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  1. Bacterial meningitis occurs worldwide but Africa remains the most affected continent, especially in the "Meningitis belt" that extends from Senegal to Ethiopia. Three main bacteria are responsible for causing ...

    Authors: Serge Mazamay, Jean-François Guégan, Neby Diallo, Didier Bompangue, Eric Bokabo, Jean-Jacques Muyembe, Nadège Taty, Tonton Paul Vita and Hélène Broutin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1027
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is associated with adverse prognoses of critically ill patients. However, the epidemiology and predictors of CMV reactivation in immunocompetent patients receiving mechanical...

    Authors: Zhihui Zhang, Xuesong Liu, Ling Sang, Sibei Chen, Zhan Wu, Jierong Zhang, Yining Sun, Yongbo Huang, Yonghao Xu, Weiqun He, Yimin Li and Xiaoqing Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1026
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. The immunoregulatory functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the development and progression of some chronic infectious diseases are mediated by immune checkpoint molecules and immunosuppressive cytokines. ...

    Authors: Hua-Li Sun, Xiu-Fang Du, Yun-Xia Tang, Guo-Qiang Li, Si-Yuan Yang, Ling-Hang Wang, Xing-Wang Li, Cheng-Jie Ma and Rong-Meng Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1025
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem is set as target in the new World Health Organization’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Roadmap for 2030. Due to a long history of interventions, th...

    Authors: Lydia Trippler, Jan Hattendorf, Said Mohammed Ali, Shaali Makame Ame, Saleh Juma, Fatma Kabole and Stefanie Knopp
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1024
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  5. Globally, tuberculosis disease (TB) is more common among males than females. Recent research proposes that differences in social mixing by sex could alter infection patterns in TB. We examine evidence for two ...

    Authors: Paige B. Miller, Sarah Zalwango, Ronald Galiwango, Robert Kakaire, Juliet Sekandi, Lauren Steinbaum, John M. Drake, Christopher C. Whalen and Noah Kiwanuka
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1023
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in HIV+ patients on different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens has been described. We aimed to characterize parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) and correlate with diff...

    Authors: Anderson José Gonçalves, Marcus Vinícius Almeida Braga, Pedro Henrique Santana, Luiz Antônio Pertilli Rodrigues Resende, Valdo José Dias da Silva and Dalmo Correia
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1022
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is thought to be more severe in cancer patients, but this has not been studied since the development of new cancer therapies, increasing antibiotic resistance and the intr...

    Authors: Nobuyoshi Mori, Ariel D. Szvalb, Javier A. Adachi, Jeffrey J. Tarrand and Victor E. Mulanovich
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1021
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Cryptococcosis is a major opportunistic invasive mycosis in immunocompromised patients, but it is also increasingly seen in immunocompetent patients. In the early stages of cryptococcosis, limitations of the d...

    Authors: Yanping Wang, Mi Yang, Yun Xia, Jia Yan, Jiaqi Zou and Dawei Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1020
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and their effectiveness in combination have not been clearly established. To determine whether using a com...

    Authors: Phuong Nguyen Thi Thu, Minh Ngo Thị Huong, Ngan Tran Thi, Hoi Nguyen Thanh and Khue Pham Minh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1019
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Preoperative aspiration culture and intraoperative cultures play pivotal roles in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) diagnosis and pathogen identification. But the discordance between preoperative aspiration...

    Authors: Hao Li, Chi Xu, LiBo Hao, Wei Chai, Fu Jun and Jiying Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1018
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Only three other cases of rat bite fever caused by Streptobacillus notomytis in humans have been reported since this species was identified in 2015. Data specific to the differences in clinical features and geogr...

    Authors: Suchada Pongsuttiyakorn, Witchuda Kamolvit, Sunee Limsrivanichakorn, Arissa Phothisirisakulwong and Walaiporn Wangchinda
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1017
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  12. Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormalities in AIDS patients usually associated with disease progression and poor clinical outcomes. Zidovudine (AZT), which is one of the nucleoside reverse transcripta...

    Authors: Zegeye Getaneh, Worku Wale, Belete Chanie, Etetetu Temesgen, Metadele Abebe, Melesse Walie and Mulualem Lemma
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1016
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. The morbidity of rifampicin/multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis (RR/MDR-TBM) has shown an increasing trend globally. Its mortality rate is significantly higher than that of non-rifampicin/multidrug-resi...

