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  1. While Ureaplasma parvum has previously been linked to the incidence of chorioamnionitis, abortion, premature birth, and perinatal complications, there have only been rare reports of invasive infections of the cen...

    Authors: Na Xing, Zhenxiang Zhao, Qingjing Li, Yalan Dong, Jianfeng Li and Shuping Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1276
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  2. To investigate the association of primary acute cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) with COVID-19 vaccination through complete ascertainment of all diagnosed CVT in the population of Scotland.

    Authors: Paul M. McKeigue, Raj Burgul, Jen Bishop, Chris Robertson, Jim McMenamin, Maureen O’Leary, David A. McAllister and Helen M. Colhoun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1275
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The development of novel malaria vaccines and antimalarial drugs is limited partly by emerging challenges to conduct field trials in malaria endemic areas, including unknown effects of existing immunity and a ...

    Authors: Workineh Shibeshi, Wilhelmina Bagchus, Özkan Yalkinoglu, Aliona Tappert, Ephrem Engidawork and Claude Oeuvray
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1274
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The manifestations and prognoses of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) with different precipitating events remain heterogeneous. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of patients with he...

    Authors: Jing Liang, Lei Liu, Yingying Cao, Qian Zhang, Fang Liu, Yu Chen, Hua Liu, Zhongping Duan, Manman Xu, Shaojie Xin, Shaoli You, Fangjiao Song, Jun Li and Tao Han
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1273
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Despite it being a global pandemic, there is little research examining the clinical features of severe COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to identify predictors of mortality in COVID-19 patients a...

    Authors: Yannick Nlandu, Danny Mafuta, Junior Sakaji, Melinda Brecknell, Yannick Engole, Jessy Abatha, Jean-Robert Nkumu, Aliocha Nkodila, Marie-France Mboliassa, Olivier Tuyinama, Dauphin Bena, Yves Mboloko, Patrick Kobo, Patrick Boloko, Joseph Tshangu, Philippe Azika…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1272
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The long-term functional outcome of discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unresolved. We aimed to describe a 6-month follow-up of functional status of COVID-19 survivors.

    Authors: Hou-wei Du, Shuang-fang Fang, Sang-ru Wu, Xiao-ling Chen, Jun-nian Chen, Yi-xian Zhang, Hua-yao Huang, Han-han Lei, Rong-hua Chen, Xiao-bin Pan, Xiao-qing Li, Pin-cang Xia, Zhen-yang Zheng, Ling-Luo, Hai-long Lin, Li-min Chen…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1271
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Foodborne botulism, a toxin-mediated illness caused by Clostridium botulinum, is a public health emergency. Types A, B, and E C. botulinum toxins commonly cause human disease. Outbreaks are often associated with ...

    Authors: Tigist Bacha, Ermias Abebaw, Ayalew Moges, Amsalu Bekele, Afework Tamiru, Ishmael Shemsedin, Dawd S. Siraj, Daddi Jima and Wondwossen Amogne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1270
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  8. Little is known about risk factors for early (e.g., erythema migrans) and disseminated Lyme disease manifestations, such as arthritis, neurological complications, and carditis. No study has used both diagnoses...

    Authors: Katherine A. Moon, Jonathan S. Pollak, Melissa N. Poulsen, Christopher D. Heaney, Annemarie G. Hirsch and Brian S. Schwartz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1269
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Bacterial enterocolitis is one of the most common neutropenic fever complications during intensive chemotherapy. Despite aggressive antibacterial treatments, this complication usually imposes high morbidity an...

    Authors: Ali Amanati, Omid Reza Zekavat, Hamidreza Foroutan, Omidreza Azh, Ali Tadayon, Ahmad Monabati, Mohammad Hossein Anbardar and Haleh Bozorgi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1268
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. There is poor viral load monitoring (VLM) and inadequate management of virological failure in HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This could be contributing...

    Authors: Collins Iwuji, Meg Osler, Lusanda Mazibuko, Natalia Hounsome, Nothando Ngwenya, Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche, Thandeka Khoza, Dickman Gareta, Henry Sunpath, Andrew Boulle and Kobus Herbst
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1266
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  12. The Tuberculosis (TB) burden in Peru is significant with respect to both disease morbidity and mortality. Furthermore the recent diversification of farming enterprise to include a wide range of animal species ...

    Authors: Amber Shrestha, Janeth Picoy, Arturo Torres, David A. Moore, Robert H. Gilman, Jorge Coronel and Louis Grandjean
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1265
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  13. From May 2020 to January 2021, we enrolled 1233 health care workers (HCW) from Danish Hospitals in a randomized trial evaluating whether Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) provides protection against COVID-19. Part...

