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  1. Seasonally prevalent H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses have evolved by antigenic drift; this evolution has resulted in the acquisition of asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation sites (NGSs) in the globular head o...

    Authors: Hiroshi Ushirogawa, Tadasuke Naito, Hirotoshi Tokunaga, Toshihiro Tanaka, Takashi Nakano, Kihei Terada, Masanobu Ohuchi and Mineki Saito
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:380
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents potentially associated with adverse metabolic profiles are commonly used in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)-relat...

    Authors: Chanelle M. Diaz, Eddy R. Segura, Paula M. Luz, Jesse L. Clark, Sayonara R. Ribeiro, Raquel De Boni, Leonardo Eksterman, Rodrigo Moreira, Judith S. Currier, Valdiléa G. Veloso, Beatriz Grinsztejn and Jordan E. Lake
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:376
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The treatment options for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR Acb) complex are limited, and the optimal treatment has not been established.

    Authors: Jung-Jr Ye, Huang-Shen Lin, Chun-Fu Yeh, Yen-Mu Wu, Po-Yen Huang, Chien-Chang Yang, Ching-Tai Huang and Ming-Hsun Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:374
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Clinicians frequently prescribe antibiotics inappropriately for acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Our objective was to test information technology-enabled behavioral interventions to reduce inappropriate an...

    Authors: Stephen D. Persell, Jason N. Doctor, Mark W. Friedberg, Daniella Meeker, Elisha Friesema, Andrew Cooper, Ajay Haryani, Dyanna L. Gregory, Craig R. Fox, Noah J. Goldstein and Jeffrey A. Linder
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:373
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Breakthrough viridans streptococcal bacteremia (VSB) in patients with hematological malignancy receiving levofloxacin prophylaxis is a major blood stream infection (BSI) occurring during febrile neutropenia. H...

    Authors: Muneyoshi Kimura, Hideki Araoka, Atsushi Yoshida, Hisashi Yamamoto, Masahiro Abe, Yuki Okamoto, Mitsuhiro Yuasa, Daisuke Kaji, Kosei Kageyama, Aya Nishida, Kazuya Ishiwata, Shinsuke Takagi, Go Yamamoto, Yuki Asano-Mori, Naoyuki Uchida, Akira Hishinuma…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:372
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. In the context of advanced immunosuppression, M. tuberculosis is known to cause detectable mycobacteremia. However, little is known about the intra-patient mycobacterial microevolution and the direction of seedin...

    Authors: Willy Ssengooba, Bouke C. de Jong, Moses L. Joloba, Frank G. Cobelens and Conor J. Meehan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:371
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The World Health Organization estimates that about 3.5 billion people worldwide are affected by intestinal parasitic infections. Reports have already emphasized the role of immigrants in outbreaks of parasitic...

    Authors: Marawan A. Abu-Madi, Jerzy M. Behnke, Sonia Boughattas, Asma Al-Thani and Sanjay H. Doiphode
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:370
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco use are two major alarming global health issues that tend to be co-prevalent in many developing countries and various surveys have provided evidence on their entangled association...

    Authors: Mahshid Aryanpur, Mostafa Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Masjedi, Esmaeil Mortaz, Payam Tabarsi, Hamid Soori, Habib Emami, Gholamreza Heidari, Mehdi Kazempour Dizagie and Masoud Baikpour
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:369
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is known to cause inflammation and lung tissue damage in high-risk populations. Nevertheless, direct associations between mycobacterial loads, systemic inflammation and pulmon...

    Authors: Eliene D. D. Mesquita, Leonardo Gil-Santana, Daniela Ramalho, Elise Tonomura, Elisangela C. Silva, Martha M. Oliveira, Bruno B. Andrade and Afrânio Kritski
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:368
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Incidence, manifestations and case-fatality rate (CFR) of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) vary with age and comorbidities. New vaccines, changing age distribution, prolonged survival among immunocompromise...

    Authors: Erik Backhaus, Stefan Berg, Rune Andersson, Gunilla Ockborn, Petter Malmström, Mats Dahl, Salmir Nasic and Birger Trollfors
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:367
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Real-time PCR (qPCR) based methods, such as the Xpert MTB/RIF, are increasingly being used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB). While qualitative methods are adequate for diagnosis, the therapeutic monitoring of TB ...

