

    Authors: Javier Garau, Francesco Blasi, Jesús Medina, Kyle McBride and Helmut Ostermann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this observation, there have only been a few studies analyzing clinical characteris...

    Authors: Hui Zheng, Mingyue Li, Yingting Luo, Dongmei Wang, Jialing Yang, Qiong Chen, Junying Lao, Ningfen Chen, Man Yang and Qun Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Outcomes of antibiotic treatment for lung disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are unsatisfactory. The role of adjunctive surgery in the treatment of NTM lung disease is still unclear.

    Authors: Hyung Koo Kang, Hye Yun Park, Dohun Kim, Byeong-Ho Jeong, Kyeongman Jeon, Jong Ho Cho, Hong Kwan Kim, Yong Soo Choi, Jhingook Kim and Won-Jung Koh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at particular risk of acquiring pertussis and transmitting the infection to high-risk susceptible patients and colleagues. In this paper, the return on investment (ROI) of prevent...

    Authors: Luqman Tariq, Marie-Josée J Mangen, Anke Hövels, Gerard Frijstein and Hero de Boer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease affecting millions worldwide. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where is caused by Leishmania braziliensis. The adaptive immu...

    Authors: Raquel Ferraz, Clarissa F Cunha, Adriano Gomes-Silva, Armando O Schubach, Maria Inês F Pimentel, Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra, Sergio CF Mendonça, Cláudia M Valete-Rosalino, Alda Maria Da-Cruz and Álvaro Luiz Bertho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Influenza remains a major health problem due to the seasonal epidemics that occur every year caused by the emergence of new influenza virus strains. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are ...

    Authors: Thelma Fátima de Mattos Silva Oliveira, Jonny Yokosawa, Fernando Couto Motta, Marilda Mendonça Siqueira, Hélio Lopes da Silveira and Divina Aparecida Oliveira Queiróz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The GeneXpertMTB/RIF (Xpert) assay is now recommended by WHO for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children but evaluation data is limited.

    Authors: Do Chau Giang, Tran Ngoc Duong, Dang Thi Minh Ha, Ho Thi Nhan, Marcel Wolbers, Nguyen Thi Quynh Nhu, Dorothee Heemskerk, Nguyen Dang Quang, Doan Thanh Phuong, Pham Thu Hang, Tran Huu Loc, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan, Nguyen Huy Dung, Jeremy Farrar and Maxine Caws
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia causes serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of S. maltophilia bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with hematologic maligna...

    Authors: Sung-Yeon Cho, Dong-Gun Lee, Su-Mi Choi, Chulmin Park, Hye-Sun Chun, Yeon-Joon Park, Jae-Ki Choi, Hyo-Jin Lee, Sun Hee Park, Jung-Hyun Choi and Jin-Hong Yoo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. The success of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV-7) introduced to the US childhood immunization schedule in 2000 was partially offset by increases in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneu...

    Authors: Qiuzhi Chang, Abbie E Stevenson, Nicholas J Croucher, Grace M Lee, Stephen I Pelton, Marc Lipsitch, Jonathan A Finkelstein and William P Hanage
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The appearance of smear-positivity but culture-negativity (SPCN) for acid-fast bacilli among sputum specimen is frequently found in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients during treatment. This study aimed to in...

    Authors: Wen-Cheng Chao, Yi-Wen Huang, Ming-Chih Yu, Wen-Ta Yang, Chou-Jui Lin, Jen-Jyh Lee, Ruay-Ming Huang, Chi-Chang Shieh, Shun-Tien Chien and Jung-Yien Chien
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Most poliovirus infections occur with no symptoms and this leads to the possibility of silent circulation, which complicates the confirmation of global goals to permanently end poliovirus transmission. Previou...

    Authors: Dominika A Kalkowska, Radboud J Duintjer Tebbens, Mark A Pallansch, Stephen L Cochi, Steven G F Wassilak and Kimberly M Thompson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The HIV-1 epidemic in Slovenia, a small Central European country, has some characteristics that make it an ideal model to study HIV-1 transmission. The epidemic is predominantly affecting men who have sex with...

    Authors: Maja M Lunar, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Janez Tomažič, Primož Karner, Tomaž D Vovko, Blaž Pečavar, Gabriele Volčanšek, Mario Poljak and Ana B Abecasis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Despite recent advances in microbiological techniques, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still not well described. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional methods to des...

