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  1. Several in vitro studies suggested the microRNA-29 (miRNA-29) family is involved in regulating HIV-1 and modulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-32, an anti-HIV-1 cytokine.

    Authors: Katia Monteleone, Carla Selvaggi, Giulia Cacciotti, Francesca Falasca, Ivano Mezzaroma, Gabriella D’Ettorre, Ombretta Turriziani, Vincenzo Vullo, Guido Antonelli and Carolina Scagnolari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:51
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in humans. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has become a global concern.

    Authors: Zhaoming Liang, Bixia Ke, Xiaoling Deng, Junhua Liang, Lu Ran, Lingling Lu, Dongmei He, Qiong Huang, Changwen Ke, Zhongjie Li, Hongjie Yu, John D Klena and Shuyu Wu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a se...

    Authors: Huaiyu Tian, Yujun Cui, Lu Dong, Sen Zhou, Xiaowen Li, Shanqian Huang, Ruifu Yang and Bing Xu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. It is difficult to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) early in decompensated liver cirrhotic ascites patients (DCPs). The aim of the study was to measure serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels and peri...

    Authors: Zhao-Hua Cai, Chun-Lei Fan, Jun-Fu Zheng, Xin Zhang, Wen-Min Zhao, Bing Li, Lei Li, Pei-Ling Dong and Hui-Guo Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Treatment of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients with antibiotics before laboratory-confirmed diagnosis leads to loss of knowledge on the causative bacterial pathogen. Therefore, an increasing number o...

    Authors: Karin Elberse, Suzan van Mens, Amelieke J Cremers, Sabine CA Meijvis, Bart Vlaminckx, Marien I de Jonge, Jacques F Meis, Cornelis Blauwendraat, Ingrid van de Pol and Leo M Schouls
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Genetic variation in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been studied among fungi. However, the numbers of ITS sequence polymorphisms in the various Candida species and their ass...

    Authors: Karina Bellinghausen Merseguel, Angela Satie Nishikaku, Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Padovan, Renata Carmona e Ferreira, Analy Salles de Azevedo Melo, Marcelo Ribeiro da Silva Briones and Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:57
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Microbiological characteristics of sepsis and antimicrobial resistance are well studied, although in State University of Campinas, no data has been published yet.

    Authors: Adriana Valderez Reis Vendemiato, Angela von Nowakonski, Fernando Augusto de Lima Marson and Carlos Emilio Levy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection reduces the risk of progression to active disease and is currently recommended for HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate,...

    Authors: Chloé Wyndham-Thomas, Violette Dirix, Kinda Schepers, Charlotte Martin, Marc Hildebrand, Jean-Christophe Goffard, Fanny Domont, Myriam Libin, Marc Loyens, Camille Locht, Jean-Paul Van Vooren and Françoise Mascart
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory...

    Authors: Guilherme Barreto Campos, Tássia Neves Lobão, Nathan Neves Selis, Aline Teixeira Amorim, Hellen Braga Martins, Maysa Santos Barbosa, Thiago Henrique Caldeira Oliveira, Djanilson Barbosa dos Santos, Tiana Baqueiro Figueiredo, Lucas Miranda Marques and Jorge Timenetsky
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Long-term complications and a case mortality rate of 7.5% make meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae a serious clinical threat. In 2006, a general pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) recommendation w...

    Authors: Matthias Imöhl, Jens Möller, Ralf René Reinert, Stephanie Perniciaro, Mark van der Linden and Orhan Aktas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis lacks sensitivity in HIV-infected symptomatic patients and increases the likelihood that mycobacterial infections particularly disseminated TB will be mi...

    Authors: Lydia Nakiyingi, Willy Ssengooba, Damalie Nakanjako, Derek Armstrong, Molly Holshouser, Bruce J Kirenga, Maunank Shah, Harriet Mayanja-Kizza, Moses L Joloba, Jerrold J Ellner, Susan E Dorman and Yukari C Manabe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:62
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. No cases of transfusion-transmitted syphilis have been described for over four decades. While there is mandatory transfusion screening for syphilis, the absence of transmission is in part ascribed to a low pre...

    Authors: Mark Andrew Kane, Evan Martin Bloch, Roberta Bruhn, Zhanna Kaidarova and Edward Laurence Murphy
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Despite recent advances in microbiological techniques, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still not well described. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional methods to des...