    Authors: Mu-Tong Fang, You-Feng Su, Hui-Ru An, Pei-Ze Zhang, Guo-Fang Deng, Hou-Ming Liu, Zhi Mao, Jian-Feng Zeng, Guobao Li, Qian-Ting Yang and Zhong-Yuan Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1015
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Convalescent plasma(CP) was utilized as potential therapy during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The study aimed at appraisal of CP transfusion safety and usefulness in COVID pneumonia.

    Authors: Tehmina Nafees Sonia Khan, Samina Naz Mukry, Shahtaj Masood, Lubna Meraj, Bikha Ram Devrajani, Javed Akram, Naveena Fatima, Sidra Maqsood, Ayesha Mahesar, Roomana Siddiqui, Sadia Ishaque, Muhammad Bilal Afzal, Sanam Mukhtar, Sara Ahmed, Arshi Naz and Tahir Sultan Shamsi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1014
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correspondence to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2022 22:567

  15. Rabies is a disease that still exists in developing countries and leads to more fatalities than other zoonotic diseases. Our study aimed to describe the profile of human exposures to animals over fifteen years...

    Authors: Cyrine Bennasrallah, Manel Ben Fredj, Moncef Mhamdi, Meriem Kacem, Wafa Dhouib, Imen Zemni, Hela Abroug and Asma Belguith Sriha
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1013
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The receptor of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, is more abundant in kidney than in lung tissue, suggesting that kidney might be another important target...

    Authors: Tingting Xia, Wenjing Zhang, Yu Xu, Bin Wang, Zhiquan Yuan, Na Wu, Ying Xiang, Chengying Li, Yifan Shan, Weijia Xie, Youhao Wang, Yao Zhang, Li Bai and Yafei Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1012
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Contact investigation, the systematic evaluation of individuals in close contact with an infectious tuberculosis (TB) patient, is a key active case-finding strategy for global TB control. Better estimates of t...

    Authors: Mariana Velleca, Mohsen Malekinejad, Cecily Miller, Lucia Abascal Miguel, Hailey Reeves, Philip Hopewell and Elizabeth Fair
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1011
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Intravenous drug abuse (IDA) is a known risk factor for infective endocarditis (IE) and is associated with frequent relapses, but its prognostic impact is still debated. The potential futility of surgery in th...

    Authors: Valentina Scheggi, Stefano Del Pace, Nicole Ceschia, Francesco Vanni, Irene Merilli, Edoardo Sottili, Leonardo Salcuni, Nicola Zoppetti, Bruno Alterini, Alfredo Cerillo, Niccolò Marchionni and Pier Luigi Stefàno
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1010
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Diseases such as COVID-19 are spread through social contact. Reducing social contacts is required to stop disease spread in pandemics for which vaccines have not yet been developed. However, existing data on s...

    Authors: Audrey M. Dorélien, Aparna Ramen, Isabella Swanson and Rachelle Hill
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1009
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern that requires transdisciplinary and bio-social approaches. Despite the continuous calls for a transdisciplinary understanding of this problem, t...

    Authors: Alena Kamenshchikova, Petra F. G. Wolffs, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, John Penders, Hyun Y. Park, Mateus S. Kambale and Klasien Horstman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1008
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  21. Retention of patients who did not initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been persistently low compared to those who initiated ART. Understanding the temporal trends in clinical outcomes prior to ART initia...

    Authors: P. Wekesa, A. McLigeyo, K. Owuor, J. Mwangi, L. Isavwa and A. Katana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1007
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Hematology analyzers display abnormal parameters during malaria infection providing insightful information for suspecting and assessing malaria infection. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the potential...

    Authors: Jun Nishimura, Parag Dharap and Sebastien Raimbault
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1006
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Visceral leshimaniasis is a parasitic disease characterized by systemic infection of phagocytic cells and an intense inflammatory response. The progression of the disease or treatment may have an effect on hem...

    Authors: Elias Shiferaw, Fadil Murad, Mitikie Tigabie, Mareye Abebaw, Tadele Alemu, Sefanit Abate, Rezika Mohammed, Arega Yeshanew and Fitsumbrhan Tajebe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1005
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Early identification of severe COVID-19 patients who will need intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up and providing rapid, aggressive supportive care may reduce mortality and provide optimal use of medical resour...

