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First detection of mutated ERG11 gene in vulvovaginal Candida albicans isolates at Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 22, Article number: 678 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity among women due to Candida species. In the last decades, resistance to azoles, first-line antifungals has increased. One molecular mechanism of azole resistance by Candida involves mutations in the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, the target enzyme. This study was conducted to identify the clinical Candida species associated in vulvovaginal candidiasis; to determine the rate of antifungal resistance among Candida albicans isolates and to determine mutated ERG11 gene at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Methods

Antifungals susceptibility were performed using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. ERG11 gene was detected using conventional PCR in C. albicans isolates resistant to at least one azole.

Results

Out of 262 clinical strains isolated, C. albicans accounted for 59.90%, followed by Candida glabrata 27.86%, Candida famata 7.25%, Candida tropicalis 3.05% and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.91%. Resistance rate of fluconazole to C. albicans was 59.54%. ERG11 gene was found in 9.79% of 92 C. albicans strains resistant to azoles.

Conclusions

This detection of mutated ERG11 gene in C. albicans is the first in Burkina Faso and may be a cause of azole resistance in recurrent Candida vulvovaginitis.

Peer Review reports

Background

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a widespread infection of genital tract caused by Candida species (GTIs). It is the second most prevalent vaginal infection in women of childbearing age, preceded by bacterial vaginosis. Its importance is based on the fact that it affects a woman’s social life because of varied and disturbing symptoms and high incidence [1, 2]. About 75% of adult women have at least once in life which 40–50 experience further episodes. Up to 9% of women experience at least three episodes per year, which is defined as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). The number of episodes tends to be more in women who are young, sexually active, pregnant, immunocompromised or on contraceptive pills [3]. However, C. albicans is the most causative agent in VVC, emerging non-albicans Candida (NAC) are too increasingly isolated [4]. The first line antifungals used for treatment are azoles. Azoles inhibit the activity of lanosterol 14-α-demethylase (Erg11p) encoded by ERG11gene. Erg11p is a target enzyme which regulates a rate-limiting step in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Ergosterol is an essential sterol component of fungal cell membranes. In the last decades, antifungals specially azole resistance has increased. In Burkina Faso, recent studies have shown a prevalence of more than 50% of azole resistance [5,6,7,8]. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in azoles resistance of C. albicans: (i) alterations in the affinity of lanosterol 14α-demethylase to azoles due to mutations or overexpression of the ERG11 gene (the commonest mechanism). It cause a structural change in lanosterol 14a-demethylase sequence. As a consequence, the affinity between azoles and the target enzyme may be decreased, leading to the resistance to azole; (ii) Reduction of intracellular azole due to the overexpression of efflux drugs. Efflux drugs are mediated by membrane transport proteins belonging to the family of transporters of the ATP binding cassette ABC, (CDR1 and CDR2) or to the main facilitator superfamily (MDR1 and FLU1); (iii) Changes in the cell wall or plasma membrane; and also (iv) Formation of Candida biofilm which provide a protecting econiche [9].

In Burkina Faso, there is a lack of data available about antifungals resistance and its molecular mechanisms in C. albicans. Hence, this study aims to investigate Candida species distribution and their prevalence to antifungal resistance; and to determine the mutated ERG11 gene in resistant C. albicans isolated in vulvovaginitis at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Methods

Study setting

This is a cross-sectional study that took place from October 2018 to March 2020. The Candida strains isolated were obtained from women received for routine vulvovaginal swabs examination at Bacteriology Laboratory of Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO), Burkina Faso. The detection of the ERG11 gene was carried out at the Pietro Annigonni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA/LABIOGENE) in Ouagadougou. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of HOSCO/CERBA for the collection of clinical samples, materials and methods. All the procedures used in the present study are shown in a flow chart (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow chart of all procedures used

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Sample Collection

Two high vaginal swabs were collected for each woman. For sexually women, a sterile vaginal speculum was placed into the vagina. The vaginal swabs were obtained by inserting sterile cotton wool swab into the posterior vaginal fornix and rotated gently. For virgins, the speculum was not placed. One of the swabs was used for direct smear examination and the second swab for cultures.