    Authors: Jan C Holter, Fredrik Müller, Ola Bjørang, Helvi H Samdal, Jon B Marthinsen, Pål A Jenum, Thor Ueland, Stig S Frøland, Pål Aukrust, Einar Husebye and Lars Heggelund
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. The HIV-1 epidemic in Slovenia, a small Central European country, has some characteristics that make it an ideal model to study HIV-1 transmission. The epidemic is predominantly affecting men who have sex with...

    Authors: Maja M Lunar, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Janez Tomažič, Primož Karner, Tomaž D Vovko, Blaž Pečavar, Gabriele Volčanšek, Mario Poljak and Ana B Abecasis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Most poliovirus infections occur with no symptoms and this leads to the possibility of silent circulation, which complicates the confirmation of global goals to permanently end poliovirus transmission. Previou...

    Authors: Dominika A Kalkowska, Radboud J Duintjer Tebbens, Mark A Pallansch, Stephen L Cochi, Steven G F Wassilak and Kimberly M Thompson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The appearance of smear-positivity but culture-negativity (SPCN) for acid-fast bacilli among sputum specimen is frequently found in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients during treatment. This study aimed to in...

    Authors: Wen-Cheng Chao, Yi-Wen Huang, Ming-Chih Yu, Wen-Ta Yang, Chou-Jui Lin, Jen-Jyh Lee, Ruay-Ming Huang, Chi-Chang Shieh, Shun-Tien Chien and Jung-Yien Chien
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:67
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The success of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV-7) introduced to the US childhood immunization schedule in 2000 was partially offset by increases in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneu...

    Authors: Qiuzhi Chang, Abbie E Stevenson, Nicholas J Croucher, Grace M Lee, Stephen I Pelton, Marc Lipsitch, Jonathan A Finkelstein and William P Hanage
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:68
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia causes serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of S. maltophilia bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with hematologic maligna...

    Authors: Sung-Yeon Cho, Dong-Gun Lee, Su-Mi Choi, Chulmin Park, Hye-Sun Chun, Yeon-Joon Park, Jae-Ki Choi, Hyo-Jin Lee, Sun Hee Park, Jung-Hyun Choi and Jin-Hong Yoo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:69
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The GeneXpertMTB/RIF (Xpert) assay is now recommended by WHO for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children but evaluation data is limited.

    Authors: Do Chau Giang, Tran Ngoc Duong, Dang Thi Minh Ha, Ho Thi Nhan, Marcel Wolbers, Nguyen Thi Quynh Nhu, Dorothee Heemskerk, Nguyen Dang Quang, Doan Thanh Phuong, Pham Thu Hang, Tran Huu Loc, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan, Nguyen Huy Dung, Jeremy Farrar and Maxine Caws
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Influenza remains a major health problem due to the seasonal epidemics that occur every year caused by the emergence of new influenza virus strains. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are ...

    Authors: Thelma Fátima de Mattos Silva Oliveira, Jonny Yokosawa, Fernando Couto Motta, Marilda Mendonça Siqueira, Hélio Lopes da Silveira and Divina Aparecida Oliveira Queiróz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease affecting millions worldwide. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where is caused by Leishmania braziliensis. The adaptive immu...

    Authors: Raquel Ferraz, Clarissa F Cunha, Adriano Gomes-Silva, Armando O Schubach, Maria Inês F Pimentel, Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra, Sergio CF Mendonça, Cláudia M Valete-Rosalino, Alda Maria Da-Cruz and Álvaro Luiz Bertho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at particular risk of acquiring pertussis and transmitting the infection to high-risk susceptible patients and colleagues. In this paper, the return on investment (ROI) of prevent...

    Authors: Luqman Tariq, Marie-Josée J Mangen, Anke Hövels, Gerard Frijstein and Hero de Boer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Outcomes of antibiotic treatment for lung disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are unsatisfactory. The role of adjunctive surgery in the treatment of NTM lung disease is still unclear.

    Authors: Hyung Koo Kang, Hye Yun Park, Dohun Kim, Byeong-Ho Jeong, Kyeongman Jeon, Jong Ho Cho, Hong Kwan Kim, Yong Soo Choi, Jhingook Kim and Won-Jung Koh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this observation, there have only been a few studies analyzing clinical characteris...