    Authors: Libin Mohamed, Anne Marie Rosendahl Madsen, Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer, Anne Ostenfeld, Mihai G. Netea, Christine Stabell Benn and Poul-Erik Kofoed
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1264
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  14. Antimicrobial stewardship programs promote the appropriate use of antimicrobial substances through the implementation of evidence-based, active and passive interventions. We analyzed the effect of a computer-a...

    Authors: Lionel Chok, Katharina Kusejko, Nadia Eberhard, Sandra E. Chaudron, Dirk Saleschus, Claudine Kocher, Roger D. Kouyos, Rainer Weber and Stefan P. Kuster
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1263
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Given the characteristics of SARS-CoV2 with regard to transmission before the onset of symptoms and varying manifestation indices according to age, isolation and quarantine have limited efficacy in the current...

    Authors: Josef A. I. Weigl, Anna-Katharina Feddersen and Mona Stern
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1262
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Cholera outbreaks in western Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are thought to be primarily the result of westward spread of cases from the Great Lakes Region. However, other patterns of spatial spread in ...

    Authors: Harry César Ntumba Kayembe, Catherine Linard, Didier Bompangue, Jérémie Muwonga, Michel Moutschen, Hippolyte Situakibanza and Pierre Ozer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1261
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal trend of tuberculosis cases according to sex and age group and evidence the level of disease before the Covid-19 pandemic in a TB high endemic city.

    Authors: Hamilton Leandro Pinto de Andrade, Dulce Gomes, Antônio Carlos Vieira Ramos, Luiz Henrique Arroyo, Marcelino Santos-Neto, Pedro Fredemir Palha, Regina Célia Fiorati, Inês Fronteira, Aline Aparecida Monroe, Márcio Souza dos Santos, Miguel Fuentealba-Torres, Mellina Yamamura, Juliane de Almeida Crispim and Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1260
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Infections of Plasmodium species, Schistosoma species and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) inflict a significant burden on children mostly in deprived communities in Ghana. Despite the deployment of malaria vecto...

    Authors: G. Akosah-Brempong, S. K. Attah, I. A. Hinne, A. Abdulai, K. Addo-Osafo, E. L. Appiah, M.-M. Osei and Y. A. Afrane
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1259
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Of the existing sepsis markers, immature granulocytes (IG) most frequently reflect the presence of an infection. The importance of IG as an early predictor of sepsis and bacteremia is evaluated differently for...

    Authors: Kibum Jeon, Nuri Lee, Seri Jeong, Min-Jeong Park and Wonkeun Song
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1258
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis on the metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the etiological diagnosis of septic patients, and further to establish optimal read values for dete...

    Authors: Di Ren, Chao Ren, Renqi Yao, Lin Zhang, Xiaomin Liang, Guiyun Li, Jiaze Wang, Xinke Meng, Jia Liu, Yu Ye, Haoli Li, Sha Wen, Yanhong Chen, Dan Zhou, Xisi He, Xiaohong Li…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1257
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Since the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Ghana in 2005 there has been a surveillance system by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and the University of Ghana Noguchi ...

    Authors: Benjamin Abuaku, Nancy Odurowah Duah-Quashie, Neils Quashie, Akosua Gyasi, Patricia Opoku Afriyie, Felicia Owusu-Antwi, Anita Ghansah, Keziah Laurencia Malm, Constance Bart-Plange and Kwadwo Ansah Koram
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1255
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) could have profound effects on quality of life, primary care workload, antibiotic prescribing and stewardship. We aimed to identify factors that increase and decr...

    Authors: Ashley Hammond, Alice Halliday, Hannah V. Thornton and Alastair D. Hay
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1254
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Ochrobactrum spp. are non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacilli that are regarded as emerging human pathogens of low virulence that can cause infections. The first identified case of Ochrobactrum intermedium was rep...

    Authors: Wenjing Wu, Yongmei Jiang, Wei Zhou, Xingxin Liu and Linghan Kuang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1252
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  26. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, acute and fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by infection with Naegleria fowleri (Heggie, in Travel Med Infect Dis 8:201–6, 2010). Presently, t...

    Authors: Shiqin Huang, Xiu’an Liang, Yunli Han, Yanyan Zhang, Xinhui Li and Zhiyong Yang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1251
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. Bacterial infective endocarditis caused by Proteus mirabilis is rare and there are few cases in the literature. The natural history and treatment of this disease is not as clear but presumed to be associated with...

