Table 4 Clinical characteristics of Streptococcus spp. und Enterococcus spp

Sex

M: 21 (67.7%)

F: 10 (32.3%)

M: 99 (63.5%)

F: 57 (36.5%)

0.688⁽²⁾

Age

72 [48–89] y

67 [23–90] y

0.190⁽³⁾

Spondylodiscitis

26 (83.9%)

99 (63.5%)

0.036⁽²⁾

Isolated spinal epidural empyema

5 (16.1%)

57 (36.5%)

Sepsis

16/31 (51.6%)

78/156 (50.0%)

1.0⁽²⁾

Septic embolism

12/27 (44.4%)

38/123 (30.9%)

0.184⁽²⁾

Endocarditis

8/29 (27.6%)

15/132 (11.4%)

0.037⁽²⁾

Relapse rate

6/17 (35.3%)

22/106 (20.8%)

0.215⁽²⁾

Disease-related mortality

3/31 (9.7%)

7/156 (4.5%)

0.218⁽²⁾

Length of hospital stay

38 [10–165] d

32 [9-163] d

0.289⁽³⁾

Length of intensive care unit stay

7 [1–46] d

6 [1–53] d

0.944⁽³⁾

Spinal localization

Cervical spine

23 (74.2%)

95 (60.9%)

0.221⁽²⁾

Thoracic spine

13 (42.0%)

62 (39.7%)

0.843⁽²⁾

Lumbar spine

25 (80.6%)

98 (62.8%)

0.064⁽²⁾

Bacterial detection via

Blood cultures

23 (74.2%)

95 (60.9%)

0.221⁽²⁾

Intraoperative specimens

19 (61.3%)

138 (88.5%)

< 0.001⁽²⁾

CT-guided biopsies (37/65)

7/11 (63.6%)

30/54 (55.6%)

0.745⁽²⁾

Source of infection (129/187, 69.0%)

Hematogenous spread

0.344⁽¹⁾

Gastrointestinal tract infection

3/24 (12.5%)

6/105 (5.7%)

Respiratory tract infection (pneumonia)

4/24 (16.7%)

12/105 (11.4%)

Urinary tract infection (urosepsis)

0/24 (0.0%)

13/105 (12.4%)

Skin infection

5/24 (20.8%)

32/105 (30.5%)

Foreign body-associated infection

(joint replacements, venous access port, prosthetic heart valve, and screws elsewhere in spine)

6/24 (25.0%)

17/105 (16.2%)

Odontogenic infection

0/24 (0.0%)

5/105 (4.8%)

Retropharyngeal & prevertebral infection

1/24 (4.2%)

5/105 (4.8%)

Post-interventional

Epidural administration such as spinal infiltration (facet joint, epidural, periradicular) or epidural catheter analgesia

5/24 (20.8%)

15/105 (14.3%)