    Authors: Hui Zheng, Mingyue Li, Yingting Luo, Dongmei Wang, Jialing Yang, Qiong Chen, Junying Lao, Ningfen Chen, Man Yang and Qun Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:77
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) is challenging and many patients do not receive adequate first-line therapy. REACH (REtrospective Study to Assess the Clinical Management of Pa...

    Authors: Javier Garau, Francesco Blasi, Jesús Medina, Kyle McBride and Helmut Ostermann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Bacterial and viral enteric pathogens are the leading cause of diarrhea in infants and children. We aimed to identify and characterize the main human diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) in stool samples obtained from chi...

    Authors: Joshua Tobias, Eias Kassem, Uri Rubinstein, Anya Bialik, Sreekanth-Reddy Vutukuru, Armando Navaro, Assaf Rokney, Lea Valinsky, Moshe Ephros, Dani Cohen and Khitam Muhsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:79
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The use of systemic antifungal agents has increased in most tertiary care centers. However, antifungal stewardship has deserved very little attention. Our objective was to assess the knowledge of European pres...

    Authors: Maricela Valerio, Antonio Vena, Emilio Bouza, Nanna Reiter, Pierluigi Viale, Marcel Hochreiter, Maddalena Giannella and Patricia Muñoz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. In 2009, Brazil was the sole high-burden country to use three drugs [rifampin (R), isoniazid (H) and pyrazinamide (Z)] as the standard treatment for sensitive tuberculosis, with RH in fixed-dose combination (F...

    Authors: José Ueleres Braga and Anete Trajman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) is one of the most common viral infections worldwide. The available treatments have limited efficacy in preventing the recurrence of ulcerative lesions and reducing the duration...

    Authors: Nasira Arain, Sharath CV Paravastu and Mubashir A Arain
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. People who inject drugs (PWID) are an important group at risk of blood borne infections in Poland. However, robust evidence regarding the magnitude of the problem and geographical variation is lacking, while c...

    Authors: Magdalena Rosińska, Janusz Sierosławski and Lucas Wiessing
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the well-being of HIV-positive individuals. Since there are concerns regarding HAART-mediated onset of cardio-metabolic di...

    Authors: Theodore A Nell, Maritza J Kruger, Dillan C Beukes, Esme Calitz, Rehana Essop and M Faadiel Essop
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:85
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical correlates of the vaginal microbiome (VMB) as characterized by molecular methods have not been adequately studied. VMB dominated by bacteria other than lactobacilli ma...

    Authors: Raju Gautam, Hanneke Borgdorff, Vicky Jespers, Suzanna C Francis, Rita Verhelst, Mary Mwaura, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Gilles Ndayisaba, Jordan K Kyongo, Liselotte Hardy, Joris Menten, Tania Crucitti, Evgeni Tsivtsivadze, Frank Schuren and Janneke HHM van de Wijgert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. While it is known that acute respiratory illness (ARI) is caused by an array of viruses, less is known about co-detections and the resultant comparative symptoms and illness burden. This study examined the co-...

    Authors: Richard K Zimmerman, Charles R Rinaldo, Mary Patricia Nowalk, GK Balasubramani, Krissy K Moehling, Arlene Bullotta, Heather F Eng, Jonathan M Raviotta, Theresa M Sax and Stephen Wisniewski
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. During weeks 32–33, 2013, 24 cases of cryptosporidiosis were notified in the city of Halle (annual mean 2008–2012: 9 cases). We investigated the outbreak to identify the source and recommend control measures, ...

    Authors: Maximilian Gertler, Matthias Dürr, Peter Renner, Sven Poppert, Mona Askar, Janina Breidenbach, Christina Frank, Karina Preußel, Anika Schielke, Dirk Werber, Rachel Chalmers, Guy Robinson, Irmgard Feuerpfeil, Egbert Tannich, Christine Gröger, Klaus Stark…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:88
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Better knowledge of distribution of respiratory viruses (RVs) in adolescents and adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is needed.

    Authors: Jiu-Xin Qu, Li Gu, Zeng-Hui Pu, Xiao-Min Yu, Ying-Mei Liu, Ran Li, Yi-Min Wang, Bin Cao and Chen Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:89
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Dose-response assessment is one step in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Four infectious microbes capable of causing respiratory diseases important to public health, and for which dose-response f...

