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  1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania species, is a geographically extensive disease that infects humans and animals. CL is endemic in half of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 29,201 incidence cases rep...

    Authors: Iraj Mohammadpour, Gholam Reza Hatam, Farhad Handjani, Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati, Daniel PourKamal and Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:98
  2. Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) – nodular vasculitis associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) – and Tuberculosis-Associated Ocular Inflammation (TB-AOI) represent uncommon manifestations of TB. There is ...

    Authors: William J. Connors, Dina A. Fisher, Dennis Y. Kunimoto and Julie M. Jarand
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:97
  3. Lesotho has one of the highest rates of tuberculosis (TB) incidence and TB-HIV co-infection in the world. Our study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and associated factors towards TB in the general popu...

    Authors: Tegene Regassa Luba, Shangfeng Tang, Qiaoyan Liu, Simon Afewerki Gebremedhin, Matiko D. Kisasi and Zhanchun Feng
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:96
  4. In Japan, freeze-dried live attenuated varicella-zoster vaccine is available for adults aged ≥50 years to prevent herpes zoster. However, limited evidence has been accumulated regarding vaccine safety for pati...

    Authors: Satoko Ohfuji, Kazuya Ito, Megumi Inoue, Motoki Ishibashi, Hiroko Kumashiro, Yoshio Hirota, Eiji Kayano and Naoshi Ota
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:95
  5. India has the world’s highest tuberculosis burden, and Mumbai is particularly affected by multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WHO recommends short, intensive treatment (“Short Course”) for previously un...

    Authors: Zarir F. Udwadia, Jeffrey A. Tornheim, Shashank Ganatra, Andrea DeLuca, Camilla S. Rodrigues and Amita Gupta
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:94
  6. Tuberculosis is a major challenge to health in the developing world. Triage prior to diagnostic testing could potentially reduce the volume of tests and costs associated with using the more accurate, but costl...

    Authors: Abu A. M. Shazzadur Rahman, Ivor Langley, Rafael Galliez, Afrânio Kritski, Ewan Tomeny and S. Bertel Squire
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:93
  7. Making a definite diagnosis of infectious uveitis is a challenging task because many other infectious, and non-infectious uveitis, may have similar non-specific symptoms and overlapping clinical appearances. C...

    Authors: Alejandra de-la-Torre, Juanita Valdés-Camacho, Clara López de Mesa, Andrés Uauy-Nazal, Juan David Zuluaga, Lina María Ramírez-Páez, Felipe Durán, Elizabeth Torres-Morales, Jessica Triviño, Mateo Murillo, Alba Cristina Peñaranda, Juan Carlos Sepúlveda-Arias and Jorge Enrique Gómez-Marín
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:91
  8. Measles is one of the most infectious diseases with a high mortality rate worldwide. It is caused by the measles virus (MeV) which is a single stranded RNA virus with genetic diversity based on the nucleoprote...

    Authors: Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Pater Noster Sir-Ondo-Enguier, Octavie Banga-Mve-Ella, Romeo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou, Gael D. Maganga, Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki and Nicolas Berthet
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:90
  9. Seasonal patterns of influenza A subtypes and B lineages in tropical/subtropical regions across age have remained to be explored. The impact of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on seasonal influenza activity have not be...

    Authors: Linlin Zhou, Huiping Yang, Yu Kuang, Tianshu Li, Jianan Xu, Shuang Li, Ting Huang, Chuan Wang, Wanyi Li, Mingyuan Li, Shusen He and Ming Pan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:89

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:290

  10. TB transmission in healthcare facilities is an important public health problem, especially in the often-overcrowded settings of HIV treatment scale-up. The problem is compounded by the emergence of drug resist...

    Authors: A. Roderick Escombe, Eduardo Ticona, Víctor Chávez-Pérez, Manuel Espinoza and David A. J. Moore
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:88
  11. Norovirus is the commonest cause of infectious intestinal disease (IID) worldwide. In the UK community incidence of norovirus has been estimated at 59/1000 population, equating to four million cases a year. Wh...