    Authors: Alison S. Devonshire, Denise M. O’Sullivan, Isobella Honeyborne, Gerwyn Jones, Maria Karczmarczyk, Jernej Pavšič, Alice Gutteridge, Mojca Milavec, Pablo Mendoza, Heinz Schimmel, Fran Van Heuverswyn, Rebecca Gorton, Daniela Maria Cirillo, Emanuele Borroni, Kathryn Harris, Marinus Barnard…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:366
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health problem. While progress has been made to improve TB cure rates, South Africa’s 76 % smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) case cure rate remains below the WH...

    Authors: Mandla Mlotshwa, Natasha Abraham, Moira Beery, Seymour Williams, Sandra Smit, Margot Uys, Carl Reddy and Andrew Medina-Marino
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:365
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Genital herpes results in considerable morbidity, including risk of neonatal herpes, and is increasingly being caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 1. Possibly children are less often HSV-1 infected, leav...

    Authors: Petra J. Woestenberg, Jeroen H. T. Tjhie, Hester E. de Melker, Fiona R. M. van der Klis, Jan E. A. M van Bergen, Marianne A. B. van der Sande and Birgit H. B. van Benthem
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:364
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Cryptosporidium spp. is a ubiquitous parasite affecting humans as well as domestic and wild vertebrates, causing diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts worldwide....

    Authors: J. Brunet, J. P. Lemoine, B. Pesson, S. Valot, M. Sautour, F. Dalle, C. Muller, C. Borni-Duval, S. Caillard, B. Moulin, A. W. Pfaff, R. Razakandrainibe, A. Abou-Bacar, L. Favennec and E. Candolfi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:363
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  15. Treatment for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is lengthy, has severe side effects, and raises adherence challenges. In the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and Ministry of Health (MoH) programme in Ka...

    Authors: Shona Horter, Beverley Stringer, Jane Greig, Akhmet Amangeldiev, Mirzagaleb N. Tillashaikhov, Nargiza Parpieva, Zinaida Tigay and Philipp du Cros
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:362
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. On a global scale, nearly two billion persons are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. From this vast reservoir of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, a substantial number will develop active TB during th...

    Authors: Sonia Menon, Rodolfo Rossi, Leon Nshimyumukiza, Aibibula Wusiman, Natasha Zdraveska and Manal Shams Eldin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:361
    Content type: Review Published on:

  17. Cryotherapy is a local treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis with variable efficacy and greater safety than conventional treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryothe...

    Authors: Liliana López-Carvajal, Jaiberth Antonio Cardona-Arias, María Isabel Zapata-Cardona, Vanesa Sánchez-Giraldo and Iván Darío Vélez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:360
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. The faecal reservoir provides optimal conditions for the transmission of resistance genes within and between bacterial species. As key transmitters of infection within communities, children are likely importan...

    Authors: Ashley Bryce, Céire Costelloe, Claire Hawcroft, Mandy Wootton and Alastair D. Hay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:359
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. HIV is primarily transmitted by sexual intercourse and predominantly infects people in Third World countries. Here an important medical need is self-protection for women, particularly in societies where condom...

    Authors: Maike Voges, Carola Schneider, Malte Sinn, Jörg S. Hartig, Rudolph Reimer, Joachim Hauber and Karin Moelling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:358
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Early insights into the timing of the start, peak, and intensity of the influenza season could be useful in planning influenza prevention and control activities. To encourage development and innovation in infl...

    Authors: Matthew Biggerstaff, David Alper, Mark Dredze, Spencer Fox, Isaac Chun-Hai Fung, Kyle S. Hickmann, Bryan Lewis, Roni Rosenfeld, Jeffrey Shaman, Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Paola Velardi, Alessandro Vespignani and Lyn Finelli
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:357
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Both a computer order entry alert to highlight this association as well as antimicrobial stewardship direct...

    Authors: Christopher E. Kandel, Suzanne Gill, Janine McCready, John Matelski and Jeff E. Powis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:355
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Campylobacter infections have been associated with individual risk factors, such as the consumption of poultry and raw milk. Recently, a...

    Authors: Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein, Raul Cruz-Cano, Chengsheng Jiang, Amanda Palmer, David Blythe, Patricia Ryan, Brenna Hogan, Benjamin White, John R. Dunn, Tanya Libby, Melissa Tobin-D’Angelo, Jennifer Y. Huang, Suzanne McGuire, Karen Scherzinger, Mei-Ling Ting Lee and Amy R. Sapkota
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:354
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Globally, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoea has led to decreased treatment options for gonorrhoea. Continuous monitoring of resistance is crucial to determine evolving resistance t...