Identification of Candida species

All vaginal swabs were streaked onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (REF 610103 Liofilchem R© srl Italy) and incubated at 37 °C/24–48 h. Once cultures positives, the strains were purified and identified using chromatophilic medium ChromID® Candida Agar (REF 43 639, BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), API® Candida (REF 10 500, BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), Apiweb Standalone version 1.3.2. and the Germ tube test [10, 11].

Antifungal susceptibility testing

Antifungal sensitivity test was assessed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method according to the recommendations of CLSI M44-A/EUCAST for yeasts [12]. The inoculum suspension was prepared in 5 mL of NaCl saline solution and the turbidity adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard. Antifungals (Liofilchem R© srl, Italy): Clotrimazole CLO (50 µg), Econazole ECN (10 µg), Ketoconazole KCA (10 µg), Miconazole MCL (10 µg), Fluconazole FLU (100 µg), Itraconazole ITR (50 µg) and Nystatin NY, had been used and the incubation at 37 °C for 24–48 h. Inhibition zones had been measured in millimeters and the results interpreted using interpretive breakpoints according to the recommendations of CLSI/EUCAST validated for in vitro sensitivity tests (Table 1) [12, 13].

Table 1 Antifungals interpretive breakpoint
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DNA extraction

The fungal DNA was extracted basing on boiling–freezing method as described by Da Silva et al. [14]. In an Eppendorf tube, 8–10 fresh colonies of C. albicans were mixed in 0.5 mL of Luria Bertani LB broth. To release the genetic material, the LB broths were vortexed, heated at 100 °C in a water bath for 15 min and cooled to room temperature. DNA was then precipitated in 250 µL of absolute ethanol and washed three times in 1 ml of 75% cold ethanol. After that, it was dried on a hot plate and resuspended in 100 µL of sterile water.

PCR amplification

The ERG11 gene was detected by conventional PCR with a very specific primer which covers the entire open reading frame. This primer was designed to detect any changes in the ERG11 gene apparently associated with resistance due to exposure of C. albicans to azoles. The primer sequence was F: 5′-CAA GAA GAT CAT AAC TCA AT-3″, R: 5′-AGA ACA CTG AAT CGA AAG-3″ [15]. Amplification was performed on the GeneAmp System PCR 9700 Thermocycler (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) using Amplitaq Gold master mix: Buffer, 10×; DNA polymerase 5 U/µL; 125 mM MgCl2 and 10 mM of a mix of dNTP. The PCR was carried out in a reaction volume containing master mix 12.5 µL; primer F 1 µL; primer R 1 µL; DNA 4 µL and H2O 6.5 µL. An internal positive control consisting of the DNA of a C. albicans strain resistant to all the azoles and having the mutant ERG11 gene and a negative control were included in each series. The amplification program was used: Initial denaturation at 95 °C for 10 min; followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30s, Hybridization at 53 °C for 30s and elongation at 72 °C for 2 min; then a final elongation 72 °C for 7 min.

Revelation of PCR products

Electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel (prepared in 1× tris base-borate EDTA solution) at 70 V for 1 h 35 min was used to separate the amplicons. A 1 kb DNA marker was used as a molecular weight index. The 1640 bp PCR products were visualized with ethidium bromide (BET) (0.5 µg/mL) under UV using the developer (GENE FLASH).

Results

Study population

The study population was component of 498 women aged 11–54 years with mean age 28.6 ± 6.71. Positive cultures were obtained from 256/319 (80.33%) women with abnormal vaginal samples. The women were grouped into three according to their ages as follows: < 25 years; 25–35 years; > 35 years.