    Authors: John P. Harris, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, David J. Allen, Susan Kelly and Sarah J. O’Brien
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:87
  12. Malaria clinical outcomes vary by erythrocyte characteristics, including ABO blood group, but the effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infec...

    Authors: Abraham Degarege, Merhawi T. Gebrezgi, Consuelo M. Beck-Sague, Mats Wahlgren, Luiz Carlos de Mattos and Purnima Madhivanan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:86
  13. Taking consecutive antibiotic use into account is of importance to obtain insight in treatment within disease episodes, use of 2nd- and 3rd-choice antibiotics, therapy failure and/or side effects. Nevertheless...

    Authors: Loek A. W. de Jong, Paul D. van der Linden, Monique M. B. Roukens, Ewoudt M. W. van de Garde, Alike W. van der Velden and Stephanie Natsch
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:84
  14. The understanding of early events following TB exposure is limited by traditional tests that rely on detection of an immune response to infection, which is delayed, or on imaging tests with low sensitivity for...

    Authors: James S. Molton, Benjamin A. Thomas, Yan Pang, Lih Kin Khor, James Hallinan, Claire M. Naftalin, John J. Totman, David W. Townsend, Tow Keang Lim, Cynthia Bin Eng Chee, Yee Tang Wang and Nicholas I. Paton
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:83
  15. Understanding the explanations behind unsuccessful treatment outcomes in tuberculosis (TB) patients is important to improve treatment success. Treatment completion for TB is the mainstay of TB prevention and c...

    Authors: Madeeha Laghari, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Amer Hayat Khan and Naheed Memon
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:82
  16. The West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in 2014–2016 was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) a public health emergency of international concern. Most of the previous studies done in Sier...

    Authors: Jia Bainga Kangbai, Christian Heumann, Michael Hoelscher, Foday Sahr and Guenter Froeschl
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:81
  17. Recognizing patients with encephalitis may be challenging. The cardinal symptom, encephalopathy, has a wide array of differential diagnoses. In this prospective study we aimed to explore the etiology of enceph...

    Authors: Else Quist-Paulsen, Anne-Marte Bakken Kran, Elisabeth S. Lindland, Katrine Ellefsen, Leiv Sandvik, Oona Dunlop and Vidar Ormaasen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:80
  18. Severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness caused by various enteroviruses. The disease has imposed increased burden on children younger than 5 years old. We aimed to determine t...

    Authors: Hong Ji, Huan Fan, Peng-xiao Lu, Xue-Feng Zhang, Jing Ai, Chao Shi, Xiang Huo, Chang-jun Bao, Jun Shan and Yu Jin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:79
  19. The human respiratory tract represents the major portal of entry for numerous microorganisms, primarily those occurring as airborne particles such as viral and bacterial entities, or fungal spores. Microorgani...

    Authors: Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano, Antonia Susca, Giulia Scioscia, Donato Lacedonia, Grazia Cotugno, Piera Soccio, Sonia Santamaria, Onofrio Resta, Giuseppe Logrieco and Maria Pia Foschino Barbaro
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:78
  20. The roll out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sub-Saharan Africa led to a decrease in mortality. Few studies have documented the causes of deaths among patients on long term antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Sah...

    Authors: Agnes N. Kiragga, Frank Mubiru, Andrew D. Kambugu, Moses R. Kamya and Barbara Castelnuovo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:77
  21. Cholera has been endemic in Ghana since its detection in 1970. It has been shown that long-term survival of the bacteria may be attained in aquatic environments. Consequently, cholera outbreaks may be triggere...

    Authors: David Abana, Elizabeth Gyamfi, Magdalene Dogbe, Grace Opoku, David Opare, Gifty Boateng and Lydia Mosi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:76
  22. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, remaining a major public health concern, especially affecting children under 5 years old from low-income...

    Authors: Stephanie Saiki-Macedo, Jorge Valverde-Ezeta, Angela Cornejo-Tapia, Maria Esther Castillo, Verónica Petrozzi-Helasvuo, Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis, Luis J. del Valle, Erico Cieza-Mora, Carlos Bada, Olguita del Aguila, Wilmer Silva-Caso, Johanna Martins-Luna, Fernando Vasquez-Achaya and Juana del Valle-Mendoza
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:75
  23. Periodontal disease, including periodontitis, has been reported to be a rare cause of septic pulmonary embolism (SPE). It is however extremely difficult to isolate the causative pathogen of periodontal disease...

