Table 6 Clinical characteristics of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci

Sex

M:14 (70.0%)

F: 6 (30.0%)

M: 106 (63.5%)

F: 61 (36.5%)

0.630⁽²⁾

Age

67 [47–82] y

69 [23–90] y

0.839⁽³⁾

Spondylodiscitis

15 (75.0%)

110 (65.9%)

0.464⁽²⁾

Isolated spinal epidural empyema

5 (25.0%)

57 (34.1%)

Sepsis

4/20 (20.0%)

90/167 (53.9%)

0.004⁽²⁾

Septic embolism

3/15 (20.0%)

47/135 (34.8%)

0.387⁽²⁾

Endocarditis

2/16 (12.5%)

21/145 (14.5%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Relapse rate

3/16 (18.8%)

25/107 (23.4%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Disease-related mortality

0/20 (0.0%)

10/167 (6.0%)

0.604⁽²⁾

Length of hospital stay

34 [17–135] d

32 [9-165] d

0.381⁽³⁾

Length of intensive care unit stay

2 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] d

6 [1–53] d

0.037⁽³⁾

Spinal localization

Cervical spine

3 (15.0%)

56 (33.5%)

0.126⁽²⁾

Thoracic spine

7 (35.0%)

68 (40.7%)

0.810⁽²⁾

Lumbar spine

15 (75.0%)

108 (64.7%)

0.458⁽²⁾

Bacterial detection via

Blood cultures

9 (45.0%)

109 (65.3%)

0.089⁽²⁾

Intraoperative specimens

20 (100.0%)

137 (82.0%)

0.048⁽²⁾

CT-guided biopsies (37/65)

2/3 (66.7%)

35/62 (56.5%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Source of infection (129/187, 69.0%)

Hematogenous spread

0.005⁽¹⁾

Gastrointestinal tract infection

0/13 (0.0%)

9/116 (7.8%)

Respiratory tract infection (pneumonia)

1/13 (7.7%)

15/116 (12.9%)

Urinary tract infection (urosepsis)

1/13 (7.7%)

12/116 (10.3%)

Skin infection

1/13 (7.7%)

36/116 (31.0%)

Foreign body-associated infection

(joint replacements, venous access port, prosthetic heart valve, and screws elsewhere in spine)

8/13 (61.5%)

15/116 (12.9%)

Odontogenic infection

0/13 (0.0%)

5/116 (4.3%)

Retropharyngeal & prevertebral infection

0/13 (0.0%)

6/116 (5.2%)

Post-interventional

Epidural administration such as spinal infiltration (facet joint, epidural, periradicular) or epidural catheter analgesia

2/13 (15.4%)

18/116 (15.5%)