    Authors: Rahmet Guner, Bircan Kayaaslan, Imran Hasanoglu, Adalet Aypak, Hurrem Bodur, Ihsan Ates, Esragul Akinci, Deniz Erdem, Fatma Eser, Seval Izdes, Ayse Kaya Kalem, Aliye Bastug, Aysegul Karalezli, Aziz Ahmet Surel, Muge Ayhan, Selma Karaahmetoglu…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1004
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes community-acquired pneumonia in school-age children. Macrolides are considered a first-line treatment for M. pneumoniae infection in children, but macrolide-...

    Authors: Jong Gyun Ahn, Hye-Kyung Cho, Donghe Li, Miyoung Choi, Jina Lee, Byung-Wook Eun, Dae Sun Jo, Su Eun Park, Eun Hwa Choi, Hyeon-Jong Yang and Ki Hwan Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1003
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Through the comparison of the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of hospital human influenza (influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, H3N2, and B)-related and hospitalized avian-origin influenza A (H...

    Authors: Bin Fu, Zhengjie Wu, Lingtong Huang, Zhaohui Chai, Peidong Zheng, Qinmiao Sun, Silan Gu, Qiaomai Xu, Haiting Feng and Lingling Tang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1002
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. As the transmission routes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are similar, previous studies based on separate research on HIV-1 and HCV assumed a similar transmission pa...

    Authors: Yu Wang, Xin Chen, Mei Ye, Wei Pang, Chiyu Zhang, Si-Dong Xiong and Yong-Tang Zheng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1001
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Infections caused by Enterococcus hirae are common in animals, with instances of transmission to humans being rare. Further, few cases have been reported in humans because of the difficulty in identifying the bac...

    Authors: Tomoaki Nakamura, Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Takahiro Matsuo, Fujimi Kawai, Yuki Uehara and Nobuyoshi Mori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:999
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  30. Actinomyces odontolyticus is not commonly recognized as a causative microbe of liver abscess. The detection and identification of A. odontolyticus in laboratories and its recognition as a pathogen in clinical set...

    Authors: Shao-Lun Hsu, Chin-Ting Wu, Yuan-Chen Chang, Chia-Kwung Fan and Yuarn-Jang Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:998
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  31. Nonrandom multiple respiratory virus (RV) detection provides evidence for viral interference among respiratory viruses. However, little is known as to whether it occurs randomly.

    Authors: Yu-Mi Lee, Tark Kim, Ki-Ho Park, Seong-Ho Choi, Yee Gyung Kwak, Eun Ju Choo, Jin-Won Chung and Mi Suk Lee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:997
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Meningitis retention syndrome (MRS) is a rare condition that presents with acute urinary retention as a complication of aseptic meningitis. Cases of MRS due to varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection without a ...

    Authors: Tsuneaki Kenzaka, Ken Goda and Ayako Kumabe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:996
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  33. Mycetoma is the most common neglected disease in humans. It is a chronic, progressive, and destructive disease primarily caused by fungi or bacteria characterized by formation of dark pale grains commonly invo...

    Authors: Ammar Awad, Adnan Alnaser, Hozifa Abd-elmaged, Reyad Abdallah and Hussam S. Khougali
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:995
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  34. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) still represents a crucial concern in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) and the use of antiviral therapy are limited by side effects and the selection of viral mutations co...

    Authors: Stefania Paolucci, Giulia Campanini, Irene Cassaniti, Alessandra Tebaldi, Federica Novazzi, Alice Fratini, Antonella Meini, Federica Girelli, Laura Palumbo, Alessandro Plebani and Fausto Baldanti
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:994
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  36. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is re-emerging in different parts of the world. This infection can be transmitted during pregnancy, causing neonatal syphilis. The objective of this study was ...

    Authors: Santa García-Cisneros, Antonia Herrera-Ortiz, Maria Olamendi-Portugal and Miguel Angel Sánchez-Alemán
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:992
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. There have been reports that long-term SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and r...

    Authors: Xiaobin Zao, Yang Zhou, Yijun Liang, Xu Cao, Hening Chen, Xiaoke Li and Yong’an Ye
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:991
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  38. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of prescribing antibiotics in family medicine. In Germany, about 40% of UTI-related prescriptions are second-line antibiotics, which contributes to emerging r...