    Authors: Lindsay G. Grossman, Joseph M. Sharkey, David S. Grossman, Alan Hartman, Mina Makaryus and Kaushal B. Shah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1250
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  28. Infection with measles virus (MeV) causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. Only few studies reported a duration of immunosuppression, with varying results. We invest...

    Authors: Nhat Thanh Hoang Le, Nhan Thi Ho, Bryan Grenfell, Stephen Baker and Ronald B. Geskus
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1249
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. While the overall burden of malaria is still high, the global technical strategy for malaria advocates for two sets of interventions: vector control-based prevention and diagnosis and prompt effective treatmen...

    Authors: Khalid Abdelmutalab Elmardi, Ishag Adam, Elfatih Mohammed Malik, Hmooda Toto Kafy, Mogahid Sheikheldien Abdin, Immo Kleinschmidt and Stef Kremers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1248
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a severe skin complication caused by human simplex virus (HSV) infection concomitant with immune dysfunction and dermatological conditions, mainly atopic dermatitis. We present the fi...

    Authors: Kiichiro Furuya, Yuki Takemoto, Hiroki Kurahashi, Harue Hayashida, Sho Fujiwara, Saya Yamashita, Yangsil Chang, Hiroaki Tsubouchi, Kayoko Shikado and Kazuhide Ogita
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1247
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  31. Cross-border malaria in Laiza City of Myanmar seriously affected Yingjiang County of China and compromised reaching the goal of malaria elimination by 2020. Since 2017, a pilot project on 3 + 1 strategy of joi...

    Authors: Zu-rui Lin, Shi-gang Li, Xiao-dong Sun, Xiang-rui Guo, Zhi Zheng, Jie Yang, Hong-ru Pian, Peng Tian, Qi-yan Chen, Xiao-ying Sun, Chun-li Ding, Kai-xia Duan, Hong-wei Chen, Dakhidam Yaw Bee and Hong-ning Zhou
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1246
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Patients with primary brain abscess often present with atypical symptoms, and the outcome varies. We investigated the demographic, laboratory, and neuroimaging features of patients with brain abscess at our ho...

    Authors: Junying Huang, Haining Wu, Honghong Huang, Weiqi Wu, Bowen Wu and Lingxing Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1245
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. The four-component serogroup B meningococcal 4CMenB vaccine (Bexsero, GSK) has been routinely given to all infants in the United Kingdom at 2, 4 and 12 months of age since September 2015. After 3 years, Public He...

    Authors: Lorenzo Argante, Victoria Abbing-Karahagopian, Kumaran Vadivelu, Rino Rappuoli and Duccio Medini
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1244
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Higher incidence of and risk of hospitalisation and death from Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2009 pandemic was reported in ethnic minority groups in many high-income settings including in the United Kingdo...

    Authors: James D. Munday, Richard Pebody, Katherine E. Atkins and Albert Jan van Hoek
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1243
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Toxocariasis is a helminthic infection caused by a nematode that mainly affects populations in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Humans are potential paratenic hosts, and clinical disease occurs as a result ...

    Authors: Manuel Gomez Serrano, Rafael Jimenez Rodriguez-Madridejos, Salome Merino Menendez, Diana Maria Hernanperez Hidalgo, Jesus Gimeno Hernández and Maria Cruz Iglesias Moreno
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1242
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  36. Living conditions in homeless shelters facilitate the transmission of COVID-19. Social determinants and pre-existing health conditions place homeless people at increased risk of severe disease. Described outbr...

    Authors: Andreas K. Lindner, Navina Sarma, Luise Marie Rust, Theresa Hellmund, Svetlana Krasovski-Nikiforovs, Mia Wintel, Sarah M. Klaes, Merle Hoerig, Sophia Monert, Rolf Schwarzer, Anke Edelmann, Gabriela Equihua Martinez, Frank P. Mockenhaupt, Tobias Kurth and Joachim Seybold
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1241
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Clarification of the risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity is strongly warranted for global health. Recent studies have indicated that elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with ...

    Authors: Hiroaki Ogata, Masahiro Mori, Yujiro Jingushi, Hiroshi Matsuzaki, Katsuyuki Katahira, Akiko Ishimatsu, Aimi Enokizu-Ogawa, Kazuhito Taguchi, Atsushi Moriwaki and Makoto Yoshida
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1240
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. This study piloted the feasibility of infant testing in immunization services as a strategy for estimating MTCT rates among the population of HIV exposed infants at national and subnational levels in Zambia.