Species identification

In our study, 262 clinical strains of Candida isolates were collected from patients (aged 11–47 years) suspected of having vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). They consisted of 157 Candida albicans (C. albicans) (59.9%), 73 Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) (27.86%); 19 Candida famata (C. famata) (7.25%), 8 Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) (3.05%) and also 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) (1.91%) (Fig. 2). The distribution of Candida species according to the age of the patients is shown in Table 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Frequency of Candida species isolates

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Table 2 Distribution of species isolated according to age groups
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Antifungal susceptibility tests

The results of Antifungal susceptibility testing for the 262 clinical isolates of Candida are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Summary table of antifungal susceptibility tests
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According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute definitions, the antifungal susceptibility test showed that all families tested in this study were affected by resistance. In fact, among azoles tested, 156 isolates (59.54%) had reduced susceptibility to Fluconazole (106 R and 50 SDD) followed by 114 isolates (43.51%) to Clotrimazole (97 R and 17 SDD). 229 Candida isolates were active to Econazole (87.4%) followed by 171 isolates to Itraconazole 65.26%. Among the polyenes tested, 247 isolates (94.27%) were very sensitive to Nystatin (Table 3).

Antifungal susceptibility tests of different species

C. albicans isolates were resistant to Clotrimazole (36.3%) and Fluconazole (35.0%). C. glabrata isolates were resistant to Fluconazole (49.3%) and Clotrimazole (39.7%). Fluconazole (52.6%) and Miconazole (42.1%) had the strongest resistance against C. famata isolates. All C. famata isolates were susceptible to Econazole. Econazole and Clotrimazole were the most active against C. tropicalis isolates at 87% and 62.5% respectively. All species were very sensitive to Econazole. Among polyenes, Nystatin was very active on all the strains isolates, more particularly on the strains of C. famata and C. tropicalis where no resistance to Nystatin had been observed. The correlation between azoles antifungal sensitivity and Candida species were shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Azoles antifungal sensitivity tests of different species
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Antifungal susceptibility tests in C. albicans

In total, 92 C. albicans isolates (58.59%) were resistant to azoles. The results showed that in C. albicans, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, and Miconazole had the highest resistance respectively at 36.30%; 35%; 31.81%. Figure 3 summarize the results of the sensitivity tests of C. albicans to azoles and polyen.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Frequency of antifungal susceptibility tests in C. albicans. S sensitive; SDD susceptible dose dependent; R resistant; CLO Clotrimazole; KCA Ketoconazole; MCL Miconazole; ECN Econazole; FLU Fluconazole; ITR Itraconazole; NY Nystatin

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Out of 92 C. albicans isolates, 18 (19.56%) were resistant to azoles had co-resistance to Clotrimazole–Fluconazole–Miconazole. On the other hand, 23 isolates (25.05%) had co-resistance to Clotrimazole–Fluconazole.

Determination of mutated ERG11 gene

Only strains of C. albicans having at least one resistance to azoles were selected for the detection of the ERG11 resistance gene. In total, the DNAs of 92/157 (58.59%) of the C. albicans strains were tested. Nine (09) strains (9.79%) of C. albicans exhibited the ERG11 resistance gene. Figure 4 show detection of bands obtained during visualization under UV after electrophoresis on agarose gel.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplicon lane. M DNA marker; C+ positive control; C− negative control and lanes 4, 5, 6 and 7 showing visible amplification of ERG11 gene with band size of 1640 bp for resistant isolates of C. albicans

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Among the strains presenting the mutated ERG11 gene, 55.55% were resistant to Clotrimazole, 44.45% had resistance to Fluconazole; 44.44% had co-resistance to Fluconazole + Miconazole; 33.34% were co-resistant to Fluconazole + Clotrimazole + Miconazole. Note that all the strains with the presence of the ERG11 gene had co-resistance.

Discussion

Several studies on vulvovaginal candidiasis have shown that C. albicans is the commonest species isolated. In our study, out of 262 Candida clinical isolates, C. albicans remains to be the most common species at 59.90% followed by Candida glabrata 27.86%. This results are similited to Zida et al. study who obtained a prevalence of 59.36% of C. albicans [8] and also Kouadio-Yapo et al., a high prevalence of 64.8% in Ivory Coast [16].