    Authors: Ildikó Gágyor, Alexandra Greser, Peter Heuschmann, Viktoria Rücker, Andy Maun, Jutta Bleidorn, Christoph Heintze, Felix Jede, Tim Eckmanns, Anja Klingeberg, Anja Mentzel and Guido Schmiemann
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:990
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  39. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most contagious infectious diseases worldwide. Currently, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates are considered as one of the main challenges in the global TB con...

    Authors: Masoud Keikha and Mohsen Karbalaei
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:989
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Authors: Damien K. Ming, Ashleigh C. Myall, Bernard Hernandez, Andrea Y. Weiße, Robert L. Peach, Mauricio Barahona, Timothy M. Rawson and Alison H. Holmes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:988
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:932

  41. We conducted a distributed lag non-linear time series analysis to quantify the association between air pollution and scarlet fever in Qingdao city during 2014–2018.

    Authors: Fachun Jiang, Tao Wei, Xiaowen Hu, Yalin Han, Jing Jia, Bei Pan and Wei Ni
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:987
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. While southern Africa experiences among the highest mortality rates from respiratory infections, the burden of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in rural areas is poorly understood.

    Authors: Gideon Loevinsohn, Mutinta Hamahuwa, Pamela Sinywimaanzi, Katherine Z. J. Fenstermacher, Kathryn Shaw-Saliba, Andrew Pekosz, Mwaka Monze, Richard E. Rothman, Edgar Simulundu, Philip E. Thuma and Catherine G. Sutcliffe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:986
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Endemic to the hospital environment, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading bacterial pathogen that causes deadly infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. In past viral pandemics, it has been the p...

    Authors: Jenna R. Adalbert, Karan Varshney, Rachel Tobin and Rafael Pajaro
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:985
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Previous studies reported worsened lipid profiles in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) during direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sofosbuvir (S...

    Authors: Ying-Wen Wang, Wei-Ping Lee, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Ming-Chih Hou and Keng-Hsin Lan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:984
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. The inappropriate use of antimicrobials for acute infectious diarrhea is widespread and leads to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. To improve the use of antimicrobials, it is first necessary to understa...

    Authors: Akane Ono, Kensuke Aoyagi, Yuichi Muraki, Yusuke Asai, Shinya Tsuzuki, Ryuji Koizumi, Toshiaki Azuma, Yoshiki Kusama and Norio Ohmagari
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:983
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Studies show men who have sex with men (MSM) practising receptive anal sex are more likely to present with secondary syphilis, suggesting anorectal primary lesions are being missed. Regular anal self-examinati...

    Authors: Ei T. Aung, Christopher K. Fairley, Jason J. Ong, Jade E. Bilardi, Marcus Y. Chen, Eric P. F. Chow and Tiffany R. Phillips
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:982
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Retention of pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants in HIV care still remains low in Uganda. Recent literature has shown that the effects of COVID-19 mitigation measures may increase disease burden...

    Authors: Sylivia Nalubega, Joshua Kyenkya, Irene Bagaya, Sylvia Nabukenya, Nelson Ssewankambo, Damalie Nakanjako and Agnes N. Kiragga
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:980
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) using smear microscopy has been based on testing two specimens: one spot and one early morning sputa. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended to replace...

    Authors: Faridath Massou, Merlin Fandohan, Ablo Prudence Wachinou, Schadrac Christin Agbla, Gildas Agodokpessi, Leen Rigouts, Bouke Catherine de Jong and Dissou Affolabi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:979
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Dengue fever is a common mosquito borne viral infection. Severe dengue fever associated severe hepatitis carries high mortality. Based on the beneficial effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in paracetamol poisonin...

    Authors: D. M. D. I. B. Dissanayake, W. M. S. N. Gunaratne, K. W. M. P. P. Kumarihamy, S. A. M. Kularatne and P. V. R. Kumarasiri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:978
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. South Africa has not achieved the 90–90–90 goals, in part due to low rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among those aware of their HIV status. Perceived risk of HIV at the time of testing may aff...

    Authors: Sabina M. Govere, Sean Galagan, Boikhutso Tlou, Tivani Mashamba-Thompson, Ingrid V. Bassett and Paul K. Drain
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:976
    Content type: Research Published on:

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BMC Infectious Diseases

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