    Authors: Kauser Jabeen, Pushpa Bhawan Mal, Erum Khan, Saeeda Chandio, Susanne Jacobsson and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:353
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. HIV/AIDS continues to be a global health problem. With currently no cure, it is critical to get an effective vaccine to add to the arsenal of prevention and treatment tools. HIV Exposed Sero-Negative (HESN) in...

    Authors: Sophia Osawe, Evaezi Okpokoro, Ruth Datiri, Grace Choji, Felicia Okolo, Pam Datong and Alash’le Abimiku
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:352
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The principal goal of HAART is sustained viral load (VL) suppression resulting in immune reconstitution and improved HIV outcomes. We studied the factors associated with 10 years of continuous VL suppression o...

    Authors: Kathryn J. Bello, Octavio Mesner, Thomas A. O’Bryan, Seung Hyun Won, Tahaniyat Lalani, Anuradha Ganesan, Brian K. Agan and Jason F. Okulicz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:351
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Although the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) has become a widely accepted means for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the role of the IGRA in diagnosing active tuberculosis (ATB) among h...

    Authors: Zhen-yu Huo and Li Peng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:350
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America/The American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). However, the me...

    Authors: Nasia Safdar, Jackson S Musuuza, Anping Xie, Ann Schoofs Hundt, Matthew Hall, Kenneth Wood and Pascale Carayon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:349
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Acinetobacter species are associated with increasing mortality due to emerging drug-resistance. Pediatric Acinetobacter infections are largely undefined in developed countries and clin...

    Authors: Avish L. Jain, Christian M. Harding, Kaivon Assani, Chandra L. Shrestha, Mercedees Haga, Amy Leber, Robert S. Munson Jr. and Benjamin T. Kopp
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:346
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. There are few data regarding HCV treatment initiation among HIV/HCV coinfected patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the changing patterns of HCV coinfection and HCV treatment initiation over ti...

    Authors: Laurent Cotte, Pascal Pugliese, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Lise Cuzin, Eric Billaud, Claudine Duvivier, Alissa Naqvi, Antoine Cheret, David Rey, Pierre Pradat and Isabelle Poizot-Martin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:345
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The presence of IgG and IgM against Tat, an HIV protein important for viral replication and immune dysfunction, is associated with slow disease progression in clade B HIV-infected individuals. However, althoug...

    Authors: Francesco Nicoli, Mkunde Chachage, Petra Clowes, Asli Bauer, Dickens Kowour, Barbara Ensoli, Aurelio Cafaro, Leonard Maboko, Michael Hoelscher, Riccardo Gavioli, Elmar Saathoff and Christof Geldmacher
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:344
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Leptospirosis is a water-borne and widespread spirochetal zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires. Human leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infectious disease with frequent outbreaks in r...

    Authors: Jian Zhao, Jishan Liao, Xu Huang, Jing Zhao, Yeping Wang, Jinghuan Ren, Xiaoye Wang and Fan Ding
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:343
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. BK virus is a polyoma virus causing renal allograft nephropathy. Reduction of immunosuppression with the early recognition of significant BK viral loads in urine and plasma can effectively prevent BKV associat...

    Authors: Peter Boan, Christopher Hewison, Ramyasuda Swaminathan, Ashley Irish, Kevin Warr, Rajalingam Sinniah, Todd M. Pryce and James Flexman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:342
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Studies measuring contact networks have helped to improve our understanding of infectious disease transmission. However, several methodological issues are still unresolved, such as which method of contact meas...

    Authors: Timo Smieszek, Stefanie Castell, Alain Barrat, Ciro Cattuto, Peter J. White and Gérard Krause
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:341
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. High HIV incidence has been detected among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Thailand, but the relationship and timing of HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis is unknown. This analysis measures i...

    Authors: Warunee Thienkrua, Catherine S. Todd, Wannee Chonwattana, Wipas Wimonsate, Supaporn Chaikummao, Anchalee Varangrat, Anupong Chitwarakorn, Frits van Griensven and Timothy H. Holtz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:340
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of both hospital and community infections globally. It’s important to illuminate the differences between community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and h...

    Authors: Xiaoying Xie, Yunwen Bao, Nengyong Ouyang, Xinlu Dai, Kunyi Pan, Baiji Chen, Yawen Deng, Xiquan Wu, Fengqin Xu, Hongyu Li and Songyin Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:339
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. The role of microbial colonization in disease is complex. Novel molecular tools to detect colonization offer theoretical improvements over traditional methods. We evaluated PCR/Electrospray Ionization-Time-of-...

