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  1. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen associated with nosocomial and community infections. Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is considered one of the important virulence fac...

    Authors: Dharm R. Bhatta, Lina M. Cavaco, Gopal Nath, Kush Kumar, Abhishek Gaur, Shishir Gokhale and Dwij R. Bhatta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:199
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (CFF) is an important pathogen for both cattle and humans. We performed a systematic epidemiological and clinical study of patients and evaluated the genetic relatedness of 17...

    Authors: Robert Escher, Colette Brunner, Niklaus von Steiger, Isabelle Brodard, Sara Droz, Carlos Abril and Peter Kuhnert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:198
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. In our study, we have hypothesized that proviral DNA may show the history of mutations that emerged at previous failures to a Raltegravir containing regimen, in patients who are currently undetectable and cand...

    Authors: Jose Ángel Fernández-Caballero, Natalia Chueca, Marta Álvarez, María Dolores Mérida, Josefa López, José Antonio Sánchez, David Vinuesa, María Ángeles Martínez, José Hernández and Federico García
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:197
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, but sensitive diagnostic methods such as culture are expensive and often not available in resource limited settings. Ther...

    Authors: Lorena Porte, Carmen Varela, Thomas Haecker, Sara Morales and Thomas Weitzel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:196
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolation from humans is increasing worldwide. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland (EW&NI) the reported rate of NTM more than doubled between 1996 and 200...

    Authors: Neeraj M. Shah, Jennifer A. Davidson, Laura F. Anderson, Maeve K. Lalor, Jusang Kim, H. Lucy Thomas, Marc Lipman and Ibrahim Abubakar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:195
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Antibiotic resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii have been responsible for an increasing number of nosocomial infections including bacteremia and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this study, we analyzed...

    Authors: Wayne A. Warner, Shan N. Kuang, Rina Hernandez, Melissa C. Chong, Peter J. Ewing, Jen Fleischer, Jia Meng, Sheena Chu, Dawn Terashita, L’Tanya English, Wangxue Chen and H. Howard Xu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:194
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Globally it is estimated that 480 000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in 2014 and 190 000 people died from the disease. Successful treatment outcomes are achieved in only 50 % of pat...

    Authors: Rebecca C. Harris, Louis Grandjean, Laura J. Martin, Alexander J. P. Miller, Joseph-Egre N. Nkang, Victoria Allen, Mishal S. Khan, Katherine Fielding and David A. J. Moore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:193
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. The present study aimed to identify factors affecting vaccination against influenza among health professionals.

    Authors: Süheyl Asma, Hülya Akan, Yücel Uysal, A. Gürhan Poçan, Mustafa Haki Sucaklı, Erhan Yengil, Çiğdem Gereklioğlu, Aslı Korur, İbrahim Başhan, A. Ferit Erdogan, A. Kürşat Özşahin and Altuğ Kut
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:192
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Chronic Chagas disease presents different clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic (namely indeterminate) to severe cardiac and/or digestive. Previous results have shown that the immune response plays...

    Authors: Ana Thereza Chaves, Juliana de Assis Silva Gomes Estanislau, Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza, Andréa Teixeira Carvalho, Karine Silvestre Ferreira, Rafaelle Christine Gomes Fares, Pedro Henrique Gazzinelli Guimarães, Elaine Maria de Souza Fagundes, Maria José Morato, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara, Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha and Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:191
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. After the global implementation of national immunization programs for prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), the prevalences of protective antibodies to these viruses are high in general population. ...

    Authors: Romanee Chaiwarith, Jutarat Praparattanapan, Khanuengnit Nuket, Wilai Kotarathitithum and Khuanchai Supparatpinyo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:190
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Multiple prevention interventions, including early antiretroviral therapy initiation, may reduce HIV incidence in hyperendemic settings. Our aim was to predict the short-term impact of various single and combi...

    Authors: Stéphanie Blaizot, David Maman, Benjamin Riche, Irene Mukui, Beatrice Kirubi, René Ecochard and Jean-François Etard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:189
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae commonly cause infections worldwide. BlaCTX-M-15 has been commonly detected in hospital isolates in Mwanza, Tanzania. Little is known regarding...