    Authors: Joseph Simbaya, Patricia Funjika, Arthur Moonga, John Mwale and Chipepo Kankasa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1239
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Hospitals are vulnerable to COVID-19 outbreaks. Intrahospital transmission of the disease is a threat to the healthcare systems as it increases morbidity and mortality among patients. It is imperative to deep...

    Authors: Diane Woei-Quan Chong, Vivek Jason Jayaraj, Chiu-Wan Ng, I-Ching Sam, Mas Ayu Said, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Noran Naqiah Hairi, Nik Daliana Nik Farid, Victor Chee-Wai Hoe, Marzuki Isahak, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Sharifah Faridah Syed Omar, Shahrul Bahyah Kamaruzzaman, Hang-Cheng Ong, Kejal Hasmukharay, Nazirah Hasnan…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1238
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Due to the social isolation measures adopted in an attempt to mitigate the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, there has been a reduction in vaccination coverage of children and adolescents in several countrie...

    Authors: Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ed Wilson Rodrigues Vieira, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Mark Anthony Beinner and Fernanda Penido Matozinhos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1237
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Peripheral hematological changes in severe COVID-19 patients may reflect the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Characteristics of peripheral white blood cells as early signals were needed to be inve...

    Authors: Xunliang Tong, Anqi Cheng, Xueting Yuan, Xuefeng Zhong, He Wang, Wei Zhou, Xiaomao Xu and Yanming Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1236
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) is an important inhibitory receptor that plays vital roles in regulating various immune response processes and the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. The purpose of our r...

    Authors: Jinglan Jin, Yuwei Liu, Xiaotong Xu, Zhongfeng Wang and Junqi Niu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1235
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. In the absence of affordable point-of-care STI tests, WHO recommends STI t...

    Authors: Katharina Kranzer, Victoria Simms, Ethel Dauya, Ioana D. Olaru, Chido Dziva Chikwari, Kevin Martin, Nicol Redzo, Tsitsi Bandason, Mandikudza Tembo, Suzanna C. Francis, Helen A. Weiss, Richard J. Hayes, Constancia Mavodza, Tsitsi Apollo, Gertrude Ncube, Anna Machiha…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1234
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommends that all patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia should have a chest X-ray (CXR) and clinical follow-up at 6 or 12 weeks, depending on the disease severity. Litt...

    Authors: C. A. Musat, M. Hadzhiivanov, V. Durkowski, A. Banerjee, A. Chiphang, M. Diwan, M. S. Mahmood, M. N. Shami and A. Nune
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1233
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Trichosporon asahii is an opportunistic fungus that causes infections in immunosuppressed patients. It is rarely seen in children and immunocompetent hosts. The mortality rates are still high despite early treatm...

    Authors: Miral Al Momani, Dawood H. Yusef, Du’a Hamasha, Moh’d Rawhi Abu Hamad and Sara Farran
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1229
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  46. Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of public health concern in Algeria. The immunocompromised patients with HIV, autoimmune diseases, or chronic alcohol abuse are at a higher risk of leishmaniasis. ...

    Authors: Arezki Izri, Amina Bendjaballah-Laliam, Denis Sereno, Ihcene Kherachi Djenad, Zoubir Harrat and Mohammad Akhoundi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1227
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  47. Increasing macrolide resistance makes treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections challenging. The second-line treatment is moxifloxacin, an antibiotic drug best avoided due to the potential of severe side effe...

    Authors: M. Gossé, S. A. Nordbø and B. Pukstad
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1225
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Nocardia is a relatively rare opportunistic pathogenic bacteria group, commonly seen in patients with immunocompromised or defective immune system. It can affect multiple organs of the body and cause disseminated...

    Authors: Jing Wu, Xiaoran Li, Tao Zhang, Xin Lin and Yu-Chen Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1224
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  49. To manage severe or potentially severe cases of CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting Spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ha...

    Authors: Honorine Fenaux, Romain Gueneau, Amal Chaghouri, Benoît Henry, Lina Mouna, Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso and Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1223
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  50. Scrub typhus is caused by O. tsutsugamushi and spreads through mite larvae biting the skin. Classic symptoms of the disease are eschar and lymphadenopathy. Previous reports have revealed clinical manifestations o...

    Authors: Mei-fang Liu, Yong Liu, De-rong Xu, La-gen Wan and Rui Zhao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:1219
    Content type: Case report Published on:

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