    Authors: Rachael M Jones and Yu-Min Su
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:90
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of diarrhoea in health care settings with symptoms ranging from mild and self-limiting to life threatening. SMT19969 is a novel, non-absorbable antibiotic ...

    Authors: Richard Vickers, Neil Robinson, Emma Best, Roger Echols, Glenn Tillotson and Mark Wilcox
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:91
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Although rotavirus vaccines have been licensed in Spain for over 8 years, they are not funded by its public health systems. The analysis of their effectiveness in the Valencia Region could better inform decisi...

    Authors: Silvia Pérez-Vilar, Javier Díez-Domingo, Mónica López-Lacort, Sergio Martínez-Úbeda and Miguel A Martinez-Beneito
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:92
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. A cost-effective, accurate and rapid simultaneous multiplex assay is required for testing and diagnoses of conventional and emerging viruses in clinical virology laboratories. We developed and optimized a dual...

    Authors: Xuezheng Ma, Huanzhou Xu, Lei Shi, Pengfei Yang, Liping Zhang, Xiaohong Sun, Wei Zhen and Kongxin Hu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal disease of humans and other mammals, known to be caused by the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, which comprises four species of clinical importance: S. b...

    Authors: Emma Camacho, Isabel León-Navarro, Sabrina Rodríguez-Brito, Mireya Mendoza and Gustavo A Niño-Vega
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Reducing acute respiratory infection burden in children in Africa remains a major priority and challenge. We analyzed data from population-based infectious disease surveillance for severe acute respiratory ill...

    Authors: Robert F Breiman, Leonard Cosmas, M Kariuki Njenga, John Williamson, Joshua A Mott, Mark A Katz, Dean D Erdman, Eileen Schneider, M Steven Oberste, John C Neatherlin, Henry Njuguna, Daniel M Ondari, Kennedy Odero, George O Okoth, Beatrice Olack, Newton Wamola…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp. and is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis (sand fly). In renal transplant recipients, visceral leishmaniasis causes severe damage to th...

    Authors: Avelar Alves de Silva, Álvaro Pacheco E Silva Filho, Ricardio de Castro Cinta Sesso, Ronaldo de Matos Esmeraldo, Cláudia Maria Costa de Oliveira, Paula Frassinetti Castelo Branco Camurca Fernandes, Rodrigo Alves de Oliveira, Leila Silveira Veira de Silva, Valencio Pereira de Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa, Jesusmar Ximenes Andrade, Diana Marisa Barros da Silva and Roosevelt Valente Chaves
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:96
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The present study aims to investigate the potential mechanism of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis (LRSC) isolates collected from our hospital.

    Authors: Wanqing Zhou, Dongmei Niu, Xiaoli Cao, Mingzhe Ning, Zhifeng Zhang, Han Shen and Kui Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar cases in seasonal labour migrants from highland areas are addressed to travel history to the Metema–Humera lowlands, northwestern Ethiopia. Factors that affect the inci...

    Authors: Wossenseged Lemma, Habte Tekie, Solomon Yared, Meshesha Balkew, Teshome Gebre-Michael, Alon Warburg and Asrat Hailu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:99
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. H1N1 influenza viruses mutate rapidly, rendering vaccines developed in any given year relatively ineffective in subsequent years. Thus it is necessary to generate new vaccines every year, but this is time-cons...

    Authors: Owen Proudfoot, Sandra Esparon, Choon-Kit Tang, Karen Laurie, Ian Barr and Geoffrey Pietersz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) may develop as a clinical manifestation of nosocomial pneumonia by means of either reactivation of resident P. jirovecii or de novo infection. However, there have been no studies desc...

    Authors: Tark Kim, Sang-Oh Lee, Hyo-Lim Hong, Ju Young Lee, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Ho Choi, Mi-Na Kim, Yang Soo Kim, Jun Hee Woo and Heungsup Sung
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:102
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Close contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) have a substantial risk of developing the disease, particularly during the first year after exposure. Household contact investigation has recently been recomme...

    Authors: Gregory James Fox, Le Phuong Loan, Nguyen Viet Nhung, Nguyen Thi Loi, Dinh Ngoc Sy, Warwick John Britton and Guy Barrington Marks
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2015 15:103
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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