    Authors: Jan C Holter, Fredrik Müller, Ola Bjørang, Helvi H Samdal, Jon B Marthinsen, Pål A Jenum, Thor Ueland, Stig S Frøland, Pål Aukrust, Einar Husebye and Lars Heggelund
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. No cases of transfusion-transmitted syphilis have been described for over four decades. While there is mandatory transfusion screening for syphilis, the absence of transmission is in part ascribed to a low pre...

    Authors: Mark Andrew Kane, Evan Martin Bloch, Roberta Bruhn, Zhanna Kaidarova and Edward Laurence Murphy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis lacks sensitivity in HIV-infected symptomatic patients and increases the likelihood that mycobacterial infections particularly disseminated TB will be mi...

    Authors: Lydia Nakiyingi, Willy Ssengooba, Damalie Nakanjako, Derek Armstrong, Molly Holshouser, Bruce J Kirenga, Maunank Shah, Harriet Mayanja-Kizza, Moses L Joloba, Jerrold J Ellner, Susan E Dorman and Yukari C Manabe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Long-term complications and a case mortality rate of 7.5% make meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae a serious clinical threat. In 2006, a general pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) recommendation w...

    Authors: Matthias Imöhl, Jens Möller, Ralf René Reinert, Stephanie Perniciaro, Mark van der Linden and Orhan Aktas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory...

    Authors: Guilherme Barreto Campos, Tássia Neves Lobão, Nathan Neves Selis, Aline Teixeira Amorim, Hellen Braga Martins, Maysa Santos Barbosa, Thiago Henrique Caldeira Oliveira, Djanilson Barbosa dos Santos, Tiana Baqueiro Figueiredo, Lucas Miranda Marques and Jorge Timenetsky
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. The screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection reduces the risk of progression to active disease and is currently recommended for HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate,...

    Authors: Chloé Wyndham-Thomas, Violette Dirix, Kinda Schepers, Charlotte Martin, Marc Hildebrand, Jean-Christophe Goffard, Fanny Domont, Myriam Libin, Marc Loyens, Camille Locht, Jean-Paul Van Vooren and Françoise Mascart
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Microbiological characteristics of sepsis and antimicrobial resistance are well studied, although in State University of Campinas, no data has been published yet.

    Authors: Adriana Valderez Reis Vendemiato, Angela von Nowakonski, Fernando Augusto de Lima Marson and Carlos Emilio Levy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Genetic variation in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been studied among fungi. However, the numbers of ITS sequence polymorphisms in the various Candida species and their ass...

    Authors: Karina Bellinghausen Merseguel, Angela Satie Nishikaku, Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Padovan, Renata Carmona e Ferreira, Analy Salles de Azevedo Melo, Marcelo Ribeiro da Silva Briones and Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients with antibiotics before laboratory-confirmed diagnosis leads to loss of knowledge on the causative bacterial pathogen. Therefore, an increasing number o...

    Authors: Karin Elberse, Suzan van Mens, Amelieke J Cremers, Sabine CA Meijvis, Bart Vlaminckx, Marien I de Jonge, Jacques F Meis, Cornelis Blauwendraat, Ingrid van de Pol and Leo M Schouls
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. It is difficult to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) early in decompensated liver cirrhotic ascites patients (DCPs). The aim of the study was to measure serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels and peri...

    Authors: Zhao-Hua Cai, Chun-Lei Fan, Jun-Fu Zheng, Xin Zhang, Wen-Min Zhao, Bing Li, Lei Li, Pei-Ling Dong and Hui-Guo Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a se...

    Authors: Huaiyu Tian, Yujun Cui, Lu Dong, Sen Zhou, Xiaowen Li, Shanqian Huang, Ruifu Yang and Bing Xu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in humans. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has become a global concern.

    Authors: Zhaoming Liang, Bixia Ke, Xiaoling Deng, Junhua Liang, Lu Ran, Lingling Lu, Dongmei He, Qiong Huang, Changwen Ke, Zhongjie Li, Hongjie Yu, John D Klena and Shuyu Wu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections are higher in resource-limited countries than developed countries, but limited studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings to examine pathogens ...

    Authors: Paul Simusika, Allen C Bateman, Andros Theo, Geoffrey Kwenda, Christine Mfula, Edward Chentulo and Mwaka Monze
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:52
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Several in vitro studies suggested the microRNA-29 (miRNA-29) family is involved in regulating HIV-1 and modulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-32, an anti-HIV-1 cytokine.