    Authors: Ryan Vetor, Clinton K. Murray, Katrin Mende, Rachel Melton-Kreft, Kevin S. Akers, Joseph Wenke, Tracy Spirk, Charles Guymon, Wendy Zera, Miriam L. Beckius, Elizabeth R. Schnaubelt, Garth Ehrlich and Todd J. Vento
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:338
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) is a potent host defense factor, which interferes with HIV-1 and HBV. Our study had three objectives, to screen a population of HIV...

    Authors: Tegwinde Rebeca Compaore, Birama Diarra, Maleki Assih, Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah, Serge Theophile Soubeiga, Abdoul Karim Ouattara, Damehan Tchelougou, Cyrille Bisseye, Didier Romuald Bakouan, Issaka Pierre Compaore, Augustine Dembele, Wendkuuni Florencia Djigma and Jacques Simpore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:336
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Although advances in HIV medicine have yielded increasingly better treatment outcomes in recent years, HIV-positive people with access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) still face complex health challenges. The ...

    Authors: Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Kamilla Grønborg Laut, Kelly Safreed-Harmon, Lars Peters, Margaret Johnson, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Irina Khromova, Linos Vandekerckhove, Katarzyna Maciejewska, Roxana Radoi, Anna Lisa Ridolfo and Amanda Mocroft
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:335
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. We characterized the twin epidemics of new and prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in British Columbia, Canada to inform prevention, care and treatment programs.

    Authors: Naveed Zafar Janjua, Amanda Yu, Margot Kuo, Maria Alvarez, Darrel Cook, Jason Wong, Mark W. Tyndall and Mel Krajden
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:334
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Over the last two decades, many epidemiological studies were performed to describe risks and clinical presentations of melioidosis in endemic countries.

    Authors: AbdelRahman Zueter, Chan Yean Yean, Mahmoud Abumarzouq, Zaidah Abdul Rahman, Zakuan Z. Deris and Azian Harun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:333
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The majority of cases of endophthalmitis are caused by exogenous pathogens; only 5–10 % are of endogenous origin. One cause of these rare cases of endogenous endophthalmitis is Listeria monocytogenes. Twenty-six ...

    Authors: Anna Bajor, Anke Luhr, Dorothee Brockmann, Sebastian Suerbaum, Carsten Framme and Ludwig Sedlacek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:332
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  46. The purported value of empirical therapy to cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been debated for decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inappropriate empirical ...

    Authors: Young Kyung Yoon, Dae Won Park, Jang Wook Sohn, Hyo Youl Kim, Yeon-Sook Kim, Chang-Seop Lee, Mi Suk Lee, Seong-Yeol Ryu, Hee-Chang Jang, Young Ju Choi, Cheol-In Kang, Hee Jung Choi, Seung Soon Lee, Shin Woo Kim, Sang Il Kim, Eu Suk Kim…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:331
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Few population-based data are available on mortality due to sepsis. The aim of the study was to estimate sepsis-related mortality rates and to assess the associated comorbidities.

    Authors: Ugo Fedeli, Pasquale Piccinni, Elena Schievano, Mario Saugo and Giampietro Pellizzer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:330
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen and is the most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases affecting both men and women. The pathogen can cause prostatitis and epididymitis in...

    Authors: Jekaterina Jevtuševskaja, Julia Uusna, Liis Andresen, Katrin Krõlov, Made Laanpere, Tiia Grellier, Indrek Tulp and Ülo Langel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:329
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. The annual number of international tourist arrivals has recently exceeded one billion, yet surprisingly few studies have characterized travelers’ behavior, illness, and risk factors in a prospective setting. P...

    Authors: Katri Vilkman, Sari H. Pakkanen, Tinja Lääveri, Heli Siikamäki and Anu Kantele
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16:328
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. A1 Introduction to the 2nd synchronicity forum of GHRI/CHVI-funded Canadian and African HIV prevention and vaccine teams

    Authors: Hillary Mukudu, Neil Martinson, Benn Sartorius, Jenny Coetzee, Janan Dietrich, Kgaugelo Mokgatswana, Rachel Jewkes, Glenda E. Gray, Marylène Dugas, Luc Béhanzin, Fernand A. Guédou, Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Michel Alary, Rwamahe Rutakumwa, Martin Mbonye, Thadeus Kiwanuka…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2016 16(Suppl 2):315
    Content type: Meeting abstracts Published on:

    This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 16 Supplement 2

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