    Authors: Stephen E. Mshana, Linda Falgenhauer, Mariam M. Mirambo, Martha F. Mushi, Nyambura Moremi, Rechel Julius, Jeremiah Seni, Can Imirzalioglu, Mecky Matee and Trinad Chakraborty
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:187
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil will host the Summer Olympic Games in 2016. About 400,000 non-immune foreign tourists are expected to attend the games. As Brazil is the country with the highest number of dengue cases...

    Authors: Raphael Ximenes, Marcos Amaku, Luis Fernandez Lopez, Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho, Marcelo Nascimento Burattini, David Greenhalgh, Annelies Wilder-Smith, Claudio José Struchiner and Eduardo Massad
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:186
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The isolation of Propionibacterium acnes in blood cultures is often considered a contaminant. On rare occasions, P. acnes can cause severe infections, including endocarditis and intravascular prosthesis-associate...

    Authors: T. Herren, M. A. Middendorp and R. Zbinden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:185
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  16. Little is known about the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers in the German outpatient sector and about the impact of MRSA on their daily life. Reimbursement for MRSA related...

    Authors: Heike Raupach-Rosin, Nicole Rübsamen, Sebastian Szkopek, Oliver Schmalz, André Karch, Rafael Mikolajczyk and Stefanie Castell
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:184
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. In spite of increasing reports of dengue and chikungunya activity in Tanzania, limited research has been done to document the general epidemiology of dengue and chikungunya in the country. This study aimed at ...

    Authors: Debora C. Kajeguka, Robert D. Kaaya, Steven Mwakalinga, Rogathe Ndossi, Arnold Ndaro, Jaffu O. Chilongola, Franklin W. Mosha, Karin L. Schiøler, Reginald A. Kavishe and Michael Alifrangis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:183
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. People with HIV are living longer with the health-related consequences of HIV, multi-morbidity, and aging. Exercise is a key strategy that may improve or sustain health for people living with HIV. Our aim was ...

    Authors: Kelly K. O’Brien, Anne-Marie Tynan, Stephanie A. Nixon and Richard H. Glazier
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:182
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to co...

    Authors: Joke A. M. Dols, Douwe Molenaar, Jannie J. van der Helm, Martien P. M. Caspers, Alie de Kat Angelino-Bart, Frank H. J. Schuren, Adrianus G. C. L. Speksnijder, Hans V. Westerhoff, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Mathilde E. Boon, Gregor Reid, Henry J. C. de Vries and Remco Kort
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:180
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Varicella remains an important public health issue in China. In this study we explored the effect of weather conditions on the incidence of varicella in the temperate city of Jinan, Eastern China during 2012–2...

    Authors: Yunqing Yang, Xingyi Geng, Xiaoxue Liu, Weiru Wang and Ji Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:179
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. In 2012, the United Kingdom (UK) Government announced that the new entrant screening for active tuberculosis (TB) in Heathrow and Gatwick airports would end. Our study objective was to estimate screening yield...

    Authors: Ettore Severi, Helen Maguire, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Graham Bickler and Ibrahim Abubakar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:178
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Many administrative data sources are available to study the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but few publications have compared CDI event rates across database...

    Authors: Margaret A. Olsen, Yinong Young-Xu, Dustin Stwalley, Ciarán P. Kelly, Dale N. Gerding, Mohammed J. Saeed, Cedric Mahé and Erik R. Dubberke
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:177
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. HIV-associated cognitive impairment has declined since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). However, milder forms of cognitive impairment persist. Inflammation in the cerebrospinal ...

    Authors: Sofie Jespersen, Karin Kæreby Pedersen, Birgitta Anesten, Henrik Zetterberg, Dietmar Fuchs, Magnus Gisslén, Lars Hagberg, Marius Trøseid and Susanne Dam Nielsen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:176
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. In our recent village-based cross-sectional study, the prevalence of nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) diagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in sexually active Samoan women was very high (36 %), and test...