In our study, younger women, between 11 and 24 years had a lower prevalence 35.1% of vulvovaginal candidiasis, while the prevalence was 47.8% in the 25–35 age group. In every age group, C. albicans has the highest prevalence: 57.29% in 11–24 years; 62.0 in 25–35 years and 60.01% in over 35 years which are statistically signifiant. It is similar to Chuku et al study with a prevalence rates of 52.03% recorded among women who were within the age group of 21–30 years [15]. It is in concordance with the findings of Nadembega et al. who reported a prevalence rates of 59% of C. albicans in a study of vaginal infections in women aged 15–24 in Ouagadougou [7]. This may be due to many risks factors such as hormonal influences, predominant nutritional types or sexual activities. The high prevalence of C. albicans isolates may be due to its ability of adaptation to the human being which constitutes its main reservoir and its virulence factors such as colonization of human tissues, biofilm formation, hyphae formation as reported by Gonçalves et al. [1].

Sangaré et al., in their study on Candida species isolated from pregnant women in Burkina Faso, a prevalence rate of 40.39% for C. albicans and a rate of 59.61% for NCA with C. glabrata (32.69%) followed by Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) (15.38%) and Candida krusei (C. krusei) (11.54%) [6]. We did not isolate C. krusei in our study. In China, a study conducted by Xiang et al. showed that C. albicans isolates were 50% followed by 18% C. glabrata, 17% C. parapsilosis, 11% C. tropicalis and 2% C. krusei [17]. Similar studies have shown that the prevalence rates of other species are variable from one study population to another, from one region to another but C. glabrata is the most isolated on the non-C. albicans species [18,19,20,21]. This may be attributed to the ability of C. glabrata to adapt and survive in macrophages as an immune evasion strategy. The incidence of non-C. albicans species such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis… has increased probably due to the use of narrow-spectrum antifungals only act on C. albicans [19, 22].

We isolated S. cerevisiae at 1.91%. This is extremely rare. In South America, Papaemmanouil et al. study obtained a rate prevalence of 2.17% on recurrent vaginal candidiasis in sexually active adult women [23]; in Asia, Guo et al. obtained similar prevalence rate of 2.3% in their study on Candida involved in vaginitis and their susceptibility tests to antifungals [24]. This could also be one of the causal agents of recurrent CVV.

In our study, results of the antifongigram are similarly to those of Zida et al., in 2017 where Fluconazole was resistant at 66.5% and Nystatin very active on C. albicans at 94.7% (p < 0.05). Kouadio-Yapo et al. in 2017, obtained resistance rate of 39.7% for Itraconazole and a rate of 26.3% for Fluconazole (p < 0.05) at Pasteur Institute of Ivory Coast. This difference can be explained by the fact that Fluconazole is the widely used molecule among azoles. In recent years, many studies have shown resistance of C. albicans and NCA to azoles specifically to Fluconazole [25]. In the United States, a study on the resistance of Candida to azoles in vaginal infections have shown 11% in C. glabrata (p < 0.05) [26]. In our study, we obtained co-resistance in C. albicans isolates, a prevalence rate of 25% of co-resistance to Clotrimazole–Miconazole and 19.56% of co-resistance to Clotrimazole–Fluconazole–Miconazole. Our results differ from those of Das et al. and Farhan et al., who obtained respectively co-resistance for Fluconazole–Ketoconazole and for Clotrimazole–Ketoconazole [27, 28]. In our study, 25.5% of strains of C. albicans were resistant to Ketoconazole. All this testify the global distribution of resistance to azoles and the very great variability of their prevalence according to country, biological samples and species; and therefore, a global public health problem.

In our study, the ERG11 gene was detected in C. albicans isolates resistant to azoles. In Nigeria, similar studies were carried out showing the presence of the ERG11 gene at 11.18% in strains of Candida resistant to Fluconazole isolated from vulvovaginitis (p > 0.05) and 88.89% in C. albicans strains all resistant to the azoles Fluconazole and Voriconazole isolated only in pregnant women [29]. In China, studies on ERG11 gene mutations in C. albicans isolated in vulvovaginitis (p < 0.05) showed a prevalence of the detected gene of 8.4% [17] and 12.2% [30]; which is similar to ours. In United States, White et al. obtained a prevalence of 10.52% of the ERG11 gene by sequencing in their study on the molecular mechanisms of resistance of C. albicans to azoles [31]. Our results can be explained by the fact that there are other mechanisms of azoles resistance which are not yet explore in our country.