    Authors: Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Masamichi Yokoe and Yoshinori Noguchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:74
  24. Human schistosomiases are acute and chronic infectious diseases of poverty. Currently, epidemiological data of urinary schistosomiasis (US) in school-age children (SAC) and adults are often reported together m...

    Authors: Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi and Taiwo Oluwakemi Adubi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:73

    The Retraction Note to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2020 20:93

  25. Rapid and accurate pathogen identification in blood cultures is very important for septic patients and has major consequences on morbidity and mortality rates. In recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption...

    Authors: Maya Azrad, Yoram Keness, Orna Nitzan, Nina Pastukh, Linda Tkhawkho, Victoria Freidus and Avi Peretz
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:72
  26. To provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer (CC), we investigated the distribution characteristics and genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the prevalence of multip...

    Authors: Xiao-wen Yuan, Yi-Jian Li, Quan Qiu, Zi-yuan Luo and Xue-feng Zhao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:71
  27. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is becoming endemic in São Paulo state, in the southeastern region of Brazil. Unusual manifestations with non-specific signs and symptoms may make diagnosis difficult and delay trea...

    Authors: Luiz Euribel Prestes-Carneiro, Patricia Rodrigues Naufal Spir, Mateus Fontanesi, Karen Gabriella Pereira Garcia, Francisco Assis da Silva, Edilson Ferreira Flores and Dewton de Moraes Vasconcelos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:70
  28. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium found in the nose and throat of healthy individuals, and presents risk factors for infection and death. We investigated environmental contamination of fitness facilitie...

    Authors: Mark Dalman, Sabana Bhatta, Nagashreyaa Nagajothi, Dipendra Thapaliya, Hailee Olson, Haji Mohammad Naimi and Tara C. Smith
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:69
  29. Infectious mononucleosis is one of the main manifestations of Epstein – Barr virus, which is characterized by fever, tonsillar-pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy and atypical lymphocytes. Although 60% of patients wi...

    Authors: Chinthana Dematapitiya, Chiara Perera, Wajira Chinthaka, Solith Senanayaka, Deshani Tennakoon, Anfas Ameer, Dinesh Ranasinghe, Ushani Warriyapperuma, Suneth Weerarathna and Ravindra Satharasinghe
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:68
  30. Excess water in all its forms (moisture, dampness, hidden water) in buildings negatively impacts occupant health but is hard to reliably detect and quantify. Recent advances in through-wall imaging recommend m...

    Authors: Andrew Horsley and David S. Thaler
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:67
  31. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Its incidence at 2 years or more after liver transplant (LT) is < 0.1%. PCP-related spontaneous pneumothorax and/...

    Authors: Wong Hoi She, Kenneth S. H. Chok, Iris W. S. Li, Ka Wing Ma, Sui Ling Sin, Wing Chiu Dai, James Y. Y. Fung and Chung Mau Lo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:66
  32. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has various presentations, depending on the patient’s immune status, age, and the route of transmission. In adults, HSV type 1 is found predominantly in the oral area, and HSV type 2...

    Authors: Shuhei Kurosawa, Noritaka Sekiya, Kazuaki Fukushima, Kazuhiko Ikeuchi, Akito Fukuda, Hideyuki Takahashi, Fangyi Chen, Hideki Hasegawa, Harutaka Katano, Tsunekazu Hishima and Keigo Setoguchi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:65
  33. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV programmes have substantially reduced HIV infections among infants in Yunnan Province, China. We conducted a macro-level economic evaluation of Yunnan’...

    Authors: Xiaowen Wang, Guangping Guo, Jiarui Zheng and Lin Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:64
  34. Antifungal resistance rates are increasing. We investigated the mechanisms of azole resistance of Candida spp. bloodstream isolates obtained from a surveillance study conducted between 2012 and 2015.