    Authors: S. Menon, S. H. Stansfield, M. Walsh, E. Hope, L. Isaia, A. A. Righarts, T. Niupulusu, S. V. A. Temese, L. Iosefa-Siitia, L. Auvaa, S. A. Tapelu, M. F. Motu, T. Suaalii-Sauni, P. Timms, P. C. Hill and W. M. Huston
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:175
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a poorly understood disease with no known treatments. We describe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with laboratory confirme...

    Authors: Mohammed Al Ghamdi, Khalid M. Alghamdi, Yasmeen Ghandoora, Ameera Alzahrani, Fatmah Salah, Abdulmoatani Alsulami, Mayada F. Bawayan, Dhananjay Vaidya, Trish M. Perl and Geeta Sood
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:174
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Uganda family is the predominant cause of tuberculosis in Uganda. Reasons for this are not clear but are likely to be due to the rampant person-to-person tra...

    Authors: George W. Kasule, David P. Kateete and Moses L. Joloba
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:173
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Dengue infection has various clinical manifestations, often with unpredictable clinical evolutions and outcomes. Several factors including nutritional status have been studied to find the relationship with den...

    Authors: Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang, Nguyen Phuoc Long, Tran Thi Minh Hue, Le Phi Hung, Tran Dinh Trung, Doan Ngoc Dinh, Nguyen Thien Luan, Nguyen Tien Huy and Kenji Hirayama
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:172
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Human dirofilariasis is a zoonotic infection that continues to spread to previously unaffected areas of Europe. In the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic (CR), imported as well as autochthonous canine...

    Authors: Jana Matějů, Marta Chanová, David Modrý, Barbora Mitková, Kristýna Hrazdilová, Víta Žampachová and Libuše Kolářová
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:171
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  30. The increase in antimicrobial-resistant infections has led to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The impact of antimicrobial resistance is greatest on low-income countries, which face the ...

    Authors: Suparna Sharma, Clive Bowman, Bibi Alladin-Karan and Narendra Singh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:170
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Presenting to care with advanced HIV is common in sub-Saharan Africa and increases the risk of severe disease and death; however, it remains unclear whether this is a consequence of late diagnosis or a delay i...

    Authors: Mia Liisa van der Kop, Lehana Thabane, Patricia Opondo Awiti, Samuel Muhula, Lennie Bazira Kyomuhangi, Richard Todd Lester and Anna Mia Ekström
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:169
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. However, no effective vaccine is yet available. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers can reduce protein degradation and...

    Authors: Nian-Zhang Zhang, Ying Xu, Meng Wang, Jia Chen, Si-Yang Huang, Qi Gao and Xing-Quan Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:168
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The rising level of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is one of the most significant public health problems globally. While the antibiotic resistance of clinically important bacteria is closel...

    Authors: Tomasz A. Leski, Chris R. Taitt, Umaru Bangura, Michael G. Stockelman, Rashid Ansumana, William H. Cooper III, David A. Stenger and Gary J. Vora
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:167
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Early review of antimicrobial prescribing decisions within 48 h is recommended to reduce the overall use of unnecessary antibiotics, and in particular the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. When parenteral ant...

    Authors: Laura J. Shallcross, Nick Freemantle, Shasta Nisar and Daniel Ray
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:166
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. In a previous study of a Q fever outbreak in Birmingham, our group identified a non-infective complex of Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) antigens able to survive in the host and provoked aberrant humoral and cell-mediat...

    Authors: Olga A. Sukocheva, Jim Manavis, Tuck-Weng Kok, Mark Turra, Angelo Izzo, Peter Blumbergs and Barrie P. Marmion
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:165
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  36. Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is one of the most common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Intravitreal ganciclovir injection has been used successfully but no standard regimen was es...

    Authors: Pitipol Choopong, Kamolporn Vivittaworn, Duanphen Konlakij, Somanus Thoongsuwan, Auengporn Pituksung and Nattaporn Tesavibul
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:164
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The purpose of this study was to explore molecular epidemiology of HCV genotype 3a in Peshawar based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Core region of HCV genome.

    Authors: Amina Gul, Nabeela Zahid, Jawad Ahmed, Fazli Zahir, Imtiaz Ali Khan and Ijaz Ali
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:163
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Chlamydia trachomatis infections remain the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. To gain more insight into the epidemiology and transmission of C. trachomati...