Because of the toxicity of others antifungal drugs and the multiples Candida Drugs Resistant, there is a need for new antifungal agents for the efficient management of C. albicans infections [32]. Natural drugs, microbial natural products from plants have shown their efficiency on Candida strains. Their antifungal mechanisms are: interaction with ergosterol, inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall components, inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis and inhibition of protein synthesis. Natural products from plants mostly exert their antifungal effects by membrane-active mechanism [33].

Our study was limited to find relationship between Candida burden with/without ERG11 mutation and comorbidities/factors because of the lack of patients informations. Due to the non-availability of sequencing in our environment, the specify mutations in ERG11 gene were not determine (Additional file 1).

Conclusions

As demonstrated in this study, C. albicans not only cause vulvovaginal candidiasis but also non-C. albicans species such as C. glabrata which are pathogenic too. The high prevalence rate of azole resistance indicate the necessity of culturing any Candida species isolated and doing their antifungal sensitivity tests to manage treatments guidelines for more efficiency. Therefore, vulvovaginal candidiasis are not to be considered anymore as a trivial disease. The surveillance of antifungal resistance patterns and investigation of other mechanisms of azole resistance in all Candida isolates is recommended.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ERG :

Ergosterol gene

CERBA:

Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni

LABIOGENE:

Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory

HOSCO:

Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou

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Acknowledgements

Our sincere thanks to the patients who voluntary participated in this study and laboratory staff of Biomedical Laboratory of the Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou for their assistance.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE), University of Joseph Ki ZERBO, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso

    Essi Etonam Dovo, Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon, Sessi Frida Tovo, Isabelle Touwendpoulimdé Kiendrebeogo, Rogomenona Alice Ouedraogo, Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma, Christelle Wendyam Nadembega & Jacques Simpore

  2. Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS), 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso

    Serge Théophile Soubeiga

  3. Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), 01 BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso

    Albert Théophane Yonli

  4. University of Dedougou, BP 176, Dedougou, Burkina Faso

    Amana Mètuor Dabire

  5. Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO), 01 BP 444, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso

    Marius Belemgnegre & Paul Ouedraogo

  6. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana

    Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah

Authors
  1. Essi Etonam Dovo
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  2. Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon
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  14. Jacques Simpore
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Contributions

Conceptualization, EED and TMZ; Methodology, EED, TMZ, FST and STS; Investigation and formal analysis, EED, TMZ, ITK, FST and STS; Validation, EED, TMZ, AMD, FWD, CWN and JS; Resources, JS, AY, EED and TMZ; Writing—original draft preparation, EED and TMZ; writing—review and editing, EED, TMZ, FST, ITK, STS, AY, AMD, RAO, FWD, DO-Y and CWN; Resources, JS, PO, MB, AY, EED and TMZ; Visualization, JS, PO, MB, AY, TMZ and EED; Supervision, JS and TMZ, Project administration, JS and TMZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study is based on a study that was approved by the Ethics Committee for Health Research of Burkina Faso (CERS) (Ref. N°2017-1026/MS/RCEN/DRSC). It was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO)/Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) as necessary administrative permissions to access the raw data/samples mentioned in the methods. This study does not involve any risk to the health, physical and moral integrity of the participants. The clinical samples were obtained for the present study and the participants were patients received at the HOSCO bacteriology laboratory for routine examinations (vaginal swabs). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The sample was then kept anonymous before use. In addition, they have already received their test results and we used the same samples to characterize the antibiotic resistance gene by PCR in order to contribute to their better management.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Statistical analyses

Standard descriptive analysis was performed using Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA) software. The χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables and the differences between groups were considered statistically significant for p ≤ 0.05.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplicon lane. Table S1. Azoles antifungal susceptibility tests of different species. Table S2. Azoles antifungal susceptibility tests of different species.

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Dovo, E.E., Zohoncon, T.M., Tovo, S.F. et al. First detection of mutated ERG11 gene in vulvovaginal Candida albicans isolates at Ouagadougou/Burkina Faso. BMC Infect Dis 22, 678 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07619-5

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Keywords

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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