    Authors: Jocelyn Qi-Min Teo, Shannon Jing-Yi Lee, Ai-Ling Tan, Robyn Su-May Lim, Yiying Cai, Tze-Peng Lim and Andrea Lay-Hoon Kwa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:63
  35. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals in Sub Saharan Africa including Tanzania. Provision of isoniazid pre...

    Authors: Amon Sabasaba, Henry Mwambi, Geoffrey Somi, Angella Ramadhani and Michael J. Mahande
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:62
  36. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens causing genital tract infections. Female commercial sex workers (FCSWs) are the key population to be affected by sexually transmitted ...

    Authors: Alelign Tadele, Siraj Hussen and Techalew Shimelis
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:61
  37. Every year around 4 million people with tuberculosis (TB) are not detected. Thus may not get the medical care that they need and deserve from their respective health systems. Ethiopia is included in the 12 cou...

    Authors: Dawit Assefa, Feleke Belachew, Getachew Wondimagegn and Eveline Klinkenberg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:60
  38. Direct comparisons between lamivudine plus bPIs and lamivudine plus dolutegravir as maintenance strategies in virologically-suppressed HIV positive patients are lacking.

    Authors: Alberto Borghetti, Francesca Lombardi, Roberta Gagliardini, Gianmaria Baldin, Arturo Ciccullo, Davide Moschese, Arianna Emiliozzi, Simone Belmonti, Silvia Lamonica, Francesca Montagnani, Elena Visconti, Andrea De Luca and Simona Di Giambenedetto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:59
  39. After allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can be observed in patients with previous resolved Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Nephrotic syn...

    Authors: Jing-Wen Zhang, Xiang-Zhong Zhang, Yan-Ling Sun, Bing Long, Xiao-Zhen Wang and Xu-Dong Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:57
  40. The mechanism behind HIV mediated immune activation remains debated, although the role of virus replication in this process is increasingly evident. Toll like Receptor 9 (TLR9) has been implicated in HIV media...

    Authors: Anjali Joshi, Erin B. Punke, Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz, Diego P. Peralta and Himanshu Garg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:56
  41. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern on a global scale, especially in developing nations. So far, no formal guidelines are available for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis pleurisy....

    Authors: Yimin Tang, Juanjuan Zhang, Huarong Huang, Xing He, Jiaohong Zhang, Min Ou, Guobao Li, Changchun Zeng, Taosheng Ye, Lili Ren, Yingxia Liu and Guoliang Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:55
  42. Extracellular hydrolases (phospholipase, aspartyl protease and haemolysin) and biofilm production are considered as major virulence factors of the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. However, the im...

    Authors: Houdaii H. El-Houssaini, Omnia M. Elnabawy, Hebatallah A. Nasser and Walid F. Elkhatib
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:54
  43. Stool consistency is an important diagnostic criterion in both research and clinical medicine and is often used to define diarrheal disease.

    Authors: Kristen Aiemjoy, Eda Altan, Solomon Aragie, Dionna M. Fry, Tung G. Phan, Xutao Deng, Melsew Chanyalew, Zerihun Tadesse, E. Kelly Callahan, Eric Delwart and Jeremy D. Keenan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:53
  44. Leprosy is an ideal human disease to study T cell regulation as patients show correlation between cytokine skewed Th1-Th2 responses and clinical forms of the disease. The Role of transcription factors on the m...

    Authors: Rajni Upadhyay, Bhavyata Dua, Bhawna Sharma, Mohan Natrajan, Ajai Kumar Jain, Balaji Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy and Beenu Joshi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:52
  45. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an important cause of diarrhea and continues to be a major burden within healthcare institutions and in the community. For a small subset of patients with frequently relap...

    Authors: Kevin Zhang, Patricia Beckett, Salaheddin Abouanaser, Vida Stankus, Christine Lee and Marek Smieja
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:51
  46. For patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis in less developed western regions in China, due to constraints of local economic conditions, the choice of treatment measures is often limited. However if pa...

    Authors: Yue-Rong Zhang, De-Ming Wu, Xiong-Chang Liu, Ning Zhou, Chang-Chun Cao, Wu-Hua Liu, Chun-Xia Wang and Hui Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2019 19:49

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