    Authors: Bart Versteeg, Sylvia M. Bruisten, Arie van der Ende and Yvonne Pannekoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:162
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, a tertiary level hospital in Beijing, China.

    Authors: Yaowen Zhang, Jing Zhang, Dong Wei, Zhirong Yang, Yanyan Wang and Zhiyuan Yao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:161
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is a mild encephalopathy caused by various pathological processes, but encephalopathy due to bacteria is rare.

    Authors: Koki Kosami, Tsuneaki Kenzaka, Yuka Sagara, Kensuke Minami and Masami Matsumura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:160
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  41. Systemic antibiotics vary widely in in vitro activity against Clostridium difficile. Some agents with activity against C. difficile (e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam) inhibit establishment of colonization in mice. W...

    Authors: Sirisha Kundrapu, Venkata C. K. Sunkesula, Lucy A. Jury, Jennifer L. Cadnum, Michelle M. Nerandzic, Jackson S. Musuuza, Ajay K. Sethi and Curtis J. Donskey
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:159
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Influenza is a common infection among travelers, and attack rates are well documented in short-term travelers and holiday makers. Little data exists on long-term, non-expatriate travelers.

    Authors: Jane Whelan, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan, Anneke van den Hoek, Sanne-Meike Belderok and Gerard J. B. Sonder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:158
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in humans and animals throughout Libya. Current diagnosis is based on detection of Toxoplasma-specific IgM and IgG. In this study, we establi...

    Authors: Aisha Gashout, Ahmad Amro, Mabruk Erhuma, Hamida Al-Dwibe, Eanas Elmaihub, Hamouda Babba, Nabil Nattah and Abdalhafid Abudher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:157
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients with neurogenic bladder is a major problem but its management is not well known. We studied the relationship between antibiotic regimen use and the cure rate of tho...

    Authors: Aurélien Dinh, Adnène Toumi, Constance Blanc, Alexis Descatha, Frédérique Bouchand, Jérôme Salomon, Thomas Hanslik, Benjamin Bernuz, Pierre Denys and Louis Bernard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:156
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Determining whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a true causative pathogen or reflective of colonization when MRSA is cultured from the respiratory tract remains important in treating pat...

    Authors: Toshinori Kawanami, Kazuhiro Yatera, Kei Yamasaki, Shingo Noguchi, Kazumasa Fukuda, Kentarou Akata, Keisuke Naito, Takashi Kido, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Hatsumi Taniguchi and Hiroshi Mukae
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:155
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Recent emergence of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum has posed a serious hindrance to the elimination of malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Parasite clearance time, a measure of change in peripheral para...

    Authors: Eugenia Lo, Jennifer Nguyen, Winny Oo, Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder, Guofa Zhou, Zhaoqing Yang, Liwang Cui and Guiyun Yan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:154
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. HPV is a major cancer-causing factor in both sexes in the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis, oropharynx as well as the causal factor in other diseases such as genital warts and recurrent respiratory papilloma...

    Authors: L. Boiron, E. Joura, N. Largeron, B. Prager and M. Uhart
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:153
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Despite high morbidity and mortality, the laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections is largely neglected in tropical African settings. This study aims to apply the Luminex multiplex PCR assay for the...

    Authors: Daniel Eibach, Ralf Krumkamp, Andreas Hahn, Nimako Sarpong, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Amelie Leva, Julia Käsmaier, Marcus Panning, Jürgen May and Egbert Tannich
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:150
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are leading causes of childhood pneumonia and meningitis and are major contributors to worldwide mortality in children ...

    Authors: Jiayu Hu, Xiaodong Sun, Zhuoying Huang, Abram L. Wagner, Bradley Carlson, Jianping Yang, Suwen Tang, Yunyi Li, Matthew L. Boulton and Zhengan Yuan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:149
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Trichosporon species are ubiquitously spread and known to be part of the normal human flora of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Trichosporon spp. normally cause superficial infecti...

    Authors: Claudy Oliveira dos Santos, Jan G. Zijlstra, Robert J. Porte, Greetje A. Kampinga, Anne D. van Diepeningen, Bhanu Sinha and Erik Bathoorn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:148
    Content type: Case report Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:279

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