    Authors: Katia Monteleone, Carla Selvaggi, Giulia Cacciotti, Francesca Falasca, Ivano Mezzaroma, Gabriella D’Ettorre, Ombretta Turriziani, Vincenzo Vullo, Guido Antonelli and Carolina Scagnolari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for 5-15% and 20-30% of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults and children, respectively. It not only causes acute illness but also can give rise to local suppurative compl...

    Authors: Elżbieta Mazur, Ewa Czerwińska, Aneta Grochowalska and Maria Kozioł-Montewka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:50
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  40. Plasmodium knowlesi was identified as the fifth major malaria parasite in humans. It presents severe clinical symptoms and leads to mortality as a result of hyperparasitemia in a short period of time. This study ...

    Authors: Yeng Chen, Choon K Chan, Jesinda P Kerishnan, Yee L Lau, Yin-Ling Wong and Subash CB Gopinath
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Blood stream tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is common among HIV-positive patients, turning rapidly fatal unless detected and treated promptly. Blood culture is currently the standar...

    Authors: Freddie Bwanga, Claudia Disqué, Michael G Lorenz, Vera Allerheiligen, William Worodria, Allan Luyombya, Irene Najjingo and Michael Weizenegger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Penicillium marneffei disseminates hematogenously and can infect most organs, though infection leading to osteolysis is extremely rare. We describe the clinical and laboratory features, management, and outcomes o...

    Authors: Ye Qiu, Jianquan Zhang, Guangnan Liu, Xiaoning Zhong, Jingmin Deng, Zhiyi He and Bai Jing
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Between 2010–2013, South Africa implemented WHO ‘Option A’ for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT), where all HIV-infected pregnant women (from 14 weeks gestation) received zidovudine (AZT) as A...

    Authors: Kathryn Schnippel, Constance Mongwenyana, Lawrence C Long and Bruce A Larson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Recent studies worldwide have reported increasing numbers of adults diagnosed with Bordetella pertussis despite receiving childhood vaccinations. This study describes a pertussis outbreak at a university medical ...

    Authors: Megumi Hara, Mami Fukuoka, Katsuya Tashiro, Iwata Ozaki, Satoko Ohfuji, Kenji Okada, Takashi Nakano, Wakaba Fukushima and Yoshio Hirota
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Influenza virus infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in both pediatric and adult populations worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza is necessary for appropriate pati...

    Authors: Juan Carlos Hurtado, Maria Mar Mosquera, Elisa de Lazzari, Esteban Martínez, Nuria Torner, Ricard Isanta, Patricia de Molina, Tomás Pumarola, Maria Angeles Marcos and Jordi Vila Estape
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:383

  46. To eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India and Nepal, challenges of VL diagnosis, treatment and reporting need to be identified. Recent data indicate that VL is underreported and patients face delays wh...

    Authors: Jan P Boettcher, Yubaraj Siwakoti, Ana Milojkovic, Niyamat A Siddiqui, Chitra K Gurung, Suman Rijal, Pradeep Das, Axel Kroeger and Megha R Banjara
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Annual influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is recommended in Australia, but uptake in healthcare facilities has historically been low (approximately 50%). The objective of this study was to deve...

    Authors: Kristina Heinrich-Morrison, Sue McLellan, Ursula McGinnes, Brendan Carroll, Kerrie Watson, Pauline Bass, Leon J Worth and Allen C Cheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:42
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within precursor microRNAs (miRNAs) can affect miRNAs expression, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to investigate ...

    Authors: Xing Zhang, Yanyuan Li, Xiang Li, Wanjiang Zhang, Zhifen Pan, Fang Wu, Chong Wang, Zhongliang Chen, Tingting Jiang, Dandan Xu, Zepeng Ping, Jiyan Liu, Changming Liu, Zhongjie Li and Ji-Cheng Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. After the onset of HAART, some HIV-infected individuals under treatment present a exacerbated inflammation in response to a latent or a previously treated opportunistic pathogen termed immune reconstitution in...

    Authors: Luana Gois, Roberto Badaró, Robert Schooley and Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:38
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  50. HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers (HIV-exposed uninfected, HEU) have been described to have immune alterations as compared to unexposed infants. This study sought to characterize T-cell popul...

    Authors: Nilsa de Deus, Cinta Moraleda, Celia Serna-Bolea, Montse Renom, Clara Menendez and Denise Naniche
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:37
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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