Table 5 Clinical characteristics of Enterobacterales

Sex

M: 12 (60.0%)

F: 8 (40.0%)

M: 108 (64.7%)

F: 59 (35.3%)

0.806⁽²⁾

Age

72 [54–83] y

68 [23–90] y

0.543⁽³⁾

Spondylodiscitis

16 (80.0%)

109 (65.3%)

0.218⁽²⁾

Isolated spinal epidural empyema

4 (20.0%)

58 (34.7%)

Sepsis

10/20 (50.0%)

84/167 (50.3%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Septic embolism

3/19 (15.8%)

47/131 (35.9%)

0.117⁽²⁾

Endocarditis

0/18 (0.0%)

23/143 (16.1%)

0.078⁽²⁾

Relapse rate

6/17 (35.3%)

22/106 (20.8%)

0.215⁽²⁾

Disease-related mortality

1/20 (5.0%)

9/167 (5.4%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Length of hospital stay

33 [15–70] d

32 [9-165] d

0.629⁽³⁾

Length of intensive care unit stay

4 [1–17] d

7 [1–53] d

0.093⁽³⁾

Spinal localization

Cervical spine

5 (25.0%)

54 (32.3%)

0.616⁽²⁾

Thoracic spine

5 (25.0%)

70 (41.9%)

0.227⁽²⁾

Lumbar spine

14 (70.0%)

109 (65.3%)

0.805⁽²⁾

Bacterial detection via

Blood cultures

12 (60.0%)

106 (63.5%)

0.809⁽²⁾

Intraoperative specimens

16 (80.0%)

141 (84.4%)

0.535⁽²⁾

CT-guided biopsies (37/65)

1/4 (25.0%)

36/61 (59.0%)

0.307⁽²⁾

Source of infection (129/187, 69.0%)

Hematogenous spread

< 0.001⁽¹⁾

Gastrointestinal tract infection

3/18 (16.7%)

6/111 (5.4%)

Respiratory tract infection (pneumonia)

0/18 (0.0%)

16/111 (14.4%)

Urinary tract infection (urosepsis)

9/18 (50.0%)

4/111 (3.6%)

Skin infection

3/18 (16.7%)

34/111 (30.6%)

Foreign body-associated infection

(joint replacements, venous access port, prosthetic heart valve, and screws elsewhere in spine)

2/18 (11.1%)

21/111 (18.9%)

Odontogenic infection

0/18 (0.0%)

5/111 (4.5%)

Retropharyngeal & prevertebral infection

1/18 (5.6%)

5/111 (4.5%)

Post-interventional

Epidural administration such as spinal infiltration (facet joint, epidural, periradicular) or epidural catheter analgesia

0/18 (0.0%)

20/111 (18.0%)